• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2002

A benchmark dose (BMD) approach has been evaluated us a replacement for the traditional NOAEL methodology currently being wed to assess the noncancer effects of toxicants. The endocrine disrupt-ing effect of endosulfan which showed decrement of sperm count and testicular testosterone level in animals, was currently reported. The amount of endosulfan used as pesticide in the country has been continuously increased. The aim of this study was to suggest the permissible intake level (PIL), corresponding to Accept-able Daily Intake (ADI), based on endocrine disrupting effect wing BMD. Various animal data were collected by consideration of critical effect showing endocrine disruption and an animal data for reproductive toxicity was selected. The Power model from BMD software for induction of $BMD_10$ having meaning which is the dose at the 95% lower confidence limit on a 10% response was used due to that the form of selected dose-response animal data was continuous data. The $BMD_10$ was estimated to be 0.393 mg/kg/day based on reproductive toxicity showing decrement of sperm count. The permissible intake level (PIL) was calculated by dividing the $BMD_10$ by the uncertainty factors of 100 with consideration of from animal to human and human variability. The PIL as 0.004 mg/kg/day was compared with traditional ADI as 0.006 mg/kg/day based on the incidence of marked progressive glomerulonephrosis and blood vessel aneurysm in males.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.303-310
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• 2002

우리나라 동해안에 가장 많이 서식하는 조개류인 대복의 정소구조와 정자형성과정을 광학현미경과 투과전자현미경으로 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 대복의 정소는 소성결합조직으로 구성된 다수의 정자형성 소낭을 가진다. 동일한 정자형성 소낭 내에서는 여러 단계의 생식세포들이 관찰되었다. 정원세포들은 정자형성 소낭벽에 부착되어 있으며, 커다란 핵과 뚜렷한 인을 가진다. 정모세포에서는 연접사복합체와 골기체의 발달을 확인할 수 있었다. 정세포의 핵은 전자밀도가 높은 과립상의 염색질로 구성되며, 정자변태과정 동안에 핵의 응축 및 첨체와 편모의 형성을 관찰할 수 있었다. 정소 내에서 완숙 정자들은 다발을 형성하고 있으며, 두부, 중편, 미부로 구성되어 있었다. 두부의 길이는 약 $8.5{\mu}m$로, 첨체부와 핵 부위로 구분된다. 첨체는 길이 약 $1.1{\mu}m$의 총알형태였다. 두부와 첨체 사이에서는 미세섬유로 구성된 첨체기둥이 확인되었다. 중편에는 4개의 미토콘드리아를 가지며, 꼬리의 횡단면은 "9+2"의 구조를 나타냈다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.351-359
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• 2014

Phasianus colchicus is not only a beautiful bird but also a great value in science and under the threat of endanger. Hence, the aim of this study was to isolate the pheasant male germ cells (mGCs) and then induce them into elongated sperm-like cells in vitro. The mGCs were purified and enriched by a two-step plating method based on the different adherence velocities of mGCs and somatic cells. The percentage of the c-kit positive cells and c-kit negative cells examined by flow cytometry analysis (FCA) was 92.87% and 2.57%, respectively. Subsequently, the mGCs were induced for 48h in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented factors such as retinol acid, testosterone and bovine FSH, followed by 5 weeks in culture. We found that some elongated sperm-like cells appeared initially in vitro under inducement of stimulated factors. The elongated sperm-like cells showed in the expression of changed morphology and post-transcriptional marker such as spermatid associated (SPERT), spermatid perinuclear RNA binding protein (STRBP), round spermatid basic protein 1 (RSBN1) and SPER1L. Moreover, in DNA content identified assay, induced cells showed that the 1C DNA population markedly increased in differentiated group but it was not change in undifferentiated group. Successful in vitro differentiation of pheasant testicular germline cells into spermatids appears to offer extremely attractive potential for the conservation of endangered birds and treatment of male infertility.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.36-40
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• 2019

