• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.687-696
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• 2010

This study focused on microwave irradiation of dough, raising its temperature to monitor potential variations of dough properties and bread quality, and examined the optimum mixture ratio towards streamlining the bread-making process. According to comparison and analysis on dough properties and bread quality depending on mixture materials, it was found that Salt 2 had the highest dough temperature of all, and Salt 1 had the highest fermentation rate and specific volume but the lowest hardness (i.e. highest softness). Results of sensory evaluation, were that Salt 1.5 scored highest points in sweet taste, aftertaste, and overall acceptance, but there were significant differences among bread samples. Likewise, it was found that Fat 6 had the highest dough temperature, fermentation rate and specific volume of all. Texture analysis, showed that Fat 0 had the highest hardness of all. According to sensory characteristics, Fat 3 scored the highest points in overall acceptance. Based on these results, the optimum mixture ratio of salt and fat for microwave-irradiated bread was found to be 1.5% salt and 3% fat.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.563-569
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• 1995

쌀 단백질이 밥의 식미와 텍스쳐에 미치는 영향을 밝히기 위하여 단백질 가수분해 효소와 이황화결합 환원제 처리가 밥의 텍스쳐에 미치는 효과에 대하여 시험하였다. 세 품종의 찰밥의 경도, 부착성, 탄력성 등은 유의한 차이가 있었다. 그 중 IR 36의 밥이 가장 단단하고 부착성이 적었다. 밥의 경도는 $4^{\circ}C$에서 12시간 저장한 후에 두드러지게 증가하였으며 경도와 부착성에 대한 품종별 차이가 뚜렷하였다. 단백질 가수분해 효소를 처리한 밥과 2-mercaptoethanol을 처리한 밥은 처리하지 않은 밥보다 밥의 수분 함량과 평윤 크기가 증가하였으며 경도의 감소와 부착성의 증가가 뚜렷하였고 관능검사에 의한 기호도가 향상되었다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.258-265
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• 2008

This study investigated the quality characteristics of tofu(soybean curd) samples prepared with differing amounts of commercial chungkukjang powder(0, 1, 2, 3, 4%). According to the results the 3% chungkukjang tofu 3%(C3) had the highest yield, and the tofus containing chungkukjang powder had higher pH and acidity levels than the control. Turbidity increased and moisture content decreased with increasing chungkukjang powder concentration. And pH, acidity, and turbidity were negatively correlated with moisture content. In terms of color, the L value decreased, and a and b values increased with increasing chungkukjang concentration. For texture, the 1% chungkukjang tofu(C1) had higher hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness values than the other samples. C1 also had the highest overall acceptability score. Finally, sensory properties of taste, texture, and overall quality were positively correlated with the mechanical properties of moisture content, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and brittleness.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.604-611
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• 2019

