• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.33-48
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• 2017

Objective : Ten heavenly stems and twelve earthly branches are the important means to understand the orders of changes in heaven and earth. Method : We have so far looked into detailed explanations about twelve earthly branches in Seolmunhaeja, annotations in Seolmun of four major people, and commentaries in Jeongyeokwonui. Result & Conclusion : This can be also applied to the explanations of twelve early branches, as follows. In the $11^{th}$ month of the lunar calendar, the yang energy is finally born amid full of the ying energy. In the $12^{th}$ month, the yang energy prepares to break through the knots of the ying energy and gets ready to come out of the ground. In the first month, three kinds of the yang energy start to become vigorous and active. In the second month, the yang energy gains more force, sprouting various plants on the ground. In the third month, the yang energy arouse further, strengthening and growing plants. In the fourth month, all the yang energy is released, while the ying energy is still hiding. In the fifth month, one ying energy is born amid full of the yang energy, and there are interchanges between the yang energy and the ying energy. In the sixth month, the yang energy is still strong and vigorous, ripening the fruits in the fields. In the seventh month, the yang energy starts to hurt all creation. In the eighth month, the ying energy starts to flourish, and the yang energy starts to decline, diminishing all creation and, however, still ripening grains to be harvested. In the ninth month, one yang energy starts to hide from sight, not working its duty, while five kinds of the ying energy start to annihilate all creation. Finally, in the tenth month, the small yang energy hides to be rebirthed amid the flux and reflux of the ying-yang energy. The creative and unique interpretation of Jeongyeokwonui about twelve earthly branches is worth to be referred. It is definitely beyond the other existing explanations, as it incorporates trigrams and hexagrams from I Ching (Book of Changes) and the five primary substances.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.319-329
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• 2000

This study suggestes that the improvement of oral care through on investigation of the effects of oral care on children by parents. This investigation was done on Sep. 29 1999 through Oct. 8 examining 376 of elementary, 1grade, 2grade, 3grade students in Kyunggi-Do. The content of the questions was analzed with a t-test and a one-way ANOVA; the relation to the oral care on children by parents with oral care behavior was analyzed by a Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. The results are as follow; 1) Statistically women were higher(F=-2.675, p<0.01). The average of the oral care of children was 2.34, man averaged 2.29, woman are raged 2.32. Statistically women were also higher(F=4.682, p<0.052). 2) The more educatior the mother had higher, the higher the grade. Statistically there was a difference(F=6.756, p<0.01. The oral care of children above Uni graduate(M=2.38), high (M=2:23), middle graduate(M=2.Z3). Statistically, the higher the academic degree, the more optimistic(F=4.114, p<0.05). 3) In the oral care on children by parents, when the conversation with the family was often 2.17, there was little difference(F=7.343, p<0.01). In the oral care of children was 2.45, there was little difference(F=7.343. p<0.01). As a result, the conversation with family affects the behavior. 4) In the oral care of children, if the food that they like was fruits, vegetables, and fresh food, the average was 2.37, very high. There was little difference in other cases(F=-3.179, p<0.05). We can conclude that fresh food affects the oral care of children. 5) In the oral care on children by parents, when the course of knowledge on the oral care was viewed by a grandfather(M=2.02), grandmother(M=2.05), father(M=2.14), mother(M=2.08). There was little difference(F=2.666, p<0.05). 6) In oral care, if the level of income was viewed high level(M=2.42), middle(M=2.34), 10w(M=1.88), there was a little difference(F=3.300, p<0.05). 7) The relation of the oral care on children by parents and the oral care was normal. In other words, the more management by parents, the more management by children.(p<0.01) Therefore in this study, the oral care on children by parents effect the oral care behavior of children. To improve the mouth health of children, the parents's interest in their children must be constant. Also, it is needed to develope an education program where parents and children can be educated.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.95-104
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• 2016