A viable spermatozoon is a prerequisite for fertilization in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Thus, it is crucial to select viable but immotile spermatozoa on the day of ICSI. We report conflicting results in the identification of viable but immotile spermatozoa between the eosin-nigrosin staining and the laser test, which resulted in confusion for embryologists during assisted reproductive technology (ART). Three patients' semen samples that showed no motile spermatozoa are described in this report. To identify viable spermatozoa, we used both the eosin-nigrosin test and the laser test for each sample, and repeated the semen analysis twice in each patient. Viable but immotile spermatozoa selected by the laser test were used for ICSI. Viable spermatozoa were detected by both the eosin-nigrosin and laser tests in two patients (case 1, 95.00% vs. 24.21% and 92.68% vs. 22.22%; case 2, 41.18% vs. 23.48% and 39.81% vs. 22.52%), indicating consistent results between the two methods. In the third patient, the eosin-nigrosin test yielded viability rates of 20.75% and 19.14%, while the result of the laser test was 0%. Thus, testicular aspiration was performed to collect viable sperm from this patient. Normal fertilization was achieved after the injection of viable but immotile spermatozoa selected from these patients by the laser test, resulting in the birth of two healthy babies. Our study documents a case where the eosin-nigrosin test showed a limitation in identifying viable but immotile spermatozoa for ART, while the laser test may overcome this limitation. Larger samples may be required to corroborate the clinical value of the laser test.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.253-260
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• 2004

Objectives: Klinefelter syndrome is the most common genetic cause of male infertility and presents with 47, XXY mainly or 46, XX/47, XXY mosaicism. It is characterized by hypogonadism and azoospermia due to testicular failure, however, sporadic cases of natural pregnancies have been reported. With the development of testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), sperm can be retrieved successfully and ART is applied in these patients for pregnancy. It has been suggested that the risk of chromosome aneuploidy for both sex chromosome and autosome is increased in the sperms from 47, XXY germ cells. Considering the risk for chromosomal aneuploidy in the offspring, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) could be applied as a safe and more effective treatment option in Klinefelter syndrome. The aim of this study is to assess the outcome of PGD cycles by using FISH for sex chromosome and autosome in patients with Klinefelter syndrome. Materials and Methods: From Jan. 2001 to Dec. 2003, PGD was attempted in 8 cases of Klinefelter syndrome but TESE was failed to retrieve sperm in the 3 cases, therefore PGD was performed in 8 cycles of 5 cases (four 47, XXY and one 46, XY/47, XXY mosaicism). In one case, ejaculated sperm was used and in 4 cases, TESE sperm was used for ICSI. After fertilization, blastomere biopsy was performed in $6{\sim}7$ cell stage embryo and the chromosome aneuploidy was diagnosed by using FISH with CEP probes for chromosome X, Y and 17 or 18. Results: A total of 127 oocytes were retrieved and ICSI was performed in 113 mature oocytes. The fertilization rate was $65.3{\pm}6.0%$ (mean$\pm$SEM) and 76 embryos were obtained. Blastomere biopsy was performed in 61 developing embryos and FISH analysis was successful in 95.1% of the biopsied blastomeres (58/61). The rate of balanced embryos for chromosome X, Y and 17 or 18 was $39.7{\pm}6.9%$. The rate of aneuploidy for sex chromosome (X and Y) was $45.9{\pm}5.3%$ and $43.2{\pm}5.8%$ for chromosome 17 or 18, respectively. Embryo transfer was performed in all 8 cycles and mean number of transferred embryos was $2.5{\pm}0.5$. In 2 cases, clinical pregnancies were obtained and normal 46, XX and 46, XY karyotypes were confirmed by amniocentesis, respectively. Healthy male and female babies were delivered uneventfully at term. Conclusion: The patients with Klinefelter syndrome can benefit from ART with TESE and ICSI. Considering the risk of aneuploidy for both sex chromosome and autosome in the sperms and embryos of Klinefelter syndrome, PGD could be offered as safe and more effective treatment option.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.219-224
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• 2009

