• 음성과학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2002

This paper examines the principles of the International Phonetic Association and its Alphabet to see if the International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA, for short) is adequate for transcribing sounds of a language like Korean. Special attention is given to 'broad transcription' and it has been found that the IPA is inadequate in representing the phonemes: there is no way to correctly transcribe phonemically the sounds of Korean with the current alphabet. A suggestion is given to help solve this problem and extend the IPA to accommodate all the different languages of the world.

• 영어영문학
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.65-78
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the International Phonetic Alphabet be included in English curriculum and taught in English classroom. Current English curriculum for elementary and middle school students doesn't specify anything for the education of the IPA. The knowledge of IPA is essential for the students to study by themselves how to pronounce English words. The IPA, however, is either too little or too much to be taught at school. It is too little in that it doesn't tell us anything about allophones, the knowledge of which could enable us to get rid of foreign accents as much as possible. It is too much in that it can represent more than one sounds (e.g., /ɔ/ in American and British English). To overcome these drawbacks, it should be introduced gradually with the allophones in the same environments. The correct vowel sounds should be introduced with the aid of pronunciation dictionary so that the students could get their own vowel quality. Moreover, the IPA symbol should be adopted for the English textbooks.

• 인문언어
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• 제7집
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• pp.291-309
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• 2005

It hasn't been long time since English language was introduced in Korea. At the end of the 18th century the importance of the way of using English properly started to be recognized as Chosun (former country in Korean peninsula) began to conclude a treaty with foreign countries. A lot of Koreans could learn the western culture by the acquired knowledge of English. One of the main factors opening the secluded nation to the world was the member of missionary from outside of Korea. As the number of missionaries increased those who already came to Korea found the necessity of wiring a sort of guidebook of Korean language for the newly dispatched missionaries. The book $\ulcorner$Korean English Grammar$\lrcorner$(written by Horace Grant Underwood in 1890), was the first one that linguistically compared the part of speech and the clausal structures of Korean and English. The revised one of the same book was written by the son, Horace Horton Underwood, in 1914. The revised one newly included the phonetic aspect of Korean language. In this paper the phonetic part of the book will be considered carefully in order to find how recent phonetic methodology has been applied to account for the Korean phonetic features.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.247-251
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• 1996

This paper is intended as a preliminary study on phonetic and phonological differences between Polish and Korean languages. In this paper an attempt is made to examine the most conspicious difficulties encountered by Polish learners who begin to speak Korean (and in doing so, 1 would hope that it might be of help to future learners of both languages). Since the phoneme inventory and general phonetic rules for both languages are very different, teaching and learning accurate pronunciation is extremely difficult for both the Poles and Koreans without any previous phonetic training. In the case of Polish and Korean we can see how strong and persistent the influences of the mother-tongue are on the target language. As an example I would like to discuss the basic differences between Polish and Korean consonants. The most important consonantal opposition in Polish is voice-/voicelessness (f. ex.; 〔b〕 / 〔p〕, 〔g〕 / 〔k〕) while in Korean, opposition such as voice-/voicelessness is of secondary importance. Therefore Korean speakers do not perceive the difference between Polish voiced and voiceless consonants. On the other hand, Polish speakers can not distinguish Korean lenis / fortis / aspirated consonants (f. ex.; ㅂ 〔b〕 / ㅃ 〔p〕 / ㅍ〔ph〕, ㄱ 〔g〕 / ㄲ 〔k〕 / ㅋ 〔kh〕)) opposition. The other very important factor is palatalization which is of vital importance in Polish and, because of this, Polish speakers are extremely sensitive to it. In Korean palatalization is not important phonetically and Korean speakers do not distinguish between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants. The transcription used here is based on ' The principles of the International Phonetic Association and the Korean Phonetic Alphabet ' (1981) by Hyun Bok Lee.

