• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.555-564
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• 2008

The bacterial community structure in biological activated carbon (BAC) process in drinking water treatment plant was investigated by Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe. Samples were collected at different three points in BAC process every month for one year. They were hybridized with a probe specific for the alpha, beta, gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria, Cytophaga-Flavobacteria group and Gram-positive high G+C content (HGC) group. Total numbers of bacteria in BAC process counted by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining were $5.4{\times}10^{10}$ (top), $4.0{\times}10^{10}$ (middle) and $2.8{\times}10^{10}$ cells/ml (bottom). The number of the culturable bacteria was from $1.0{\times}10^7$ to $3.6{\times}10^7$ cells/ml and the culturability was about 0.05%. The faction of bacteria detectable by FISH with the probe EUB338 was about 83% of DAPI counts. Gamma and alpha subclass of the class Proteobacteria were predominant in BAC process and their ratios were over 20% respectively. In top and middle, alpha, beta and gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria competed with each other and their percentages was changed according to the season. In bottom, gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria was predominant all through the year. It could be successfully observed the seasonal distribution of bacterial community in biological activated carbon process using FISH.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2013

The stored-product insects have been a serious problem during the entire process of distribution on the food industry. Especially, the Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) is one of stored-product insects which causes harm through penetrating into the food packaging. The objective of this study was to develop the anti-insect packaging material with fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) oil (FO). The FO has been selected for insecticidal substance against P. interpunctella, which was tested by fumigant toxicity assay. An anti-insect sachet was prepared by FO and filterpaper placed in a small paper bag. Repellent test was performed to evaluate the repellent activity of anti-insect sachet. In addition, the controlled release of FO from the anti-insect sachet was determined at $28^{\circ}C$ by gas chromatography (GC). It was demonstrated that FO was an effective substance against P. interpunctella. The mortality of FO was 56% at 800 mg/0.5 L in 120 h. In repellent test, the FO sachet showed effective repellency against P. interpunctella. The developed anti-insect sachet could be a promising source for insect repellent materials in food packaging.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.410-419
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• 2016

This study examined the satisfaction difference in the aspects of awareness, information quality, and availability in healthcare applications according to smartphone user's characteristics. Data collection was conducted between September 17th and September 21st 2014 on the 193 people who had used healthcare applications, and the data collected were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, One-way ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis test using SPSS WIN 20.0. Differences in satisfaction of healthcare application were observed according to the general characteristics, and according to age, education level, and income, as well as for healthcare application use characteristics, according to operation system, total use period, the number of installed healthcare applications, the sources of main information, use frequency, and reasons of no use. To establish strategies for the effective spread of mobile healthcare and development and distribution of healthcare applications, it will be necessary to confirm smartphone users' characteristics and it is important to reflect them in the strategies. In addition, it is necessary to develop and implement a range of strategies to ceaselessly induce the users' motives of use and to improve their degree of satisfaction to secure the constant use of developed health care applications.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1023-1035
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• 2015

This study applies 3-D N-S solver based on PBM (Porous Body Model), LED-WASS-3D ver 2.0 to directly analyze non-linear interaction of seawater-freshwater-coastal aquifer in order to simulate the seawater infiltration into coastal aquifer. This numerical simulation is the first trial in Korea, as well as unusual and new numerical analysis abroad. Firstly, to validate the applied numerical model, the validity and effectiveness was verified for the numerical model by comparing and considering it with the result of laboratory experiment for seawater-freshwater interface in coastal aquifer. And then it simulated the seawater infiltration into coastal aquifer considering the changed levels of seawater and groundwater in order to analyze the distribution characteristics of flow field and seawater-freshwater interface of coastal aquifer as the level difference between seawater and groundwater and rate of seawater level (${\Delta}h/h$) increased. In addition, the characteristics of seawater infiltration were analyzed from the vertical salinity in the coastal aquifer by ${\Delta}h/h$, which cannot be obtained from existing non-diffusion numerical models. Finally, it analyzed the effect of ${\Delta}h/h$ on the seawater infiltration distance in coastal aquifer, which was indexed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.4
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• pp.656-666
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• 1996

