• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2015

Bt-cotton germplasm, consisting of 75 genotypes was evaluated against cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) under high inoculum pressure in the field and using graft inoculation in glasshouse by visual symptom scoring assessments. None of the tested genotype was found disease free under both evaluation tests. Under field conditions in 2011, 3 genotypes were found resistant, 4 moderately resistant, 3 tolerant, 2 moderately susceptible and one susceptible; in 2012, 3 genotypes were tolerant, 7 moderately susceptible, 5 susceptible and 38 highly susceptible; in 2013, one was moderately susceptible and 51 were highly susceptible with varying degree of percent disease index (PDI) and severity index (SI). However, through graft evaluation in glasshouse, none of the graft inoculated plant was symptomless. All tested genotypes showed disease symptoms with SI values ranging between 5.0 and 6.0, and latent period between 12 and 14 days. Of the 75 genotypes evaluated using graft inoculation, 11 were found susceptible with SI values of 5.0 to 5.4 while remaining 64 were highly susceptible with SI values of 5.5 to 6.0. Inoculated plants of all tested genotypes exhibited severe disease symptoms within 10 days after the appearance of initial symptoms. No reduction in SI value was observed until the end of the experiment i.e., 90 days after grafting. Information generated under the present study clearly demonstrates that no sources of resistance to CLCuD are available among the tested Bt-cotton genotypes. So, a breeding programme is needed to introgress the CLCuD-resistance from other resistant sources to agronomically suitable Bt-cotton genotypes.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1981

Twenty eight patients with conpnital heart disuse underwent lung biopsy to assets pulmonary obstructive vascular disease at cardiac surpry. Thirteen patients had patent ductus arteriosus, 10, ventricular septal defects and S, atrial septal defects. The aaes were between 2 and 30 years. In patients with patent ductus arteriosus lung biopsy was performed from the IIngular Hlment. The anterior seament of the right upper lobe was blopsled in cases with ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect. Grading of pulmonary obstructive vascular disease could not be assessed In 9 cases. In 2 cases poor quality of the slides made us impossible to evaluate and In 7 cases there were no suitable small muscular arteries to evaluate in the slides of lung tissue especially taken from the IIngular seament. Nineteen cases were evaluated pulmonary obstructive vascular disease. Among them 17 cases had Heath-Edwards changes of grade 1 and 2 patients had that of grade 3. The thickness of media was measured. It was expressed as percentage of medial thickness to outer diameter of artery. The medial thickness was correlated proportionally with elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance to systemic vascular resistance ratio. There were no complications related to the procedure of lung biopsy.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.74-78
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• 2012

With a markedly increased prevalence of obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) now becomes the most common cause of chronic liver disease in both adults and children. The etiology and pathogenesis of NAFLD are multifactorial and remain incompletely understood. According to the "two-hit" theory, inflammatory cytokines and adipokines are activated by oxidative stress and they are involved in insulin resistance, necroinflammatory steatohepatitis and fibrosis. This review discusses the latest updates on the role of some of important inflammatory adipokines and cytokines in the pathogenesis of NAFLD with an emphasis on their potential therapeutic implications.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2013

Microbial communities that are associated with plant roots are highly diverse and harbor tens of thousands of species. This so-called microbiome controls plant health through several mechanisms including the suppression of infectious diseases, which is especially prominent in disease suppressive soils. The mechanisms implicated in disease suppression include competition for nutrients, antibiosis, and induced systemic resistance (ISR). For many biological control agents ISR has been recognized as the mechanism that at least partly explains disease suppression. Implications of ISR on recruitment and functioning of the rhizosphere microbiome are discussed.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 2011

This study tested the relative and combined efficacy of ShPx2 and ShPAL transgenes by comparing Nicotiana tabacum hybrids with enhanced levels of $_L$-phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and cationic peroxidase (Prx) activity with transgenic parental lines that overexpress either transgene. The PAL/Prx hybrids expressed both transgenes driven by the 35S CaMV promoter, and leaf PAL and Prx enzyme activities were similar to those of the relevant transgenic parent and seven- to tenfold higher than nontransgenic controls. Lignin levels in the PAL/Prx hybrids were higher than the PAL parent and nontransgenic controls, but not significantly higher than the Prx parent. All transgenic plants showed increased resistance to the necrotrophs Phytophthora parasitica pv. nicotianae and Cercospora nicotianae compared to nontransgenic controls, with a preponderance of smaller lesion categories produced in Prx-expressing lines. However, the PAL/Prx hybrids showed no significant increase in resistance to either pathogen relative to the Prx parental line. These data indicate that, in tobacco, the PAL and Prx transgenes do not act additively in disease resistance. Stacking with Prx did not prevent a visible growth inhibition from PAL overexpression. Practical use of ShPAL will likely require more sophisticated developmental control, and we conclude that ShPx2 is a preferred candidate for development as a resistance transgene.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 1990