The Silk Route in ancient times served as a link between the World's greatest civilizations and as a source of knowledge, art, religion and philosophy. This network of ancient caravan paths formed the first bridge between East and West, where two different civilizations came in contact with their respective cultural traditions and religious beliefs, as well as their scientific and technological achievements. One of the main routes of the Great Silk Route passed through the Karakoram, linking Kashgar with Kashmir and the Gandhara regions. The Karakoram Highway connects the Chinese province with Pakistan and follows the ancient Silk Route, which connected the Heartlands of Asia with the Western fringes and further beyond the entire continent of Europe. Evidences of the history of humankind, ranging from Pre-historic times to the spread of Buddhism from South Asia to China and the Far East, is depicted in the rocky cliffs on the waysides and on rough boulders scattered in the upper valley of the Indus River and its tributaries. The ancient trade routes also carried scholars, teachers, missionaries and monks of different beliefs and practices, who met and exchanged ideas. The Buddhists as well as Zoroastrians and other missionaries all followed the Silk Route, leaving permanent footprints of their passage. The ancient greater Gandhara is situated in the North-West of the Indian Sub-continent, with the steep mountain ranges of the Karakoram, the Pamir and the Hindu-Kush bordering it and the dry areas of Central Asia to its rear. A number of races from Central Asia migrated to Gandhara because of its mild climate and plentiful farm products and fruits. This area was an entry point of Western Culture into India and at the same times the exit point of Indian Culture, including Buddhism, to the West. In Gandhara, the diffusion of different cultures developed an art form, during the 1-7th centuries CE commonly known after its geographic name as "Gandhara Art". The Buddhism's route of introduction into China originated in Gandhara, then reached in Korea and Japan and other countries. The fame of Gandhara however, rested on its capital, "Taxila" which was a great centre of learning. From the time of the Achaemenians, down through Muslim period, Gandhara continued to establish and maintain a link between East & West, as shown by material evidences recovered from Taxila and other Buddhist centres of Gandhara during the course of archaeological excavations.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.341-354
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the food behaviors and food preferences of teenagers by regional groups. The subjects were composed of 365 third grade students in middle schools from urban, rural and fishing areas in Kyungpook province. The data was collected by using a survey questionnaire. The results of the study are summarized as follows: Eating habits of 21-47% of the subjects, according to the regions, were poor and female students in large city showed the best eating habits while female students in fishing village showed the poorest eating habits. Out of the three regional groups studied, the subjects from the fishing villages had the highest rates of skipping meals and eating between meals. Out of all the people investigated, thirty to forty percent had unbalanced diets, the highest percentage coming from the urban areas and the lowest from the fishing villages. All together an allergic reaction to food was the highest in the fishing villages' subjects and female students were more sensitive compared to the male students. Students from the urban area had higher frequency of symptoms of lactose intolerance. Upon the investigation of the subjects 'food preferences, they preferred boiled rice to any other rice as a staple food. Cha jang myun was the most preferred out of all noodles and breads. It was found that teenagers preferred one course meal such as fried rice to a rice-centered regular meal. Out of all various meat soups, beef soup and beef-rib soup were preferred the most. As for subsidiary foods the most preferred were soybean paste stew and cuttlefish stew which they ate daily. There was a very high preference for fried foods, the most favored being pork cutlet followed by fried vegetables, sweet potatoes, and minced meat. The most preferred cooked vegetables were bean sprouts and seasoned cucumber. Seasoned cubed radish roots were the most preferred kind of kimchi. For desserts there was a very high preference for the following fruits: apples, plums, strawberries, and oranges. For beverages the most popular choice were chocolate drinks followed by orange juice, apple juice, milk and tomato juice. According to these investigations, most teenagers liked daily foods which they are used to. The study showed that on the whole the teenagers had poor eating habits. A problem that needs immediate attention is that female students and students from the fishing villages have a high rate of skipping meals. It is expected that the results of this food preference test of teenagers could be useful in the meal planning of middle school lunch programs in the future.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.35-45
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• 1976

