• 수도
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• v.24 no.5 s.86
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• pp.5-15
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• 1997

This year the Ministry of Environment(MOE) made a fifth amendment to the Sewerage Act, which was enacted in August 1966. The first objective of this amendment is to introduce small public sewerage system that is designed to treat wastewater produced in rural areas. Before small public sewerage system was introduced to the Act through this amendment, only urban areas were covered by public sewerage system. Because small sewerage system was introduced, wastewater generated in urban areas as well as rural areas can now be treated by public sewage treatment plants. In addition to this, some authorities on sewerage affairs were moved from the MOE to local governments by this amendment in order to enhance the power and responsibility of local governments in relation to sewerage affairs. Also, this amendment enabled local governments to entrust the authority to establish and manage sewage treatment plants to private companies, and enabled the MOE to organize an advisory committee on sewerage to review economic and technical aspects ofsewage treatment plants. This amendment went into effect September 8, 1997.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.166-178
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• 2024

Objectives: The 12 occupational exposure limits(OELs) for chromium and its compounds in Korea were set by applying the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values (TLVs). However, this is significantly different from the TLVs after the existing TLVs were integrated and withdrawn in 2018, so it is necessary to review the revision. Methods: Various documents related to chromium OELs were reviewed, including the ACGIH TLV Documentations for chromium and its compounds. A field survey was conducted targeting workplaces handling chromium and its compounds. Based on this, a revised OELs were proposed and a socio-economic evaluation was conducted. Results: The OELs for chromium compounds in Korea was first enacted in 2002, and in 2007, the OELs for chromium (hexavalent) compounds (insoluble) was lowered from 0.05 mg/m³ to 0.01 mg/m³. In 2008, the OELs for strontium chromate was newly established as 0.0005 mg/m³, and in 2018, the OELs for calcium chromate was newly established as 0.001 mg/m³. Total chromium and hexavalent chromium were measured for each of 6 samples at 2 welding sites, 4 plating sites, and 2 spray coating sites. When omparing the average of the results measured by ICP, a total chromium analysis method, and the analysis results by IC, a hexavalent chromium analysis method, only workplace 4 was the same, and total chromium was evaluated more, and total chromium was evaluated at 0.0004 to 0.0027 mg/m³. And hexavalent chromium was evaluated as non-detection ~ 0.0014 mg/m³. Amendment ①: The exposure standard for hexavalent chromium is not divided into water soluble, insoluble, chromium ore processing, and other hexavalent chromium compounds, and is integrated into 0.01 mg/m³, which is the level of chromium (hexavalent) compound (insoluble)., OELs for chromium (metal) and chromium (trivalent) compounds are integrated into chromium (trivalent) compounds, and the exposure level is maintained. Amendment ②: As in the amendment ①, the OELs are integrated, but the level is lowered to 0.005 mg/m³, which is the OELs of OSHA, and there is a grace period of 4 years. Amendment ③: As in the amendment ①, the OELs are integrated, but the level is lowered to 0.0002 mg/m³, which is the exposure standard of ACGIH, and there is a grace period of 5 years. Conclusions: Amendment ①: The change in the OELs is insignificant, so the cost required is small, and the benefit/cost ratio is greater than 1, so there is no problem in applying the amendment. Amendment ②: In all scenarios except chromium 6(insoluble), the benefit/cost ratio is greater than 1, so it is thought that there will be no major problem in applying the amendment. Amendment ③: Since the benefit/cost ratio is less than 1 in all scenarios, it is thought that the total social benefit that can be obtained when applying the amendment is not large.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-52
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• 1991

