• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.707-711
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• 2007

Microarray gene expression data is believed to show the functions of living organism through the gene expression values. We have studied a method to get the informative genes from the microarray gene expression data. There are several ways for this. In recent researches to get more sophisticated and detailed results, it has used the intelligence information theory like fuzzy theory. Some methods are to add fudge factors to the significance test for more refined results. In this paper, we suggest a method to get informative genes from microarray gene expression data. We combined the difference of means between two groups and the fuzzy membership degree which reflects the variance of the gene expression data. We have called our significance test the Fuzzy Information method for Gene Expression data(FIGER). The FIGER calculates FIGER variation ratio and FIGER membership degree to show how strongly each object belongs to the each group and then it results in the significance degree of each gene. The FIGER is focused on the variation and distribution of the data set to adjust the significance level. Out simulation shows that the FIGER-test is an effective and useful significance test.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.451-460
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• 2008

This paper reviews nonparametric statistics by Neyman-Pearson test and Fisher test. Nonparametric statistics deal with the small sample with distribution-free assumption in multi-product and small-volume production. Two tests for various nonparametric statistic methods such as sign test, Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mood test, Friedman test and run test are also presented with the steps for testing hypotheses and test of significance.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.117-128
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• 2004

I have processed all the data by using SPSS PC+. And my research process was investigated for 34 students on the Forward Bending Test, Foot Printer Test, Feedoscope Test, X-ray Test and so on. The object of this thesis is to study the correlation between spine deformity and foot abnormality in a theoretical and empirical method. The main results of this study were as follows: 1. There was statistical significance on the correlation between foot length and spine length. 2. Spinal curve is the smallest on the pes plannus group and the biggest on the pes cavus group without statistical significance. 3. Left lumbar curve is the smallest, and right thoracic spine curve is the biggest on the left foot pattern group with statistical significance. 4. On the foot weight bearing groups, there was statistical significance both of between left and right foot groups. 5. There was no statistical significance on the t-test analysis between left and right foot area according to spinal curve typology. But there was tendency that thoracic spine curve is bigger in the same side of the foot area and lumbar spine curve is bigger in the opposite side of foot area.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.3-18
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• 1976

To test simultaneous significance of more than two linear regression coefficients, we can consider multivariate-t tests with critical regions in t-space instead of F-tests where t-values are t-statistics of significance tests of one coefficient. In this paper bivariate-t distributions and bivariate-t tests of two coefficients such as maxmod, minmod, one-tailed maxmod and one-tailed minmod tests are studied. Through the calculation of powers of test, it is learned that in some cases bivariate-t test are more powerful than F-tests.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.109-121
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to test the difference of sitting balance control between a normal group and a group of patients with low back pain when their eyes were opened or closed. The 30 subjects of the control group had been chosen from healthy individuals who fit into the pre-designed criteria, and the 30 subjects of the experimental group were composed of the patients with LBP who had their treatment from S hospital from september 1, 2002, to October 30, 2002, and the subjects were measured by static balance test by using a balance performance monitor(BPM). Static balance test was done twice for each subject with his or her eyes opened and closed. Collected data were statistically analyzed by SPSS/PC using unpaired T-Test, Pained T-Test and multiple regression. The results were as follows: 1. In static balance test, normal group did not show statistical significance in sway angle(Anterior, Posterior, left and Right), sway path, sway area and maximal sway velocity, but showed statistical significance in mean balance with eyes opened and eyes dosed(P<.05) 2. In static balance test, LBP group did not show statistical significance in sway angle(Anterior, Posterior, left and Right), mean balance, sway path, sway area and maximal sway velocity with eyes opened and eyes dosed 3. With eyes opened, the comparison between the normal group and the LBP group showed statistical significance in sway angle(Anterior, Posterior, left and Right), mean valance, sway path, sway area and maximal sway velocity(p<.05). With eyes closed, normal group and LBP group did not show statistical significance in sway angle(Anterior and Right), sway area, but showed statistical significance in sway angle(Posterior and Left), mean balance, sway path, sway area and maximal sway velocity(p<.05) In conclusion, there was a significant difference in static sitting balance between normal group and LBP patients group. For future studies, I strongly suggest that researches be done on the treatment with LBP by predicting changes of postures and manipulating them.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.545-557
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• 2018

