• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 1979

Effect of gibberllin on the breaking of bud dormancy of root and growth of aerial parts were investigated under laboratory and field condition for the prolongation of shoot growth duration, shortening of fruit bearing age and the increase of root yield. Drop application of GA (0.5ml of 50ppm) on rhizome of one year old root broke bud dormancy better than by low temperature. Soaking for one hour of one year old roots which wintered in the field in GA (50-200ppm) greatly accelerated the emergence of new buds while kinetin was only effective at low level (50ppm). GA substantially increased stem length in early stage and petiole length later on while kinetin increased stem diameter. Under the field condition with polythylene film tunnel (PET) in early spring the soaking in GA (50ppm for 1 hour) of rhizome of 4 year old root with replanting and dropping GA (50ppm, 1ml) on rhizome without replanting brought earlier emergence (29days) in comparison with that in the usual field. PET alone caused 14 day-early emergence. GA increased the length of stem and petiole only in early stage and replanting decreased only petiole length in later stage. Soaking in GA with replanting caused the Pronounced decrease in peduncle length, percentage of (ruin set and dry weight of reproductive organ (fruits and peduncle). Dropping without replanting showed significant decrease only in dry weight of reproductive organ. Fruit maturing was 20 days earlier than in usual held with little difference between GA and PET. It is well expected that GA could be used for early emergence of bud, shortening of root dormancy period, thinning of fruit and higher root yield according to application amount and methods.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1995

The main purpose of these studies were to clarify differences in Cheju - scoria and other solid media on quantity and quality of cherry tomatoes and on shift of component of the nutrient solution, and to use Practically Cheju-scoria as an excellent solid culture medium. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. Among scoria plots, the rates of dry weights, fruits and their sugar-acid ratio were higher in the plot that was drained well with deep flow for one hour once a day. 2. Fresh fruit weights were lighter in rockwool and deep flow technique, but larger in scoria, Hyugashi (artificial gravel, $\Phi$10-12mm) and perlite in moving to higher flower cluster. 3. The results of analysis on microelement among solution components showed decrease of concentrations of P and K in the period of growth and development. 4. Yields and brix of cherry tomato showed a tendency to increase in rockwool and Hyugashi than anothers. 5. The concentration of fertilizer base was increased in general solution culture. Transpiration and absorption were similar in scoria plot and other media. 6. More studies of the Cheju-scoria development is required in order to use it as a solid medium for solution culture.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.322-326
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• 2006

This experiment has investigated the effects of silicon on albinism of strawberry. Albino fruit appeared after a month of treatment of potasium silicate(Si) in nutrient solution. When $200mL{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of Si applied, number of albino fruit increased over 90% of total amount of fruit, and the symptom remained latest any other treatment. The fruit length of the strawberries in Si treatments were longer than control treatment. However, the diameter and weight of fruit decreased in treatment of Si. The soluble solids of fruits, numbers of fruit and yield per plant were no significant differences among treatments. The rate of albino fruit was significantly increased with increase of concentration of Si. The results of this experiment will be utilized for the cultivation in the new substrate application for strawberry hydroponics.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.134-137
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• 2008

A strain of Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV) was isolated newly from sweet pepper(Capsicum annuum var. angulosum) showing necrosis with large necrotic spots on fruits and vein banding with malformation on leaf at Cheongdo area in Gyeongsangbukdo. The new strain was designated as a CMV-NP and the shape of virus particles was isometric of 26 nm in diameter from the sweet pepper fruit by Dip method. The strain of CMV-NP was identified genetically by VC/RT-PCR. CMV-NP could infect systemically on the 9 indicator plants including Cucumis sativus, but it could infect locally on Chenopodim amaranticolor and C. quinoa. CMV-NP induced the specific symptoms of necrotic rings on the inoculated and the upper leaves of N. rustica and Tetragonia expansa. On Cucumis sativus, the large chlorotic ring and vein chlorosis were produced on the upper leaves. CMV-NP had no virulence on Datura stramonium.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.127-130
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• 2008

Rhizopus soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer on June, 2008 occurred on Rubus crataegifolius Bunge in the box at Jinju City Wholesale Market of Agricultural Products at Gyeongnam province in Korea. The infected fruits were rapidly water-soaked, softened, black and eventually rotted. The symptoms occurred after infecting wounds at harvest time. The colony were white to light brown, formed much sporangiospores. The optimum temperature of the fungus on potato dextrose agar was $30^{\circ}C$. Sporangiophores were $12{\sim}25{\mu}m$ in width. Sporangia were globose or hemispheric, white at first and gradually to black, and $82{\sim}195{\mu}m$ in size. Columella were hemispheric, and $70{\sim}92{\mu}m$ in size. Sporangiospores were irregular round or oval, brownishblack and $9{\sim}21{\times}7{\sim}8{\mu}m$ in size. On the basis of symptom, mycological characteristics and pathogenicity of the fungus, the causal fungus was identified as Rhizopus stolonifer. This is the first report of Rhizopus soft rot by R. stolonifer on R. crataegifolius in Korea.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2009