• 한국어교육
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.37-60
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• 2017

This research has its basis with focus on the way Korean native speakers recognize Chinese Korean-learners' pronunciation. The objective of the study is to lay the cornerstone for establishing effective teaching-learning strategies for the education of the Korean phonetic system. In this study, the results of the experiment are presented which shows how native speakers of Korean identify Chinese Korean-learners' pronunciation of consonants. In the first place, stimulation tones were created from the original utterances of Chinese Korean-learners and seven scripts were made through the Pratt program. In addition, the subjects were asked to choose what the phonetic materials sounded like. The results of the research are represented as the ratio of frequency of Korean native speakers' response to each utterance to the total frequency. In addition, the paired t-test was taken in order to explore any relatedness to the changes in the level of proficiency of the Korean phonetic system, ranging from beginners to advanced learners. The outcome shows that the mistakes which Chinese Korean-learners make in pronouncing the consonants of Korean are relatively well-reflected in Korean native speakers' auditory cognitive reactions. To put it concretely, there is some difficulty in differentiating lax consonants from aspirates in the cases of plosives and affricates, but relatively little trouble with fortes. However, it is revealed that there is also a slight difference in relation to articulatory positions in detailed aspects. To provide an effective teaching method for the Korean phonetic system, it is essential to comprehend learners' phonetic mistakes through the precise analysis of data in terms of 'production.' Also, a more meticulous observation of 'phenomena' must be made through verification from the view of 'reception,' as attempted in this study. A more thorough diagnosis by applying methodology makes it possible to lay the foundation for developing effective teaching-learning strategies for the instruction of the Korean phonetic system. This study has its significance in making such attempts.

• 인문언어
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• 제8집
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• pp.331-367
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• 2006

In this paper I attempted to investigate the matters related with the clarification of the close relationship between writing system and pronunciation. On the way of pursuing the research on the subject I found the fact that the same topic has been the main academic target in Korea. There have been some remarks about English alphabets and pronunciation. Nevertheless, the relation between alphabet codes and pronunciation tokens wasn't considered as the main key to master the English pronunciation correctly and completely. As the main target of this paper I argue that it is necessary to comprehend the connection. Then, we can recognize the significant role of alphabetic structure for understanding the gist of pronunciation exercise. This paper is classified into four parts. Each part consists of the material to affirm the fact that writing system should be the inevitable equivalent of sound system, and vice versa. In the first section I show that the development of the way of pronouncing English words is closely related with the endeavors of the scholars. While performing the survey of the studies about the alphabetic structure of the age many scholars found that the spelling construction was recorded without any common denominator. Thus, they not only sought to stage the bedrock for the standard written form of words but also to associate the alphabet letters with phonetic features. Secondly I mention the negative aspect of the 'only spelling based English pronunciation education' for the educational goal of 'Phonics methodology.' In this part I suggest the essentiality of phonemic properties with the phonetic prospect: phonemic awareness. Thirdly I refer to the standardization of the spelling system of English. As the realm of application of the language is extended toward the various professional areas such as commercial, scientific, and cultural spheres, it is quite natural to assume that the usage of the language will be transformed according to the areas in the world. Fourthly I introduce the first English-Korean grammar book with the section of 'the introduction to English pronunciation.' At the chapter the author explained the sound features of English based on the regulation of 'Scientific Alphabet' of U.S.A. In the transcribing system all the symbols were postulated on the basis of the English alphabet form instead of the separate phonetic signs of IPA.

• 인문언어
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• 제5권
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• pp.221-264
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• 2003

This paper takes issue with the idea of language as a 'serial-time structure' as opposed to the 'real-time event' of speech, an idea entrenched in Chomskyan model of linguistic theory. The discussion centers around the leitmotif question: Is language constructed entirely from a finite set of apriori discrete symbol types, as the 'competence vs performance' dichotomy implies\ulcorner A set of linguistic patterns examined in this study, largely with regard to phonological considerations, points to the evidence to the contrary. That is, while the patterns may be said to be linguistically distinct, they are not discretely, different, i.e. not different enough to be reliably differentiated. It is demonstrated that much of current research in phonology, including the most recent Optimality Theory, is misdirected in that it falsely presupposes a discrete universal phonetic inventory. The main thrust of the present study is that there is no sharp boundary between 'competence' defined as the formal, symbolic, discrete time domain of language and human cognition on the one hand and 'performance' as the continuous, fuzzy, real-time domain of human physiology on the other.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.658-667
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• 2021