The inclusion of covariates in the model often affects not only the estimates of meaningful variables of interest but also its statistical significance. Such gap between statistical and subject-matter significance is a critical issue in huge sample studies. A popular huge sample study, the sample cohort data from Korean National Health Insurance Service, showed such gap of significance in the inference for the effect of obesity on cause of mortality, requiring careful consideration. In this regard, this paper proposes a sample size calibration method based on a Monte Carlo t (or z)-test approach without Monte Carlo simulation, and also proposes a test procedure for subject-matter significance using this calibration method in order to complement the deflated p-value in the huge sample size. Our calibration method shows no subject-matter significance of the obesity paradox regardless of race, sex, and age groups, unlike traditional statistical suggestions based on p-values.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.157-172
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to improve middle students'mathematical communication ability. We designed the mathematics instruction model based on Vygotsky's ZPD to develop the mathematical communication ability, and applied to 2nd grade students in Middle School. And we investigated the significant differences between the group which was instructed with mathematical communication and the group which was instructed with teacher's traditional explanation in aspects of learning achievement, mathematical disposition, and mathematical communication abilities. The results of the study are as follows : 1. There is no significant difference in learning achievement within significance level .05 between the group which was instructed with mathematical communication and the group which was instructed with teacher's traditional explanation by t-test. 2. There is a significant difference in reflection within significance level .01 and in self-confidence within significance level .10 by MANCOVA. 3. There is a significant difference in mathematical communication ability within significance level .01 between two groups by covariance analysis. In particular, there is a significant difference in reading within significance level .01 and in speaking within significance level .05 by t-test.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.443-457
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• 2007

This paper deals with the problem of testing the existence of change in mean and estimating the change-point using nonparametric bootstrap technique. A test statistic using Gombay and Horvath (1990)'s functional form is applied to derive a test statistic and nonparametric change-point estimator with bootstrapping idea. Achieved significance level of the test is calculated for the proposed test to show the evidence against the null hypothesis. MSE and percentiles of the bootstrap change-point estimators are given to show the distribution of the proposed estimator in simulation.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.71-88
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• 2004

Objectives : The aims of this report are to examine the personal characteristics and to determine the different reactions against stress by constitutions. To achieve these goals, the statistical research was adopted. Methods : First of all, the total numbers of 398 middle school students were classified into three constitutions by QSCC II. According to each type of constitutions, both of the KPI Personality Test and Multidimensional Encountering Scale (MES) on how to deal with stress were conducted. Summary of the findings : 1. Based on the findings assessed by the QSCC II test, the constitutional distribution reveals the difference according to genders. In Chi-square test, the girl reveals significantly high (p<0.05) distribution in Soyangin. 2. In Independent T-test regarding KPI personality, the girl reveals high significance (p<0.05) in terms of 'Sociability', 'Responsibility', 'Synchronism' and 'Self-feminity' (or Feminization) while the boy reveals high significance in 'Goal-driven' (p<0.05). 3. In Independent T-test regarding the multidimensional encounter scaling, the girl reveals high significance (p<0.05) in D (expression of emotion). 4. In case of the boy, the Soeumin shows low significance (p<0.05) in 'Leadership' and 'Sociability' compared to the Taeumin or the Soyangin. On the other hand, the Soeumin reveals high significance (p<0.05) in 'Responsibility' and 'Self-control' compared to the Soyangin and additionally, shows high significance (p<0.05) in 'Self-feminity' (or Feminization) compared to the Taeumin or the Soyangin. Furthermore, the Soyangin shows high significance (p<0.05) in 'Self-confidence' compared to the Soeumin or the Taeumin. 5. In case of the girl, the Soyangin reveals high significance in 'Sociability' and 'Self-confidence' compared to the Soeumin or the Taeumin while the Soeumin has high significance in 'Synchronism' compared to the Taeumin or Soyangin. On the other hand, the Soeumin has high significance in terms of 'Responsibility', 'Self-control', and 'Self-feminity' (or Feminization) while showing low significance in 'Flexibility' compared to the Soyangin. 6. For boys, the Soeumin has low significance in 'Sociability' in comparison with both the Soyangin and the Taeumin, whereas for girls, the Soyangin reveals high significance in 'Sociability' in comparison with both the Soeumin and the Taeumin. As per the 'Self-confidence' and 'Responsibility', it has been proved that there is no notable difference between the boy and the girl, but to the contrary, as per the 'Self-confidence', both for the girl and the boy, the Soyangin has high significance (p<0.05) in comparison with the Soeumin and the Taeumin. In addition, in 'Responsibility' side, it is recognized that the Soeumin shows high significance (p<0.05) in comparison with the Soyangin both for boys and girls. Only the difference between genders, as to the 'Self-confidence', is that the Soeumin shows low distribution compared to the Taeumin in the case of boys, while the Taeumin shows low distribution compared to the Soeumin in the case of girls. In 'Self-feminity' (or Feminization), for boys the Soeumin shows high significance in comparison with both the Soeumin and the Taeumin, but to the contrary, for girls the Soeumin shows high significance (p<0.05) only against the Soyangin. 7. In case of boys, as to 'Conformability (compromise)', the Taeumin compared to the Soeumin reveals high significance (p<0.05), while for girls, the Soeumin compared to the Soyangin or the Taeumin reveals high significance (p<0.05). Consequently, it presents that the Soyangin has a tendency not to confirm (compromise) relatively in comparison with other constitutions regardless of the genders. Conclusions : In general, except that it shows some constitutional deviation by genders, the statistical findings of this report agree and comply with the personal characteristics of Sasangin presented by Je-Ma Lee.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.619-626
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• 2003

Given a prior guess for the unknown value of P(Y