This study deals with the evolutional history of the holding and utilization of fisheries resources in Korea. Fisheries resources have the basic characteristics of the density dependent self-regulating renewable and common property resources, Irrational utilization of fisheries resources is mainly due to the unlimited access to the resources. The holding and utilization of fisheries resources in Koryo era was opened to everyone. But it was nationalized in the early Yi Dynasty. The purpose of its nationalization was to provent the paticular powered-man with their monoplized holding and to levy fisheries tax. Eoeop-peop, the first modern fisheries law in Korea, was enacted as a part of the invasion policy of Japan in 1908. With the japanese annexation of Korea in 1910, the Japanese Government established a new institutional system of fisheries as a part of an overall reformation of the institutional for an implementation of the colonial policy. It was very the new enacted Fisheries Law (Gyogyorei). Also the Government enacted compulsorily another new Fisheries Law (Chosen Gyogyorei) with its adjunct laws and regulations revise the institutional system of fisheries on May 1, 1930. After Eoeop-peop enactment, the fisheries resources in Korea could be used only under the license, permission, and statement. After Korea was from Japan in 1945, Korea Government at last enacted the new fisheries law (Susaneop-peop) in 1953. The goal of Susaneop-peop was to achive the general usage and protection of the fisheries resources, and to attain the development and democratization of the fishery in Korea. This law was amended 13 times until 1990. The license fishery have a legal right on the fishery, called a fishery rigt. This right means a right of exclusive occupation and utilization of a unit of the inshore fishing grounds. The main evolutional issues of license fishery are as the following : 1) the foundation of the exclusive usable fishery right(1911, Gyogyorei), 2) the deletion of the settled U9space lift net and settled space sein net fishery, and the expansion of the cooperative fishery-No.1, 2, and 3 type cooperative fishery-(3rd amendment, 1963), 3) the deletion of the No.2 and 3 type cooperative fishery, and the separation of the culturing fishery in No.1 and 2 type culturing fishery (13th amendment, 1990). The effective period of the license fishery was amended as the following : 1) 1908(Eoeop-peop) : within 10 years, renovation system, 2) 1929(Chosen Gyogyorei) : within 10 years, unlimited extension system, 3) 1971. 7th amendment : 10 years, renovation system, 4) 1972. 8th amendment : 10 years, only 1 extension system, 5) 1975. 9th amendment : 5-10 years, only 1 extension system, 6) 1990.13th amendment : 10 years, within 10 years of total extensional years. The priority order of the fishery license was established in 1953 (Susaneop-peop). The amendment of it is as follows : 1) 1953. enactment \circled1 the fishing grounds that the fishery right is extablished 1st order : the existing fishery right man, unlimited renovation 2nd order : the corporate that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the rest experienced fishermen \circled2 new fishing grounds 1st order : the corporate that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the rest experienced fishermen 2) 1971. 9th amendment \circled1 the fishing grounds that the fishery right is established 1st order : the existing fishery right man, unlimited renovation 2nd order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 4th order : the rest experienced fishermen \circled2 new fishing grounds 1st order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the rest experienced fishermen 3) 1981. 10th amendment \circled1 the inside of No.1 type cooperative fishing grounds 1st order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd orer : the rest experienced fishermen 4) 1990. 13th amendment \circled1 No.1 type cultural fishery 1st order : the Eochongye that the regional fisherfolk organized 2nd order : the regional fishery cooperative that the regional fisherfolk organized 3rd order : the rest experienced fishermen \circled2 No.2 type cultural and settle fisher : general priority order The effective period of the permission fishery was amended 6 timed. First, it was within 5 years and renovation system (Eoeop-peop). Now it is 5 years and renovation system. The effective period of the statement fishery was amended 4 times. First, it was within 5 years, and then was amended within 3 years(Chonsen Gyogyorei). Now it is 5 years.

• Strategy21
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• s.44
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• pp.54-78
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• 2018

The core of the current constitutional amendment pursued by the Abe administration depends on the status of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces, which include the right to engage in war, in the legal and regular military positions. This is an important turning point for the Abe administration, which aims to become a normal country for Japan, and it is a series of steps that followed in the revision of the U.S. and Japan guidelines in 2015 and the overhaul of the security law in 2016. In this paper, we propose building "A navy Attractive to Alliances" as a way to secure Korea's maritime security under the current security environment. The term "attraction" refers to the alliance "first priority" especially in the United States. The way to do this is to transform the paradigm of the ROK-U.S. alliance into a naval hub in the vast seas, which will allow us to strengthen our national defense and even deter threats from neighboring countries. To this end, our navy needs to have a more active approach to U.S. East Asian strategy. If we can convince the United States to be a nation that contributes more to its East Asian strategy, it will only lead to a strengthening of the status of its alliance and expansion of its unilateral support and military capability against Japan, thus minimizing Japan's influence.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.279-288
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• 2016

Graphic health warning on the tobacco product package is a cost-effective tobacco control policy to convey information on harmful effect of tobacco use to health, and it is known not only to motivate smokers to quit but also to deter adolescents from start smoking. In case of Korea, amendments to National Health Promotion Act requiring implementation of graphic health warning had been submitted 13 times, from 2002 to May 2015. In May 2015, the amendment had been approved by the National Assembly and it enters into force on December 23, 2016. This research analyzed the discussions from Health and Welfare Committee of the National Assembly during the implementation of the graphic health warning in order to study decision making process of legislators. Study found that there was a shift from a general opposition on implementing graphic health warning at first to a harsh conflict over relaxation of the regulation once discussing the implementation in earnest. Particularly, while the group supporting the implementation of the graphic health warning or opposing relaxation advocated the amendment with scientific and knowledge-based evidences including the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the group opposing the adoption of the amendment itself or suggesting relaxation tended to defend their position with empathy on smokers or tobacco industries.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2022