Root-rot of ginseng caused by Fusarium solani is one of the most obstacles to ginseng cultivation. We evaluated some inoculating techniques of ginseng with Fusarium solani, for selection of disease resistant breeding lines. The most effective inoculating techniques evaluated were inserting toothpicks colonized by F. solani into the seedling roots in laboratory test and dusting seedlings with vermiculite after dipping in conidial sllspension and then replanting method in field test. The resistance to diseased by F. solani was lines of 82022 and 82066 in laboratory test. 82920-1 and 78093 in field test.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2024

Bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) is one of the most severe diseases in radish cultivation. To control this plant disease, the most effective method has been known to cultivate resistant cultivars. Previously, we developed an efficient bioassay method for investigating resistance levels with 21 resistant and moderately resistant cultivars of radish against a strain Pcc KACC 10421. In this study, our research expanded to investigate the resistance of radish cultivars against six Pcc strains, KACC 10225, KACC 10421, ATCC 12312, ATCC 15713, LY34, and ECC 301365. To this end, the virulence of the six Pcc strains was determined based on the development of bacterial soft rot in seedlings of four susceptible radish cultivars. The results showed that the Pcc strains exhibited different virulence in the susceptible cultivars. To explore the race differentiation of Pcc strains corresponding to the resistance in radish cultivars, we investigated the occurrence of bacterial soft rot caused by the six Pcc strains on the 21 resistant and moderate resistant cultivars. Our results showed that the average values of the area under the disease progress curve were positively correlated with the virulence of the strains and the number of resistant cultivars decreased as the virulence of Pcc strains increased. Taken together, our results suggest that the resistance to Pcc of the radish cultivars commercialized in Korea is more likely affected by the virulence of Pcc strains rather than by race differentiation of Pcc.

• Mycobiology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.101-104
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• 2017

We identified two genes related to fungicide resistance in Fusarium fujikuroi through random mutagenesis. Targeted gene deletions showed that survival factor 1 deletion resulted in higher sensitivity to fungicides, while deletion of the gene encoding F-box/WD-repeat protein increased resistance, suggesting that the genes affect fungicide resistance in different ways.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.66-70
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• 1998

TMV resistant lines (TRLs) originated from the Blo plant of Nicotiana tabacum cv. NC82 transformed with TMV coat protein cDNA which initially showed delayed disease symptom were selected for increased resistance in each subsequent generation. The result of field experiment of the transgenic tobacco lines in the fifth generation for TMV resistance and their response to other tobacco diseases (black shank, bacterial wilt, and powdery mildew) is described in this report. When fifteen TRLs of the fifth generation were tested for TMV resistance by mechanically inoculating the individual plants, over 95 percent of the plants of 6 lines showed complete resistance even 8 weeks after the inoculation. Average frequency of the resistant plants in TRLs of the fifth generation 8 weeks after the inoculation was 87%. Stable insertion and expression of TMV coat protein cDNA in the fifth generation of the transgenic tobacco plant were confirmed by PCR and immunoblot hybridization, respectively. All TRLs were resistant to the black shank but were susceptible to the bacterial wilt disease and the powdery mildew to the same degree as non-transgenic NC82 was. Therefore, it was indicated that the phenotypes related at least to disease resistance were not changed in the transgenic tobacco. Key words : TMV CP cDNA, TMV resistant tobacco plant, transformation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: The resistance of rice bakanae disease pathogens against the fungicide prochloraz has been reported. Understanding the resistance mechanisms is an important for better control of the pathogens. In the present study, we investigated the resistance mechanisms of Fusarium fujikuroi CF337 (CF337) against prochloraz. METHODS AND RESULTS: Morphological changes in the cell wall of CF337 grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB) with or without prochloraz was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Growth inhibition of CF337 was examined in PDB containing prochloraz or an ABC transporter inhibitor or both of them. Cell wall thickness of CF337 grown in PDB with prochloraz was significantly increased from $80.73{\pm}1.99nm$ to $193.11{\pm}7.07nm$. Significant inhibition in the growth of CF337 was observed in the presence of both prochloraz and the inhibitor, but no growth inhibition was observed in the presence of the inhibitor or prochloraz. Sequence analysis of ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) gene of CF337 showed 70 to 80% similarities to the genes of the pathogens resistant to other fungicides. CONCLUSION: Efflux transporter system and changes in cell wall thickness were suggested as resistance mechanisms of CF337 against prochloraz.