To investigate the food choices and Dietary Preferences of College Women the number of dishes sold and the sales of the midmeal at the Student Cafeteria, Ewha Womans University were recorded for the fiscal year of 1974; and the observations were made on two consecutive days (June 3rd and 4th, 1974)on what a person has chosen which and how many dishes. The relationship between the number of the consecutive days and the number of foods chosen were treated as Chi square analysis. The results of the food choices and dietary preferences of College Women were as follows: 1. Breads and rice cakes, vegetable dishes, milk and milk products, rice dishes, soups, meat, fish, poultry and eggs, Kimchis and one dish meal were chosen highly; and beverages, stews, and soybeans and soybean products were chosen negligibly. 2. One dish meals, vegetable dishes, meat, fish, poultry and eggs, milk and milk products showed the highest sales volume during the year; rice dishes, breads and rice cakes were the second highest in sales amount; fried foods, snacks and Kimchis showed the range of $3{\sim}6%$ of the total sales; and the beverages, stews, soybean and soybean products were the lowest in sales amount. 3. Seasonal differences were noticed on some dishes. Breads add rice cakes, milk and milk products showed the high selections from March to November and the low, during December to February. Stews, Kimchis, beverages were kept low except sudden rise on February. One dish meal and rice dishes showed almost same level during the year but on February the slight increase were noticed; even level were kept on meat group except the increase to $13{\sim}16%$ on July and December. Fried foods were kept on similar level during the year except the increase on June. Snacks and fruits showed low selections on March, April, November and December and higher at summer. Vegetables, soups, soybean and soybean products showed no different fluctuations in selections during the year. 4. Rolls, salads, milk, hamburgers, fried vegetables, rice with mired vegetables(Bi-bim-bab), and Nang-myun were the single dishes chosen most frequently. 5. There is significant relationship at 0.05 level between the consecutive days and the number of foods chosen. It is concluded that about 50% of the population has taken one item of dishes. The popular combinations were one dish meal and soup or Kimchi; noodles and salads or fried vegetables. It is suggested to set up choice menus with the daily variations, cyclical variations and with the invariable ones; and to recommend one dish meal, breads, partial meals for school lunch; and to study to improve one dish meal, vegetable dishes and fried foods, which are new and inexpensive products. It is also suggested that the feeding of the college students should have to lead the people to the goal that the nutrition education is desired.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1131-1131
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• 2001

To develop a nondestructive quality evaluation technique of fruits, a K-mean algorism is applied to near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of apples. The K-mean algorism is one of neural network partition methods and the goal is to partition the set of objects O into K disjoint clusters, where K is assumed to be known a priori. The algorism introduced by Macqueen draws an initial partition of the objects at random. It then computes the cluster centroids, assigns objects to the closest of them and iterates until a local minimum is obtained. The advantage of using neural network is that the spectra at the wavelengths having absorptions against chemical bonds including C-H and O-H types can be selected directly as input data. In conventional multiple regression approaches, the first wavelength is selected manually around the absorbance wavelengths as showing a high correlation coefficient between the NIR $2^{nd}$ derivative spectrum and Brix value with a single regression. After that, the second and following wavelengths are selected statistically as the calibration equation shows a high correlation. Therefore, the second and following wavelengths are selected not in a NIR spectroscopic way but in a statistical way. In this research, the spectra at the six wavelengths including 900, 904, 914, 990, 1000 and 1016nm are selected as input data for K-mean analysis. 904nm is selected because the wavelength shows the highest correlation coefficients and is regarded as the absorbance wavelength. The others are selected because they show relatively high correlation coefficients and are revealed as the absorbance wavelengths against the chemical structures by B. G. Osborne. The experiment was performed with two phases. In first phase, a reflectance was acquired using fiber optics. The reflectance was calculated by comparing near infrared energy reflected from a Teflon sphere as a standard reference, and the $2^{nd}$ derivative spectra were used for K-mean analysis. Samples are intact 67 apples which are called Fuji and cultivated in Aomori prefecture in Japan. In second phase, the Brix values were measured with a commercially available refractometer in order to estimate the result of K-mean approach. The result shows a partition of the spectral data sets of 67 samples into eight clusters, and the apples are classified into samples having high Brix value and low Brix value. Consequently, the K-mean analysis realized the classification of apples on the basis of the Brix values.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.22-32
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• 2021