This study was undertaken to examine the quality characteristics of glutinous barley flour (GBF) Yakgwa produced by air frying. To achieve this, the pH of the dough as well as expansion ratio, color, texture, and sensory evaluation of Yakgwa were measured. The pH of the Yakgwa dough significantly decreases with increasing amount of GBF, over the range 5.35-5.45. Lightness (L), redness (a), and yellowness (b) also decrease with increasing amount of GBF. Furthermore, significant decrease was observed in the hardness, proportionate to the ratio of GBF added (p<0.001). Generic descriptive sensory evaluation results reveal that samples with high ratio of GBF show increased grain aroma, burnt aroma, grain flavor, nutty flavor, astringency, chalky taste, and hardness. The acceptance test determined the GBF-20 sample group to be high in flavor and texture (p<0.05). Therefore, it would be appropriate to apply to 20% GBF for alternative and the addition of GBF would be considered to have positive effects on the quality characteristics of Yakgwa using air fryer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1573-1582
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated the optimal conditions for 3D structure printing of alternative fats that have the textural properties of lard using beeswax (BW)-based oleogel by a statistical analysis. Products printed with over 15% BW oleogel at 50% and 75% infill level (IL) showed high printing accuracy with the lowest dimensional printing deviation for the designed model. The hardness, cohesion, and adhesion of printed samples were influenced by BW concentration and infill level. For multi-response optimization, fixed target values (hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness) were applied with lard printed at 75% IL. The preparation parameters obtained as a result of multiple reaction prediction were 58.9% IL and 16.0% BW, and printing with this oleogel achieved fixed target values similar to those of lard. In conclusion, our study shows that 3D printing based on the BW oleogel system produces complex internal structures that allow adjustment of the textural properties of the printed samples, and BW oleogels could potentially serve as an excellent replacement for fat.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.352-357
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the lipid and collagen content and drip volume on the hardness of fish meat. Red sea bream (cultured and wild) and flounder (cultured, cultured with obosan and wild) were used for this study. Textural differences between cultured and wild meats were determined by the measurements of hardness, lipid and collagen content, and drip volume. Lipid content of the dorsal muscle was higher especially in cultured red sea bream (3.32%) than in wild one. Cultured and wild flounder contained lower content of lipid than red sea bream. The content of collagen was higher in cultured flounder fed with obosan (8.37 mg/g muscle) and wild flounder (8.02 mg/g muscle) than others. Drip volume was the highest in cultured flounder fed with obosan (8.67%). The hardness of raw meat was correlated with the contents of lipid (r= -0.7063) and collagen (r= 0.8307), significantly. Cultured fish contained more lipid and less collagen than wild one. So, the hardness of these fish meats was lower than wild one. However, cultured flounder fed with obosan showed no difference in hardness compared with wild one. In the cooked meat, there was no relationship between the hardness of fish meat and the contents of lipid and collagen. But, the drip volume was significantly related with the hardness (r= 0.6870). From these results, the factors contributing the textural difference between wild and cultured fish meat would be the lipid and collagen contents, and two ways to improve the texture of cultured fish meat could be suggested. One is to lower the lipid content by feed control, and the other is to raise the collagen content by inducing more fish movement.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.223-238
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to establish a fruit-cooking method suitable for older adults with masticatory dysfunction. MATERIALS/METHODS: Five types of fruits were selected to make fruit jelly and puree: apple, sweet persimmon, mandarin, Korean melon, and watermelon. Recipes were selected based on the Korean Industrial Standard (KS) for senior-friendly foods (KS H 4897), which classifies foods into 3 levels (L1-L3) based on their hardness and viscosity. RESULTS: In South Korea, senior-friendly foods are classified into 3 stages based on their hardness. Stage 1 is for foods that are able to eat with teeth (hardness greater than 50,000 N and less than 500,000 N), Stage 2 is for foods that are able to eat with gums (hardness greater than 20,000 N and less than 50,000 N), and Stage 3 is for foods that are able to eat with the tongue (hardness less than 20,000 N). As a result of measuring the hardness by varying the shape of the fruit, it was found that nearly all fruits could be eaten fresh by chewing with the teeth (L1) but did not meet the KS for mastication using the gums (L2) or tongue (L3), so the cooking method was selected as fruit jelly and fruit puree. Only sweet persimmon, which had a hardness of 61,624-496,393 N, was not suitable for consumption in fresh fruit, unprocessed form. Based on their hardness measurements, fruit jellies (27,869 to 36,343 N) and fruit purees (315 to 1,156 N) met the L2 and L3 requirements, respectively. The viscosity results of all fruit purees met the L3 requirement. CONCLUSION: These results offer a simple cooking method to prepare texture-modified fruits suitable for safe consumption by older adults living with masticatory difficulties in general households and nursing facilities.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.928-934
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the possibility of making functional sulgitteok with Goami 2 rice, which is a rich that is high in dietary fiber. Sulgitteok was made by adding various amounts of Goami powder(25, 50, 75, and 100 %) to rice powder. Then, the sensory tests and other tests to measure color, texture and hardness were examined as a function of time and the moisture content in sulgitteok was measured to determine the quality and characteristics of different types of sulgitteok. The conclusions of these tests were as follows : In the sensory evaluation preference test of sulgitteok made with various amounts of Goami powder, the overall preference was the highest in sulgitteok made with 50% Goami powder (S2). In the difference test, the higher the amount of added Goami powder, the lower the grades were. The S4 group, which was made with Gomai powder, had a strongly unique odor compared with those made with rice powder, which smelled weaker. In terms of the color values of Gomai added sulgitteok, the higher the amount of added Gomai powder, the lower the lightness value of sulgitteok, where group S4 had the lowest value. In addition, the S4 group, which was made with Goami powder, had the hightest red and yellow color. The texture test indicated that sulgitteok containing a large amount of Goami powder were considerably harder compared with the control group. While every group containing Goami powder (S1, S2, S3 and S4) became harder during the first to the third day of the test, their hardness tended to drop after longer storage times. In the control group, the hardness continued to grow from the start up to the fifth day. After five days' there was a noticeable change in the moisture content in the different types of sulgitteok, with more water evaporating in the S3, S2, and S1 groups than in the S4 groups, which contained the highest amount of Goami powder. Group C, which contained no Goami powder, had the largest water evaporation. Sulgitteok that contained more Goami powder turned out to be more savory than baekseolgi made solely of rice powder. However, they were less preferable overall, since they were rated lower in terms of color, texture and other characteristics. Therefore, utilize Goami tteok as a functional ingredient in food for people with diabetes or obesity, further studies on additives that can provide a sticky texture and favorable color should be conducted. In addition, different types of ttoek such as pounded or boiled ones may be preferable to sulgitteok.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권10호
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• pp.1430-1437
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• 2009