Aspen demand has increased recently in the Great Lakes region in the United States. Since aspen has moved into the region in late 1800's, its growing stock has increased so as to change forestry industry of the Lake States. Intensive timber harvesting and biomass removal may cause nutrient depletion, especially on nutrient-poor sites. Forest nutrients and nutrient cycling were investigated in aspen stands of 7-10, 27-33, and 41-42 year-old growing on sandy soils in Minnesota. Nutrients added to the aspen stands by atmospheric deposition and soil weathering were efficiently absorbed and stored in the tree biomass. Aboveground biomass increased from $24.4t{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ at young stands to $139.2t{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ at mature stands. Nutrients accumulated in the tree biomass showed same magnitude of difference. Nutrients added to the site through atmospheric deposition were in the order of Ca, N, K, Mg, and P. Annual litterfall was greater in older stands. However, the amount of nutrients returned by litterfall was not significantly different among stand ages due to the greater nutrient contents in the litterfall of young stands. Litter decomposition and nutrient release rates were greater at young stands than at older stands. Likewise, nutrient availability was higher in young aspen stands and became lower as the stands grew older. Nutrient leaching loss was minimal at all stand ages. Soil N mineralization was greater at young stands than at older stands. Nutrient cycling process was facilitated in young aspen stands with an increased level of available nutrients, Based on the estimations of nutrient balance and nutrient removal by harvesting, Ca was the most critical element which was likely to be depleted if aspen stands are intensively harvested with short rotations.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.5 s.101
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• pp.439-445
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• 2005

Recently, owing to the increasing demand on the simplification of arrival and departure procedures, IMO's (International Maritime Organization) Facilitation Committee (FAL) is carrying out the standardization project of arrival and departure formalities and clearance form. Also, many port authorities of developed countries are making active researches for the smooth flow and efficiency of the information inbound and outbound ships by way of simplifying their formalities or through electronic means. However, this standardization project cannot be done by one country but by mutual cooperation among related nations. And to carry out this task, the first thing to be done is to standardize the formalities and document form, and to integrate information. To this end, this study has reviewed the model cases of advanced ports of developed countries with regard to their simplification and standardization efforts. And also we have analyzed the formalities and clearance form of the three countries Korea, China, and Japan. And then for the solution of common problems of three countries, this paper has suggested an ebXML-based Global Port B2B framework. Through this framework, we can reuse and automate the necessary information on the arrival and departure of ships, consequently realizing simplification, and laying a foundation for the introduction of e-commerce to the port industry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1776-1788
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• 2019

Objective: The demands for measures to improve disease resistance and productivity of livestock are increasing, as most countries prohibit the addition of antibiotics to feed. This study therefore aimed to uncover functional feed additives to help enhance livestock immunity and disease resistance, using Acanthopanax sessiliflorus fruit extract (ASF). Methods: ASF was extracted with 70% EtOH, and total polyphenolic and catechin contents were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu and vanillin assay, respectively. The 3D4/31 porcine macrophage cells ($M{\Phi}$) were activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and cell survival and growth rate were measured with or without ASF treatment. Flow-cytometric analysis determined the lysosomal activity, reactive oxygen species levels (ROS), and cell cycle distribution. Nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) protein expression levels were quantified by western blotting and densitometry analysis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied to measure the lipid metabolism-related genes expression level. Lastly, the antibacterial activity of 3D4/31 $M{\Phi}$ cells was evaluated by the colony forming unit assay. Results: ASF upregulated the cell viability and growth rate of 3D4/31 $M{\Phi}$, with or without PMA activation. Moreover, lysosomal activity and intracellular ROS levels were increased after ASF exposure. In addition, the antioxidant enzyme SOD2 expression levels were proportionately increased with ROS levels. Both ASF and PMA treatment resulted in upregulation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ protein, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF){\alpha}$ mRNA expression levels, lipid synthesis, and fatty acid oxidation metabolism. Interestingly, co-treatment of ASF with PMA resulted in recovery of $NF-{\kappa}B$, $TNF{\alpha}$, and lipid metabolism levels. Finally, ASF pretreatment enhanced the in vitro bactericidal activity of 3D4/31 $M{\Phi}$ against Escherichia coli. Conclusion: This study provides a novel insight into the regulation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity and lipid metabolism in $M{\Phi}$, and we anticipate that ASF has the potential to be effective as a feed additive to enhance livestock immunity.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 1990