The Seonwonjeon(璿源殿) in the Deoksugung Palace was initially the ritual space for the royal family affiliated with the Gyeongungung Palace during the Korean Empire. It is currently, however, empty, as a landscape restoration and maintenance plan is established as a part of the restoration project for the Seonwonjeon area. The following results were obtained through the historical investigation of the original form and examination of similar cases. First, the original topography of the backside grove, which had been in the Seonwonjeon area, is 3.0-5.0m higher than the base of the building, and a terraced flower bed(花階) was installed on the border of the green to set off the difference in a scenic way. Second, the backside grove was composed with fruit trees to bear fruits used in rites and pine trees which symbolize the ritual space. Third, resting places were established at both ends of the site for the convenience of visitors without interrupting the atmosphere of the sacred ground. A trail was also created inside the backside grove along with minimum landscape elements, including functionally required items, such as the signboard, bench, tree guard, ramp, street lights, and landscaping lights. Fourth, the information on original planting in the palace and ritual space was extracted through historical materials, such as literatures, antique paintings, and photographs along with site surveys. Based on the information acquired, a planting plan was established for the courtyard, pedestrian road, resting places, terraced flower bed, pine grove, and fruit tree garden, which constitute the landscaping space of the Seonwonjeon area.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.34-45
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• 2008

For the correct dietary habit and balanced dietary intake of aged people, the nutrition management that fits to the dietary behavior change stage has to be accomplished. In order to do so, in this paper, we chose 175 women that are aged more than 65 years old who are rural long life community residents and surveyed the dietary intake for 2 days including a twice depth interview and the 24 hour recall method. Also, for the sake of our aim, using the transtheoretical model, the dietary behavior change stage group was divided into the contemplation stage group, the preparation stage group, the action stage group and the maintenance stage group. The results are as follows: In the intake amount of protein (p < 0.01), vitamin $B_1$ (p < 0.05) and vitamin $B_6$ (p < 0.05), the intake amount of these nutrients in the action stage group and the maintenance stage group were significantly larger than the intake amount in the contemplation stage group and the preparation stage group. The nutrition evaluation according to the dietary behavior change stage, the ratio of subjects who took insufficient amount of energy, protein, vitamin A, and vitamin C were low as the dietary behavior change stage was upgraded. The subjects of maintenance stage group were most likely to consume vegetables more than once a day, and consume fruits and milk and milk products more than 5 times/week. MAR [13], MAR [10] and MAR [4] of subjects in the action stage group and the maintenance stage group were significantly higher than MAR [13], MAR [10] and MAR [4] of subjects in the contemplation stage group and the preparation stage group (p < 0.001). From the above results, there were differences of nutrient intakes according to the dietary behavior change stage. Therefore, it is considered that the intervention for the dietary behavior motivation induction has to be advanced before accomplishing the individually fitting intervention at the time of nutrient management intervention.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2003