We previously reported that a novel cerebroside, LCC, isolated from the fruits of Lycium chinense (Solanaceae), significantly exerted hepatoprotective activity against both the carbon tetrachloride-induced and galactosamine-induced toxicities in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. In the present study, we further attempted to determine the effect of LCC on hepatic fibrosis in animal model. Hepatic fibrosis was induced in rats by bile duct ligation/scission (BDL) for a period of 5 weeks. Treatment of BDL rats with LCC significantly reduced collagen deposition and the activities of serum alkaline phosphatase and ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase. In addition, the LCC treatment of BDL rats significantly preserved the decreased hepatic glutathione as well as the activities of glutathione reductase and catalase in BDL rats. From the results, it can be speculated that LCC might exert antifibrotic activity in rats with BDL, in part, through the preservation of antioxidant enzymes and hepatic glutathione.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.15
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• pp.5983-5991
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• 2014

Introduction: Upper aero-digestive tract cancer is a multidimensional problem, international trends showing complex rises and falls in incidence and mortality across the globe, with variation across different cultural and socio-economic groups. This paper seeks some explanations and identifies some research and policy needs. Methodological Approach: The literature illustrates the multifactorial nature of carcinogenesis. At the cellular level, it is viewed as a multistep process involving multiple mutations and selection for cells with progressively increasing capacity for proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis. Established and emerging risk factors, in addition to changes in incidence and prevalence of cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract, were identified. Risk Factors: Exposure to tobacco and alcohol, as well as diets inadequate in fresh fruits and vegetables, remain the major risk factors, with persistent infection by particular so-called "high risk" genotypes of human papillomavirus increasingly recognised as also playing an important role in a subset of cases, particularly for the oropharynx. Chronic trauma to oral mucosa from poor restorations and prostheses, in addition to poor oral hygiene with a consequent heavy microbial load in the mouth, are also emerging as significant risk factors. Conclusions: Understanding and quantifying the impact of individual risk factors for these cancers is vital for health decision-making, planning and prevention. National policies and programmes should be designed and implemented to control exposure to environmental risks, by legislation if necessary, and to raise awareness so that people are provided with the information and support they need to adopt healthy lifestyles.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.199-202
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• 2008

Rhizopus soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer occurred on melon (Cucumis melo L.) in the box at Jinju City Wholesale Market of Agricultural Products at Gyeongnam province in Korea. The infected fruits were rapidly water-soaked, softened, black and eventually rotted. The symptoms were infected from wounds at harvest time. The colony were white to light brown, formed much sporangiospores. The optimum temperature of the fungus was $30^{\circ}C$. Sporangia were globose or hemispheric, white at first and gradually to black, and $80{\sim}195\;{\mu}m$ in size. Sporangiophores were $12{\sim}24\;{\mu}m$ in width. Columella were hemispheric, and $70{\sim}90\;{\mu}m$ in size. Sporangiospores were irregular round or oval, brownish-black and $9{\sim}20\;{\times}\;6{\sim}8\;{\mu}m$ in size. On the basis of symptom, mycological characteristics and pathogenicity to melon, the causal fungus was identified as Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill.. This is the first report of Rhizopus soft rot by R. stolonifer on melon in Korea.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1322-1329
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• 2008

Mulberry has been reported to contain wide range of polyphenols and have chemopreventive activity. However, little has been known regarding the effect of mulberry fruits on cell viability in human glioma cells. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of mulberry fruit (Mar; Fructus) on cell viability and to determine its underlying mechanism in human glioma cells. Cell viability and cell death were estimated by MTT assay and trypanblue exclusion assay, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured using the fluorescence probe DCFH-DA. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential was measured with $DiOC_6$(3). Bax expression and cytochrome c release were measured by Western blot analysis. Caspase activity was estimated using colorimetric kit. Mori Fructus resulted in apoptotic cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Mori Fructus increased ROS generation and the Mori Fructus-induced cell death was also prevented by antioxidants, suggesting that ROS generation plays a critical role in Mari Fructus-induced cell death. Western blot analysis showed that Mori Fructus treatment caused an increase in Bax expression, which was inhibited by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Mori Fructus induced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and its effect was inhibited by the antioxidants NAC and catalase. Mori Fructus induced cytochrome c release, which was inhibited by NAC. Caspase activity was stimulated by Mori Fructus and caspase inhibitors prevented the Mori Fructus-induced cell death. These findings suggest that Mori Fructus results in human glioma cell death through ROS-dependent mitochondrial pathway in human glioma cells.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 2015

Anthracnose is a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum species that is detrimental to numerous plant species. Anthracnose control with fungicides has both human health and environmental safety implications. Despite increasing public concerns, fungicide use will continue in the absence of viable alternatives. There have been relatively less efforts to search antagonistic bacteria from mudflats harboring microbial diversity. A total of 420 bacterial strains were isolated from mudflats near the western sea of South Korea. Five bacterial strains, LB01, LB14, HM03, HM17, and LB15, were characterized as having antifungal properties in the presence of C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. The three Bacillus atrophaeus strains, LB14, HM03, and HM17, produced large quantities of chitinase and protease enzymes, whereas the B. amyloliquefaciens strain LB01 produced protease and cellulase enzymes. Two important antagonistic traits, siderophore production and solubilization of insoluble phosphate, were observed in the three B. atrophaeus strains. Analyses of disease suppression revealed that LB14 was most effective for suppressing the incidence of anthracnose symptoms on pepper fruits. LB14 produced antagonistic compounds and suppressed conidial germination of C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. The results from the present study will provide a basis for developing a reliable alternative to fungicides for anthracnose control.