In-situ activated carbon (AC) amendment is a promising remediation technique for the treatment of sediment impacted by hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). Since its first proposal in the early 2000s, the remediation technique has quickly gained acceptance as a feasible alternative among the scientific and engineering communities in the United States and northern Europe. This review paper aims to provide an overview on in-situ AC amendment for the treatment of HOC-impacted sediment with a major focus on its working principles. We began with an introduction on the practical and scientific background that led to the proposal of this remediation technique. Then, we described how the remediation technique works in a mechanistic sense, along with discussion on two modes of implementation, mechanical mixing and thin-layer capping, that are distinct from each other. We also discussed key considerations involved in establishing a remedial goal and performing post-implementation monitoring when this technique is field-applied. We concluded with future works necessary to adopt and further develop this innovative sediment remediation technique to ongoing and future sediment contamination concerns in Korea.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.16
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• pp.83-114
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• 2001

This paper is focussed on the main features and problems of SGA amendment. main features and problems are as below. First, SGA section 14 uses a new term, that of "satisfactory quality", which is defined in a somewhat circular way and introduces some guidelines in order to solve other problems perceived as arising under the "merchantable quality". The change was largely to assist in the better resolution of consumer disputes and not necessary for commercial disputes because the change involves the substitution of a phrase which meant something but was inappropriate to commercial disputes. As with the definition of "merchantable quality", a court can take the new formulation as an invitation to start afresh; or it can refer to the previous case law. Second, before the SGA amendment, a contract for the sale of undifferentiated part of a bulk shipped or to be shipped on a named ship was a contract for the sale of unascertained goods. So the effect was that property could not pass to the buyer, even though he had paid the price in full, before the goods become ascertained. The main object of the SGA amendment was to improve the buyer's position where he had paid for a specified quantity of goods forming an undifferentiated part of an identified bulk and the seller then became insolvent before the goods for which the buyer had paid were ascertained. The improvement was achieved by making section 16 of the SGA 1979 subject to a new section 20A and includig section 20B, under which a buyer of a specified quantity bulk can acquire a proprietary interest in the bulk. This proprietary solution still has some problems in international sale of goods. Therefore, it would be more appropriated SGA should settle disputes between parties through payment, passing of risk, delivery of goods and/or documents etc. instead of property rights like UCC.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Marine Engineers Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.39-40
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• 2011

The 62nd session of the MARINE Environment Protection Committee was held in London from 11 to 15 July 2011. Mandatory measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from international shipping were adopted at the Committee. The amendment to MARPOL Annex VI includes a new chapter 4 to make mandatory the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new ships and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships. This first mandatory measures on energy efficiency will enter into force on 1 January 2013. This amendment to MARPOL Annex VI will significantly influences the vast majority of the international maritime community. This paper mainly discusses the main results of MEPC 62nd session including the recent Emission Control Area.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 1996

In this study, PC controlled CNC automatic cutting system is developed. Technological introduction of the control process and the computer programming has made possible not only the automatic control for cutting processing unit but also the easy-to-use graphic software that enables the cutting process. This program involves shape part drawing and amendment, pattern reading and saving, reading Autocad file, nesting process, kerf compensation, automatic cutting path generation, NC file conversion and motor control. Software is devided into 3 modules for easy work. First step enables drawing, amendment and pattern making, followed by automatic nesting and cutting path generation with kerf compensation. In the final step, drawing data is transmitted for the resulting automatic cutting processes. This software would be applicated in gas cutting and textile cutting so that it improves the productivity of cutting process.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.415-421
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• 2023

The revision of the Korea Organ Transplantation Act (KOTA) in 2018 included hand/arm among the organs that can be transplanted. The first hand transplantation since the revision of KOTA took place in January 2021. A 62-year-old male patient experienced hand amputation on July 13, 2018, by a catapult injury. The patient first visited our institute 3 months after the injury. After serial interviews and an overall evaluation, the patient was registered on the hand transplantation waiting list in January 2020. On January 9, 2021, the patient underwent hand transplantation at the right distal forearm level. The total operation time was 17 hours 15 minutes, and the cold ischemic time was 4 hours 9 minutes. Postoperative immunosuppression was administered based on the protocol used for kidney transplantation. Two acute rejection episodes occurred, on postoperative days 33 and 41. Both rejection episodes were reversible with rescue therapy of a higher tacrolimus trough level, steroid pulse therapy, and topical immunosuppressants. Controlled passive range of motion exercise was started on postoperative day 10. Dynamic splint was applied on postoperative day 18. At 1 year, graft maintenance and functional improvement were satisfactory, and the patient showed a Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand score of 25.8. We successfully performed the first hand transplantation surgery under the KOTA amendment. It came from the organic and effective cooperation of plastic, orthopaedic, and transplantation departments and we believe it will guarantee the future ongoing success.