• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.20-32
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• 2016

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the audit quality and Investment efficiency of the listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). The population includes 94 firms selected through systematic sampling. The data is collected from the audited financial statements of the firms provided by TSE's website from 2008 to 2015. In this study the variables, auditor industry specialization, auditor reputation, auditor tenure and auditor independence has been used to investigate audit quality. The results of multiple linear regression analysis show that there is a significant relationship audit quality and Investment efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2011

This study was conducted to build frameworks for a guideline of community forest projects with respect to ODA of Korea (Official Development Assistant) in forest fields. Community forestry is a worldwide phenomenon which began in developing countries such as Nepal, Gambia, Guinea, and Indonesia and has been gradually recognized as an effective measure for ODA in forestry areas from ODA/DAC countries and the other international donors. This study investigated types of community forest status, mechanisms of community forest project conducted by ODA/DAC countries or the other international donors, and CFM (Community Forest management) success factors. As a result of our study, there are different types of resource users, having different economic and social status, perspectives, knowledge systems, values, understandings and objectives in community based forestry. Consequently, the clear forest tenure systems enabling communities to get motivated for the projects, the most appropriate agroforestry systems in different countries, capability of community to manage forest and etc must be considered carefully when the community forest project are implemented for ODA of Korea in order to gain successful results from ODA in forestry fields.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

This research examined relationships between Scientifically Estimated Environmental Risks (SEERs) of floods, hurricanes and hazardous material releases, and household characteristics. This research showed that there were no statistically significant relationships between most of the demographic characteristics (age, household size, tenure at the present home) and SEERs of the two natural hazards (a flood and a hurricane). These results support Drabek's findings (1986) that people tend to underestimate or ignore natural hazards in selecting their residence regardless of age, household size, and house tenure. Educational attainment and yearly household income were positively correlated with hurricane risk, but not with flood risk. By contrast, SEER of hazardous materials was correlated with all demographic characteristics mentioned above. This result may show that those who are relatively poorer and have lower educational level tend to be limited to living in communities more vulnerable to human-made risk.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.977-986
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to find the housing affordability of elderly household according to household types and housing tenure and to contribute to desirable elderly housing policies. The data from the 2010 Korea Housing Survey was used for the analysis of this study and the final sample included 6,780 elderly households. The results of this study are summarized as follows; It was found that all kinds of elderly household for housing affordability were affected by income, residence period, housing location and size of house. And housing location was a highly influential factor. Besides, female elderly house-owners and male elderly renters living alone were likely to have higher housing cost burden. And if elderly renters households suffer more financial burden, they had have higher housing cost burden. It is implies that desirable elderly housing polices by government need to consider elderly househod's diverse characteristics in aged society.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.99-110
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to identify pre-elderly's housing mobility related characteristics (reasons for moving, change of personal life after move, housing attachment, and plan to future move) and to examine the associations between their socio-demographic characteristics and housing characteristics, and their housing mobility related characteristics. A total of 200 usable data were collected through personal survey using a questionnaire developed by the researcher. Samples were selected in Seoul and new towns in the capital area and a survey conducted from February, 2014 to December, 2014. For the analyses, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, t-test and ANOVA were used. The most frequently mentioned reasons for moving were 'a good place for nature and retirement life'. Age, education level, liiving expenses, locaion, tenure status, and housing size were the variables to show significant difference to reasons for moving. Respondents experienced positive personal life changes after moving, especially, 'physical health' and outgoing activity'. Respondents who moved to a new town was more positively changed. Personal life changes was the most important variable associated with 3 factors of housing attachment. Location, tenure status, housing size were the major variables to show differences to housing attaachment. Also, personal life changes after moving and housing attachment were the important variables affecting a plan to future move. In other words, the respondents who do not plan to future move showed higher positive life change and strong housing attachment.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.35-57
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• 2002

This paper investigates the employment and wage structural changes that have occurred around the economic crisis in 1997. We propose a theoretical model for external effects of human capital within firms and provide their estimation. When the employment and wage structural changes are considered simultaneously, labor demand decreases seem to more than offset labor supply changes during the period. While educational human capital, human capital accumulated with firm-tenure, human capital of married workers and of white-collar workers are considered to have positive external effects, human capital of relatively-old workers and managerial workers are considered to have negative external effects. We suggest that while employment restructuring with regard to age, tenure, and education and managerial workers during the period have improved the efficiency of firms, those with regard to married and white-collar workers have not.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.368-377
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• 1994