목 적: 저성선자극호르몬 성선저하증은 남성불임의 흔치 않은 원인이다. 저자들은 성선자극호르몬 특히 인간융 모성선자극호르몬 (Human chorioinc gonadotropin: hCG)/인간폐경성선자극호르몬 (Human menopausal gonadotropin: hMG) 치료가 정자형성 및 임신에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보았다. 연구방법: 2001년 11월부터 2007년 3월까지 불임을 주소로 내원하여 저성선자극호르몬 성선저하증으로 진단되어 성선자극호르몬 (hCG/hMG) 치료를 받은 10명의 진료 기록을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 치료 후 임신 여부를 알아보았으며, 치료 전 고환의 용적에 따라 10 cc 미만인 군 (n=4)과 10 cc 이상인 군 (n=6)으로 나누어 치료 전후의 정액지표와 혈중 FSH, LH 및 testosterone 등의 호르몬 검사를 시행하여 비교하였다. 결 과: 10명의 환자 중 7명 (70%)에서 임신에 성공하였으며 치료 후 혈중 FSH, testosterone 수치가 의미있게 증가하였다. 고환 용적이 큰 군에서 치료 후 정액량, 정자수, 운동성 및 testosterone이 유의하게 증가하였다. 결 론: 불임을 주소로 온 환자에게 흔치는 않지만 면밀한 검사를 통해 저성선자극호르몬 성선저하증을 진단할 수 있어야 하며, hCG/hMG 병합요법은 자연임신 뿐만 아니라 최근의 보조생식술과 연계하여 충분히 성공적인 치료에 도달할 수 있다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.349-353
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• 1998

It has been well known that infertile women experience not only emotional disturbance but also stress. But there is no concern about male infertility patients. So phychiatric symptoms were studied with SCL-90 (Symptom Check List-90) in 30 infertile men who was operated testicular sperm extraction (TESE) in Samsung Cheil Hospital and in age matched 31 fertile men from Jan. 1998 to Aug. 1998. In 5 symptom dimensions (Obcessive-Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Phobic anxiety, Psychoticisim) scores. The Infertile group scored significantly higher than the control group. The result revealed that infertile men also experienced substantially more psychiatric symptoms than fertile men. Considering this results, psychiatric evaluation and tender care by infertility specialist are necessary for infertile men during and after evaluation and treatment.

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한불임학회 2005년도 제49차 추계학술대회
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• pp.123.1-123.1
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• 2005

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.147-163
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• 1995

The unionid family Unionidae contains several genera in Korea, among which occru considerable variations in life histories and sexual conditions. Seven species from the Korea(Anodonta arcaeformis flavotincta, A. woodiana, Unio douglaseae, U. douglasiae sinuolatus, Lamprotula gottschei, Lanceolaria acrorhyncha, Solenaia triangularis)were stueide in order to identify and describe the seasonal gonadal activity and the visceral sex. The gonads of seven species were histologically examined by using the paraffin block technique for sectioning. All seven species were uniformly dioecious and testicular activity in six species except one species, S. triangularis, generated sperm-morulae(multinucleated cell). The annual reproductive cycle of the seven species could be classified into five successive stages; multicative, growing, mature, spent, deginerative and resting stages. The breeding season of six species was the summer and that of A. a. flavotincta was the winter.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.111-116
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• 1999

Postpubertal mumps may result in ochitis and permanent testicular atrophy may develop following infection. This present study was initiated to evaluate the preventive effect of interferon-${\alpha}2B$ on infertilty after mumps orchitis. There were 21 patients with mumps orchitis between May 1990 and June 1997. Patients were randomly distributed into 2 groups: group 1 patients (n=13) maintained therapy with interferon-${\alpha}2B$ ($3{\times}10^6$ IU per day) and group 2 were managed by conservatively. All of the patients were evaluated with testis size measurement, mumps virus titer, hormone level, and if possible semen analysis. For group 1 patients symptoms disappeared within 2 to 3 days and the volume of testis returned to normal within 11 days and testis atrophy was not observed in all patients in follow up. But asthenospermia was continued in 4 patients (unilateral 2, bilateral 2). For group 2 patients symptoms disappeared within 5 to 6 days and the volume of testis returned to normal within 10 days and testis atrophy was observed in 3 patients (unilateral 2, bilateral 1) in floow up. Asthenospermia was continued in 4 patients (unilateral 2, bilateral 2). Sperm count and morphology were recovered all the recover in group 1, 4 patients had persistent reduced sperm count and morphology in group 2, respectively. These observations suggest that systemic interferon-${\alpha}2B$ treatment is highly effective in preventing infertilty as well as testicular atrophy after mumps orchitis.