다시마를 Vibrio sp.로 분해하여 제조한 SCD로 기능성 빵을 만들기 위하여 mixture design을 이용한 원료의 최적 배합 비율을 구하였다. 다시마 SCD 빵의 max weight, strength, hardness 및 비용적의 값은 밀가루와 물의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하는 반면, SCD의 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 밀가루와 물의 첨가량이 증가할수록 SCD의 첨가량이 감소할수록 발효팽창력의 값은 증가하였다. 밀가루의 첨가량이 증가할수록 SCD의 첨가량이 감소할수록 SCD 빵의 L(명도) 값과 b(황색도) 값은 증가하였으며, 밀가루와 물의 첨가량이 증가할수록 SCD의 첨가량이 감소할수록 다시마 SCD 빵의 a(적색도) 값은 감소하였다. ANOVA 분석에 의한 다시마 SCD 빵의 max weight, strength, hardness, 비용적, 색도 b(황색도) 값 및 수분흡착력은 linear model이 결정되었으며, distance, 발효팽창력, 색도 L(명도) 및 a(적색도) 값은 nonlinear model(quadratic model)이 선정되었다. Constraint coefficient 값의 분석 결과 SCD는 SCD 빵의 texture에 가장 큰 영향을 주었으며, 물은 발효팽창력, 비용적 및 수분흡착력에 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 밀가루는 SCD 빵의 색도에 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤다. Distance에서는 flour-SCD 및 water-SCD 상호작용이 있었으며, 발효팽창력에서는 flour-SCD 상호작용이 있었다. 또한 SCD 빵 색도의 L(명도)에서는 flour-SCD의 상호작용이 나타났으며, a (적색도)에서는 flour-SCD 및 water-SCD 상호작용이 있었다. Mixture(modified distance) design에 의해 결정된 다시마 SCD 빵의 밀가루, 물 및 SCD의 최적 배합비율은 각각 48.25, 30.89 및 3.86%이었다. 관능검사 결과 전해수로 처리한 SCD 빵은 시중제품보다 모든 면에서 품질이 낮았으나, 전해수 처리 SCD 빵은 대조구(전해수 미처리)보다 월등히 높은 점수를 받아 전해수로 처리된 SCD 빵의 맛, 조직감 및 향을 개선한다면 SCD의 산업화가 가능할거라 판단된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.367-375
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• 2003

본 연구는 농촌지역에 많이 보급되어 있는 50 마력급 트랙터의 견인 및 작업성능을 우리나라의 주요 수도 포장을 대상으로 컴퓨터 모의실험을 통해 예측하기 위해 수행되었다. 모의실험은 트랙터의 견인력에 영향을 미치는 토양인자와 차량인자를 포함하는 수학적 모델을 이용하였다. 토양의 물리적 특성은 우리나라 수도재배의 대표적인 지역 중의 일부라고 볼 수 있는 이리, 남양간척지, 아산만지역, 평택, 밀양, 상주, 김해, 김포, 안동, 안성, 음성, 강화지역 등에서 서로 다른 면 단위 지역을 선택하여 총 40개 지역에서 측정하였다. 40개 조사지역의 토성은 미사질양토(SiL)지역이 26곳으로 가장 많았으며 양토(L)가 5곳, 사질양토(SL)가 4곳, 미사질식양토(SiCL)가 3곳 등으로 조사지역의 대부분의 토양은 양질계통이었다. 이들 지역에서 경운정지 시기의 토양수분함량은 주로 20-40%의 범위이었으며, 드물게 20% 이하 지역과 50%가 넘는 지역이 한 두 곳 있었다. 용적밀도는 대부분의 조사지역에서 $1,500-1,700kg\;m^{-3}$의 범위이었다. 원추지수는 2부터 $12kg\;cm^{-2}$까지 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 나타났다. 전체 조사지역에서 시뮬레이션에 의해 예측된 트랙터의 견인력은 63-1,469 kgf까지 매우 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 분포하였으며, 아주 연약한 지역을 제외하고는 대부분의 지역에서 1,000 kgf 이상을 나타내었다. 한편, 시뮬레이션에 의해 트랙터의 경운작업 가능성을 조사한 결과, 대부분의 지역에서 트랙터에 의한 원활한 경운작업이 가능한 것으로 조사되었으나 안동과 남양만의 일부 지역에서는 트랙터에 의한 원활한 경운작업이 어려울 뿐만 이니라 경우에 따라서 는 트랙터 자체의 이동성 문제도 발생할 수 있는 것으로 판단되었다.