• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집D
• /
• pp.600-604
• /
• 2001

The relation between the aerodynamic diameter and some morphological parameters was studied for flame-generated aggregates. $SiO_{2}$ aggregates were generated from $SiCl_{4}$ in premixed methane/air flames. These aggregates were sampled and classified according to their aerodynamic diameter by a cascade impactor; moreover, computer program was developed and tested to find the equivalent area diameter and the fractal dimension of the aggregates. We calculated the parameters from the digitized images of the aggregate TEM micrographs. The aerodynamic diameters of the sampled aggregates were larger than $0.4{\mu}m$ in this experiment. In most cases, fractal dimension of their projection image was very close to 2.0 for these large aggregates. It was found that the equivalent area diameter of these aggregates was approximately three times larger than the Stokes' diameter of them.

• 한국정밀공학회지
• /
• 제14권12호
• /
• pp.143-152
• /
• 1997

The deflection of an end mill is very important in machining process and cutting simulation because it affects directly workpiece accuracy, cutting force, and chattering. In this study, the deflection of the end mill was studied both experimentally and by using finite element analysis. And the moment of inertia of cross sections of the helical end mill is calculated for the determination of the relation between geometry of radial cross section and rigidity of the tools. Using the Bernoulli-Euler beam theory and the concept of equivalent diameter, a deflection model is established, which includes most influences from tool geomety parameters. It was found that helix angle attenuates the rigidity of the end mill by the finite element analysis. As a result, the equivalent diameter is determined by tooth number, inscribed diameter ratio, cross sectional geometry and helix angle. Because the relation betweem equivalent diameter and each factor is nonlinear, neural network is used to decide the equivalent diameter. Input patterns and desired outputs for the neural network are obtained by FEM analysis in several case of end milling operations.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제56권10호
• /
• pp.4307-4326
• /
• 2024

This study investigates Equivalent Spherical Diameter (ESD) estimation at high inlet velocity pool scrubbing conditions using the Interfacial Area Transport Equation (IATE) diameter model including bubble-induced turbulence and interphase modeling. The compatibility of area-averaged Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD), areaaveraged Local Equivalent Diameter (LED) and void-weighted area-averaged LED approaches to estimate the ESD are explored and the proposed model is validated against available experimental data. The study reveals that the prevalent constant ESD assumption in pool scrubbing codes is not universal by showcasing a decreasing trend along the column due to intensive bubble breakup. The area-averaged LED approach fails to capture this trend, while the area-averaged SMD and void-weighted area-averaged LED approaches provide accurate estimations aligned with experimental data. Turbulence parameters, interfacial forces, and diameter modeling are identified as crucial for accurate predictions of flow and geometrical variables by setting up the OpenFOAM framework. A sensitivity analysis indicates that the inlet velocity has an acceptable effect on the ESD along the column. The ESD increases near the exit and decreases in the swarm region by increasing the inlet velocities. Turbulent intensity reduces ESD across all column sections while changes in aspect ratio minimally impact ESD. The study shows promise in developing correlations that take into account the spatial variation of ESD in pool scrubbing conditions.

• 한국도로학회논문집
• /
• 제15권5호
• /
• pp.21-29
• /
• 2013

PURPOSES: Simulation of aggregate slump test using equivalent sphere particle in DEM and its validity evaluation against lab aggregate slump test METHODS : In this research, aggregate slump tests are performed and compared with DEM simulation. To utilize spheric particles in YADE, equivalent sphere diameter concept is applied. As verification measures, the volume in slump cone filled with aggregate is used and it is compared with volume in slump cone filled with equivalent sphere particle. Slump height and diameter are also used to evaluate the suggested numerical method with equivalent concept RESULTS : Simulation test results show good agrement with lab test results in terms of loose packing volume, height and diameter of slumped particle clump. CONCLUSIONS : It is concluded that numerical simulation using DEM is applicable to evaluate the effect of aggregate morphological property in loose packing and optimum gradation determination based on the aggregate slump test simulation result.

• 대한기계학회논문집
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.413-421
• /
• 1990

Acoustic emission signals due to leak from circular holes of 0.4, 1, 2 and 4mm diameter and rectangular slits of different geometry having the same cross section as 4mm diameter hole was studied both analytically and experimentally. Acoustic emission signals from a wide-band type transducer were transformed to digital signals through a digital oscilloscope, and $V_{rms}$ and frequency spectrum were obtained by processing digital signals. Relationships between acoustic parameters and fluid mechanical parameters were derived analytically. A quadrapole aerodynamic model was applied in the analysis of leak from the circular holes and $V_{rms}$ was found to be proportional to the root square of leak rate through the circular hole. A modified model based on dipole source mechanism and laminar equivalent diameter was applied in the analysis of leak signals from the rectangular slits. In the case of constant pressure, $V_{rms}$ increased as the laminar equivalent diameter of slit decreased. In the case of constant laminar equivalent diameter, however the result was similar to that for leak from the circular hole. The frequency spectra of leak signals shows the same frequency characteristics irrespective of the pressure difference.rence.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.43-50
• /
• 2000

본 논문은 실내시험과 수치모델을 이용하여 십자형 배수재의 압밀촉진효과와 등가직경을 검토하고 판형배수재와 비교하였다. 배수재의 등가직경은 실내시험으로부터 역계산하여 문헌에 의해 제시된 공식으로부터 산정된 결과와 비교하였고, 압밀효과는 3차원 흐름해석프로그램인 MODFLOW를 사용하였다. 해석모델의 신뢰성은 현장의 침하-시간 계측자료를 이용하여 검토하였다. 실내시험결과 산정된 판형 배수재의 등가직경은 Rixner의 제안식에 유사한 경향을 보였고, 십자형 배수재의 등가직경은 $d_w\;=\; \\tarc{3}{4}.(b+t)$로 산정되었다. 실제현장을 모델링한 수치해석결과 십자형 배수재는 압밀시간이 9-10% 감소하였고, 현장자료를 이용한 수치 흐름모델로부터 산정한 등가직경은 실내시험보다 3.5배 작은 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제45권4호
• /
• pp.506-521
• /
• 2007