In order to investigate the oral health status including dental erosion, the authors had surveyed and oral examined 510 male workers, among whom 199 workers were exposed to acids and 311 were not exposed to acids, in a factory using acids during the period from November, 26 to 27 in 1992. The obtained results were as follows ; 1. The positive rate of dental erosion between the acid exposed and non-exposed group didn't show statistical difference. But the positive rate of degree 1 dental erosion by degree was statistically high in the acid exposed group(P<0.05). 2. The acid exposed group showed the higher positive rate of degree 1 dental erosion in lower incisors by site(P<0.01). 3. To the average number of eroded teeth, the acid exposed group showed more degree 1 eroded teeth in lower incisors than the non-exposed(P<0.05). 4. Although the rate of dental erosion was increased according to the increase in tenure in both exposed and non-exposed group(P<0.05), there was no difference in rate of the dental erosion by site among the same tenure group. 5. In the acid exposed group, the rate of dental erosion between protective mask wearer group and non-wearer group was not statistically different, but upper incisors of the protective mask wearer group showed lower rate of dental erosion by site(P<0.05). 6. The positive rate of periodontal diseases was higher in the acid exposed group(P<0.01).

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.11-22
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• 2017

This study explored housing situation and expectations of young (age between 20 and 34 years) single-person Jeon-se renters and monthly renters with deposit in relation with their family support and own housing cost burden status. Major findings from the analysis of 1,695,729 households were as follows: (1) Among subjects, 27.4% received family supports to pay their rent deposit, and 39.4% had more 'own housing cost burdens' to have housing costs minus the amount supported by their family be 30% or more of their income. (2) More than 11% were found to be 'more burdened' despite receipt of family supports. (3) Family support status was found to be related to formation of first-time households and tenure changes, while own housing cost burden was found to be related to current housing situation and previous and next housing size changes. (4) Households received family supports showed a greater proportion of first-time households or households experienced tenure upgrades. (5) 'Less burdened' households tended to expect housing size upgrade in their next move more positively. Based on the study findings, it was suggested to extend supply of rental housing and housing subsidy targeting young renters in conjunction with programs to encourage their savings.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.31-53
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• 2007

This paper, using the sample of male workers in manufacturing industry from the HCCP (Human Capital Corporate Panel) data, analyzes the effects of trade union on the level and dispersion of wages. One of the advantages of the HCCP data is that it enables a researcher to control the effect of individual firm's 'ability to pay' on wage. All relevant variables controlled, the union effect is estimated to be 5-8%. Yet this figure seriously underestimates the wage advantage enjoyed by union workers, because union sets the "price" for experience low and the price for tenure high and at the same time extends tenure of workers by adopting strong employment protection policy. The paper also analyzes the effects of union on the wage inequality. The results are mixed: overall wage inequality is smaller in union sector while standard deviation is larger when all the personal characteristics are controlled.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.30-40
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• 2004

Purpose : The purpose of this study was aimed to compare the shear bond strength on dentin of three dentin bonding agents and two resin cements used in conjunction with self-cured composite resin core material. Material and method : Control group and six experimental groups were divided for this study. Control group was designated as specimens bonded with Tenure$ A&B^{(R)}$. Experimental groups were as follows : PB-BL group : specimens bonded with Prime&Bond $NT^{(R)}$, $BondLink^{(R)}$ SB-BL group : specimens bonded with $^{(R)}$, BondLink$SingleBond^{(R)}$ PB group : specimens bonded with Prime&Bond $NT^{(R)}$ SB group : specimens bonded with $SingleBond^{(R)}$ PF group : specimens bonded with $Panavia-F^{(R)}$ BI group specimens bonded with Bistite $II^{(R)}$ All specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours, followed by the shear bond strength was tested by universal testing machine. The data was analysed statistically by Mann-Whitney test. Results : 1. For Prime&Bond $NT^{(R)}$ and $SingleBonde^{(R)}$, the shear bond strength was 0.24 MPa and 7.19 MPa each by each, while Tenure $A&B^{(R)}$ group control was measured at 13.93 MPa (p<0.05). Especially for Prime&Bond $NT^{(R)}$ it did not get conjunction with dentin. 2. For Prime&Bond $NT^{(R)}$ and $SingleBond^{(R)}$ using $BondLink^{(R)}$, there was no significant difference as a result of 11.73 MPa and 14.00 MPa each by each (p<0.05). 3. For $Panavia-F^{(R)}$ and Bistite $II^{(R)}$, they showed the highest shear bond strength as measured by 18.24 MPa and 16.09 MPa each (p<0.05).