A study was conducted to investigate the anthropometric indices, fat distribution, eating habits and levels of daily physical activity based on the body mass index (BMI ; kg/㎡) of 180 female college students. This stady was based on survey 2001 using a questionnaire. The results are as follow ; The mean age, height, weight and BMI were 20.41 ${\pm}$ 1.82 years, 161.86 ${\pm}$ 4.51cm, 53.49 ${\pm}$ 7.02kg, and 20.43 ${\pm}$ 2.65kg/㎡, respectively. The group with BMI of under 20 (the lean group) comprised 48.9% : the group with BMI of 20 to 25 (the normal group) comprised 44.4% and the group with BMI of over 25 (the obese group) comprised 6.7% of the subjects. Even though the lean and the normal groups were determined according to BMI. 12.5% of the lean group and 31.3% of the normal group had more than 25% body fat. Of the students, 11.5% of the lean group, 25.0% of the normal group and 58.3% of the obese group had of more than 0.8 waist/Hip Ratio (WHR). The medical problems suffered by the subjects were constipation (24.4%), gastroenteritis (20.6%), anemia(15.0%) and edema(13.3%), which was a result of their eating habits. Out of all the subjects, 27.2% ingested their meals irregularly, 74.4% skipped breakfast, and 92.4% of the lean group, 89.2% of the normal group and 81.8% of the obese group ingested snacks on a daily basis. Their favorite types of snacks were cookies breads and cakes (33.7%), spicy sliced rice cakes pork sausage and boiled fish cakes (18.5%), fruits (15.2%), juices and sodas (13.5%) and hamburgers and pizzas (3.9%). Their consumption of high calorie and processed foods was high, Of the subjects, 38.9% ate out daily. 45.1% had tried weight loss. Those with large upper bodies comprised 11.5%, large intermediate bodies 18.5% and large lower bodies 69.0%. Most of the students were dissatisfied with their body snaps. Of the subjects, 95.1% exercised irregularly. Daily physical activity tended to increase significantly with an increase in BMI : the lean group's average energy consumption was 1509.40㎉ the normal group's was 1792.21㎉ and the obese group's was 2334.63㎉, which were below the recommended value. This study suggests that the maintenance of an ideal weight, the improvement of eating habits and adequate exercise are needed for female college students to improve their health and nutritional status. (J Community Nutrition 5(1) 21∼28, 2003)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.188-197
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• 2001

The nutritional status is important for the physical and mental development of children. Children should have sufficient nutrient intake, specially for the developmentally disabled children. In spite of the importance not much research has been done for their food habit and nutritional status. In this study, nutritional status of the disabled children were examined, the number of children studied is 50 children in Seoul between 5 to 6 years old, of whom 11 were austism, 5 were mentally retarded children and 8 were down\\`s syndrome. In order to get the data questionnaires about the food habit and other related factors, and two days food records were used. Their mean height was 108.8$\pm$21.0cm and their average weight was 19.5$\pm$4.6kg. The proportion of study subject with problems of the food habits was 36%, without keeping the regular meal time was 16%, and having snacks 2-4 time daily was 56%. They chose confectionery and fruits as their favorite snacks. The proportion of study subject with the sensitivity to the food colors and smells when they ate was 54%, unskilled using spoon and fork was 58%, and having medications was 20%. When we asked them whether their parents used the food as compensation means or not, 32% of them said that they did it often or sometimes. For the nutrient intake, energy was 1,703 $\pm$ 511kcal, carbohydrate was 242.5 $\pm$ 69.3g, protein was 61.3 $\pm$ 17.5g, lipid was 50.0 $\pm$ 24.4g. As the nutrient intake, it was compared with RDA. The intake of vitamin A and calcium were below RDA. Intake of protein was more than 150% of RDA. The proportion of subject with more than 125% of RDA was 72% for the phosphorus, 62% for the protein, 60% for the Vitamin A and calcium were below 0.75 and that of the others was above 0.75. The mean adequacy ratio(MAR) was 0.88. As we sum up the results of the research, the developmentally disabled children were shorter and lighter than the reference, were having medications, had excessive appetites, and had unbalanced diets. Also they had the bad food habit. As for the nutritional intake, vitamin A and calcium intake were a little less than RDA, and protein and phosphorus intake were too much. With the results of the above research for the disabled children, we can conclude that there are need to take some necessary measures for those children. To establish some programs measures for their better food environment, it is thought that much more research should be done in the future. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 188-197, 2001)