본 연구는 계몽주의 시대에 프랑스 문법서에서 기술한 다양한 운율을 현대 음성학적 관점에서 분석하고 국제음성기호의 효시가 된 도상표기법을 소개하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 세 권의 문법서와 한 권의 표기법 서적을 비교·분석하여 운율 구조를 음성학적으로 재구성하는 연구방법을 도입하였다. 당시에는 규칙성이 있는 운율악센트와 의미적·화용적 맥락에서 발생하는 웅변악센트로 악센트를 분류하여 분석을 시도한 점이 대표적이다. 운율악센트는 억양과 관계가 있으며, 웅변악센트는 억양과 세기가 중요한 운율 자질이다. 여러 문법학자에 의하여 공통적으로 관찰된 현상은 단어의 말음절 장음화이다. 현대프랑스어 악센트의 중요한 특징인 말음절 장음화는 18세기에 자리 잡은 것으로 추정할 수 있다. 다만 억양을 악센트와 동일시하는 관습 때문에 말음절 장음화를 악센트로 보지 않고 단순히 음량의 패턴으로 간주한 것으로 보인다. 또한, 억양을 통한 악센트에 관한 기술이 이전 세기의 일반이성문법학자보다 덜 정교함을 보여주었다. 운율악센트의 위치를 정확히 명시하지 않은 점, 웅변악센트에 음의 고저와 세기가 어떻게 결합되는지에 대한 설명이 부재한 점이 대표적이다. 18세기의 문법가들이 운율에 관하여 기술한 내용을 분석하면 당시의 운율 현상은 전반적으로 오늘날의 프랑스어 운율 현상과 유사하다. 현대 음성학적 관점에서 보면 말음절 장음화가 프랑스어 악센트의 중요한 특성으로 자리 잡은 시기가 바로 18세기인 것이다.

• 인문언어
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• 제8집
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• pp.199-221
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• 2006

The writing systems of the Silla dynasty, the Kugyol(口訣), had influenced the earlier states of Japanes Kunten(假片) during the 8th century. Japanese developed their own writing system, Kunten(訓点) after the 9th century. The Silla Kugyol was inscribed by Gagpil(角筆), a kind of ancient stylus, which seems to be originated in China and India. There are two main streams of Asian script culture. One is from China: a brush-pen culture for East asian calligraphy, named Seoye(書藝) or Seodo(書道). The other is from India: a tusk-pen culture for inscribing Buddha's words. In Korean peninsular, we can find the traces from Buddist texts inscribed by the Gagpil, a tusk-pen. We can find new writing system in the books of the Silla, penod, Panbilyanglon(判比量論), Hwaeommuneuiyogyol(華嚴文義要訣) etc. The scripts inscribed by gagpil was a totally phonetic system with dots and lines etc., like Hangul strokes was invented by I king Sejong 800 years later. The old system was used until 15th century before the invention of Hangul scripts.

• 인문언어
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• 제7집
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• pp.31-56
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• 2005

In most Asian areas Chinese writing and characters had been used as a unique recording device. The way to account for the circumstance related with the writing system could be twofold. Firstly the races inhabited around Sino-territory actually neither used the type of languages as Chinese - not isolating type but agglutinative one - nor established any independent writing letters. Secondly those people who belonged to the races accepted the writing system of China due to the frequent cultural and economical interchange between them and Chinese people. In Korean peninsula the same situation of linguistic phenomenon had been pervasive. The aborigine of the territory who acquired to use Chinese writing applied their knowledge of the second language to record the facts related with the management of the country. But the grammatical structure of Chines writing and native language showed the remarkable contrast; so, the people of the peninsula managed the specific letter system - in other words, the discrepancy between language and writing. This difference carried on the huge influence on the way of using Chinese writing and characters in Korea. Some scholars of historical linguistics of Korean language considered the alternation of Chinese writing system and characters as "the procedure of nativization" - in which the inflow of characters into Korean and the same one continuously used in China illustrated the large gap of the phonological aspects. The method of reading Chinese characters came to be named as Sino-Korean Pronunciation. In the categorization of Chinese characters' pronunciation Sino-Korean Pronunciation was also categorized as the Eastern Pronunciation(東音). It indicates the sound of Chinese characters which has been historically adapted to the phonological system of Korean language. In this paper the main point is to survey the procedure of reception of Chinese writing and characters and that of establishment and alternation of Korean phonetic feature of Chinese writing and characters.