Statement of problem: The cumulative success rate of wide implant is still controversial. Some previous reports have shown high success rate, and some other reports shown high failure rate. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze, and compare the biomechanics in wide implant system embeded in different width of crestal bone under different occlusal forces by finite element approach. Material and methods: Three-dimensional finite element models were created based on tracing of CT image of second premolar section of mandible with one implant embedded. One standard model (6mm-crestal bone width, 4.0mm implant diameter central position) was created. Varied crestal dimension(4, 6, 8 mm), different diameter of implants(3.3, 4.0, 5.5, 6.0mm), and buccal position implant models were generated. A 100-N vertical(L1) and 30 degree oblique load from lingual(L2) and buccal(L3) direction were applied to the occlusal surface of the crown. The analysis was performed for each load by means of the ANSYS V.9.0 program. Conclusion: 1. In all cases, maximum equivalent stress that applied $30^{\circ}$ oblique load around the alveolar bone crest was larger than that of the vertical load. Especially the equivalent stress that loaded obliquely in buccal side was larger. 2. In study of implant fixture diameter, stress around alveolar bone was decreased with the increase of implant diameter. In the vertical load, as the diameter of implant increased the equivalent stress decreased, but equivalent stress increased in case of the wide implant that have a little cortical bone in the buccal side. In the lateral oblique loading condition, the diameter of implant increased the equivalent stress decreased, but in the buccal oblique load, there was not significant difference between the 5.5mm and 6.0mm as the wide diameter implant. 3. In study of alveolar bone width, equivalent stress was decreased with the increase of alveolar bone width. In the vertical and oblique loading condition, the width of alveolar bone increased 6.0mm the equivalent stress decreased. But in the oblique loading condition, there was not a difference equivalent stress at more than 6.0mm of alveolar bone width. 4. In study of insertion position of implant fixture, even though the insertion position of implant fixture move there was not a difference equivalent stress, but in the case of little cortical bone in the buccal side, value of the equivalent stress was most unfavorable. 5. In all cases, it showed high stress around the top of fixture that contact cortical bone, but there was not a portion on the bottom of fixture that concentrate highly stress and play the role of stress dispersion. These results demonstrated that obtaining the more contact from the bucco-lingual cortical bone by installing wide diameter implant plays an important role in biomechanics.

• 대한설비공학회지:설비저널
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.209-214
• /
• 1984

Friction factors and equivalent sand roughness of PVC pipe fittings have been studied by experiments in the Reynolds number range of $2,000\~70,000$. PVC pipe fittings studied are straight pipes, $90^{\circ}$ elbows and tees with 15, 25, and 40mm in norminal diameter, all manufactured in Korea with KS mark approval. Equivalent relative roughness of PVC pipes obtained lies between smooth pipe and 0.002. The study shows that equivalent sand roughness of PVC pipes increasses in proportion of the square root of pipe diameter , and can be approximately abtained by multiplying 4 to the root mean square value measured by metal surface roughness tester. Loss coefficient of PVC $90^{\circ}$ elbows decreases slowly with increasing Reynolds number. Loss coeffiicent of tees is a function of ratio of flow rates and Reynolds number.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.33-42
• /
• 2022

The objective of this study is to determine the appropriate size of the inlet pipe diameter and thereby conduct hydraulic analysis for the Korean water distribution network. To this end, the data tables for equivalent pipe diameters and outflow rates presently employed in Korea were adopted. By incorporating the table of equivalent pipe diameters, it was found that the size of the inlet pipe diameter was overestimated, which can cause shortage of water pressure and malfunctioning or insufficiency of outflow rate in the corresponding adjacent region. However, by conducting hydraulic analysis based on the table of outflow rates, relatively reasonable flow rates were observed. Furthermore, by comparing the real demand-driven analysis (RDDA) approach and demand-driven analysis (DDA) approach toward managing the huge water demand, it was observed that DDA could not effectively respond to real hourly usage conditions, whereas RDDA (which reflects the hourly effects of inlet pipe diameter and storage tanks) demonstrated results similar to that of real water supply.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.113-119
• /
• 2003

본 연구에서는 end-to-end 문합시 변형된 직경의 불일치로 인하여 발생하게 되는 혈관질환을 방지하기 위하여 기계역학적 거동을 유한요소 법을 이용하여 해석한 결과를 나타내었다. 이 연구에서는 서로 다른 직경을 가지는 동맥과 인공혈관인 PTFE의 문합시 봉합으로 인한 예변형을 고려하였으며, 봉합된 문합부에 수축기혈압인 120mmHg(16.0KPa)을 작용시켜 혈관의 변형을 분석하였다. 변형 후 최종 문합부의 형상은 동맥과 PTFE의 초기 직경비(R$_{I}$)와 PTFE의 두께에 대하여 분석하였다. 그리고 동맥과 PTFE의 초기 직경비가 문합부에서 발생되는 응력에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대하여 해석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 혈관내막의 증식등을 고려하지 않고 봉합으로 인한 예변형과 수축기 혈압만을 고려할 경우 가장 이상적인 초기 직경비(R$_{I}$)는 1.073이다. 2. 상당응력과 원주방향응력은 초기 직경비(R$_{I}$) 증가에 따라 증가하며 모두 접합부에서 PTFE측으로 0.4mm 떨어진 지점에서 최대값이 발생하였다.