The present study was conducted to evaluate agronomic characters of the soybean germplasm which was collected from the sites covering southern parts of Korean peninsula. The total collections of 2748 native soybean varieties were grouped by eight levels of seed weight and the correlation between the seed weight and the other agronomic traits were determined. Seed weight was ranged from 7. 3g to 48. 4g with a great variation and averaged 23. 5g. Seed size of the many local lines were relatively large than that of foreign varieties. Frequency distribution of the germplasm for seed weight were 2.2% in Group 1 (below 10.0g), 14.7% in Group 2 (10.1-15.0g), 11.7% in Group 3 (15.1-20.0g), 26.2% in Group 4 (20.1-25.0g), 30.2% in Group 5 (25.1-30.0g). 10.6% in Group 6 (30.1-35.0g), 3.3% in Group 7 (35.1-40.0g) and 1.1% in Group 8 (over 40.0g). There was positive correlationship between seed weight and maturity or fruiting period, while there was negative correlationship between the seed weight and the other traits such as days to flowering, plant height, and number of nodes and pods. While 100 seed weight of 464 lines (16.9% of total lines) were below 15g, and those are adequate for the bean sprouts. The fruiting period of large seeded lines was longer, however the number of pods per plant of those were less lines than that of small seeded lines.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.673-688
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• 2023

Purpose: Fires that occur during construction are infrequent, but cause great damage. Recently, with the growth of the logistics and distribution industry, the number of construction sites for new logistics warehouses is increasing, so it was selected as a research subject and research was conducted to reduce accidents at construction sites through the development of a fire risk assessment tool to quantitatively approach fire prevention. Method: A comprehensive fire risk assessment tool was accumulated by classifying the work in progress, classifying combustibles and ignition sources by grade, excluding air (oxygen), which is difficult to control, and additionally substituting evacuation safety. Result: Using the developed and proposed fire risk evaluation tool, excavation work with low fire risk, facility construction with medium fire risk, and finishing work with high fire risk were sampled to derive the result (CGI). Conclusion: In this study, it was possible to establish specific preventive measures and evaluate evacuation safety by controlling physical conditions (combustibles) and energy conditions (ignition sources) according to the risk assessment by developing a tool that can evaluate the risk of 14fire occurrence at construction sites. It is expected that in the future, through the application of the fire risk evaluation tool at construction sites, it will be provided as a criterion for establishing a process plan that can reduce risk and evaluating the adaptability of firefighting equipment.14

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.225-233
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• 2023

Urban rivers and their surrounding environments have been altered due to factors such as rapid economic growth and urban development. This alteration have caused the rivers to lose their original value and become exposed to various pollution, resulting decrease in citizens' quality of life. This study aims to estimate citizens' Willingness To Pay (WTP) for water quality improvement in Suyeong River in Busan. To estimate the non-market value of the Suyeong River, the WTP of Busan citizens for water quality improvement was estimated, applying Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The WTP for improving the water quality from Grade 4(polluted water) to Grade 2(game fish like bass can live in it) was estimated using the water quality ladder concept of the US Environmental Protection Agency, assuming annual donations for five years. For the CVM, the logistic distribution and Spike Model were adopted. As a result, citizens residing in the surrounding area of Suyeong River expressed a higher WTP. Considering more than half of the Busan citizens are aware of the "conservation of nature and ecosystems" as a major function of the Suyeong River, this higher WTP could serve as a basis for improving the value of urban rivers.