• The Mathematical Education
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.61-76
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the errors and difficulties which pre-service secondary teachers shows during the task modification in consideration of the cognitive demand and to provide significant implications to the pre-service teacher education program related to the modification of the mathematical tasks. In the pursuit of this purpose, tasks were selected from perpendicular bisector units and 24 pre-service teachers were asked to modify the tasks to higher and lower level tasks. After the modification activities, opportunities for reflection and modification were provided. The findings from analysis are as follows. Pre-service teachers had a difficulty to distinguish between PNC tasks and PWC tasks. Also, We identified the interference phenomena that pre-service teachers depended on the apparent elements of the task. Pre-service teachers showed a tendency to overlook the learning objectives and learning hierarchy during the task modification, and to focus on some types of task modification. However, pre-service teachers were able to have meaningful learning opportunities and extend the category of tools to technology including Geogebra through self-reflection and correction activities on task modification. The above results were summed up and we presented the implications to the task modification program in the pre-service secondary teacher education.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.169-186
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• 2012

This study examined the relation between personality types and users' searching trait and satisfaction when interacting with OPAC system. In this study, personality type was measured by the KEPTI Enneagram tools. Data was collected through four questionnaires, pre-test, TaskA, TaskB, and post-test survey. The results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference in perceptions on the expected ease of search, completion time, adequacy of search time, usefulness of search results, and performed ease of search within the Three Triads of Enneagram. Also a statistically significant difference was found on familiarity and interest in the selected queries within the Hornivian group.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.54-65
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• 2000

The objective of this study is to evaluate the operator performance relating to hand switches with two or three buttons in the main control rooms of nuclear power plants. Based on the comparative analysis of the nuclear power plants, two different subjective workload-rating scales were used to evaluate the performance of 48 operators: the Overall Workload(OW) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA TLX). The survey questions consisting of the eight-items were asked to evaluate the operating experiences for the two different switch types. The OW scales ratings were applied to measure the workload of the switch-related tasks. The ratings revealed that signal detection tasks caused less workload in the three-buttoned-switch operators than the other switch group. However, in the switch operation tasks, the switch types did not show statistically significant effects on workload level. The NASA TLX scale ratings were performed based on detailed task scenarios that assumed the accident of small break loss of coolant, what we call, the small LOCH. The NASA TLX was administered to three different task groups: the reactor, the turbine, and the electric operator groups. Based on the NASA TLX, the two-buttoned switch groups showed higher workload than those with the three-buttoned switches. However, a statistically significant difference was found only in the reactor operator groups. When the current switch type was assumed to be changed for the other type, all of the three-buttoned switch groups were predicted to have higher workload than the other switch groups, respectively. The implications of these findings were discussed.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.261-270
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• 2003

This paper focuses on the navigation methods which users select in different websites or for different tasks. Identifying the preferred navigation methods used for each case would help developers to construct the structure of website more effectively and confidently. To achieve the goal, this paper presents a framework on the classification of links as S_link and C_link. Then experiment is designed in order to evaluate the type of preferred link in each case. For the experiment, two different types of prototype websites such as news sites and shopping sites were constructed for which two different types of tasks such as goal-centered tasks and process-centered tasks were given to users. Particularly, to minimize the effects of visual elements and technical difference, prototype websites were produced with only HTML, not JavaScript nor Shockwave Flash. The result showed dearly that type of tasks had more significant effects on users navigation patterns than type of website. And users are more dependent on the S_link in the goal-centered task and on the C_link in the process-centered task. These findings were more apparent at the Qualitative test which was conducted for the comparative analysis between prototype site and real site.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.87-99
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• 2006

For comprehending the duties of fashion designer, Sharon(1989) has suggested to look at the procedure how the goods are being produced. The purpose of this research is to identify the task of domestic fashion designer by comparing and analyzing one's work range and performing level in the fashion merchandising process according to the brand types which one is involved in. The preliminary research for the questionnaire was conducted with 5 chief designers of woman's apparel manufactures in Seoul. They were asked to judge if designer's tasks fit to their carry-out operations in the pre-fixed questionnaire which had been done based on preliminary researches and literatures related with fashion merchandising process. The contents of research questionnaire are 11 questions to understand the general characteristics of companies and the participated subjects, and 42 questions to understand the designers' operations. For the selection of NB, among 503 domestic female apparel brands that were in 'Korean Textile Fashion yearbook (2002-2003), the companies that were located in Seoul and possible for cooperation by researcher's personal relationship were selected. For DB, cooperation was requested for brands that were located in Seoul among the 137 brands that participates on Domestic Collection. For GB, 50 stores were selected at random or by personal relationship among 32 GB shops such as Freya Town, Doosan Tower, New Zone, and so on. Total 300 questionnaire distributed to the designers, 192 copies were used for final data analysis. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and ANOVA, Sceffe test were used using SPSS V. 11 1. The participated fashion designers operated 41 categories of suggested 42 categories in the fashion merchandising process. 2. The ranges and contents of tasks in the fashion merchandising process that fashion designers mainly carry-out are very different according to the brand types and showed much different level of task carry-out. Only in the categories of 'fashion trend information' and 'design ideation', all three brand type showed the highest level of task performance. And the design related tasks presented common higher level of performance than the other tasks in all brand types. In order to comprehend the operation of fashion designer, various approaching methods are required according to various apparel manufactures' characteristics.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.662-670
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• 1998

In order to overcome the problems with first generation expert systems at the symbol level, recently various knowledge level development techniques of second generation expert systems have been proposed. But, these techniques are conceptual modelling techniques. This paper modifies and complements these conceptual modelling techniques and proposes a Task Object Modelling (TOM) technique as a practical knowledge level expert system development technique. This paper defines a Task Object(TO) as a knowledge unit consisted of a goal, execution conditions, behaviour knowledge, and so on. And, we define a Task Object Diagram(TOD) to depict structual, dynamic, and functional aspects of TO easily. We also define Inference Types as basic units to describe behaviour knowledge of TOs. In order to utilize the proposed TOM technique as not a simple conceptual modelling technique but a practical second generalion expert system development technique, we implement a TOD editor, a TO editor, and TO processing algorithm based on the state of TOs. Also we implement a Inference Types Library, in which each inference type is corresponded to an IRE(Jntelligent Rules Element) method, to transform the defined inference types into IRE methods automatically.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.39
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• pp.329-354
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• 2015

The major goals of this paper are to identify the degree into which the meanings of 'see' verb can be extended, focusing on the extended meanings shown in the expressions that denote our instinctive actions for survival, such as eating or drinking, etc., and to clarify the doubt on whether any syntactic pattern can be associated with the meaning in the process of meaning extension of 'see' verb. For doing this task, this paper picked out 2,000 examples randomly from COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English), in which the verb 'see' is used. This paper classified the sentences into thirteen different sentence types, according to the syntactic patterns. This research showed that these thirteen syntactic types lead us to figure out the process of the meaning extension of the verb 'see'. With this result, this paper made an attempt to provide the four steps toward the meaning extension of verb 'see'. The verb 'see' in the first step denotes the meaning of purely seeing the visualized objects. This verb in the second step expresses the shifted function, under which the agent in the subject position takes the seeing action as a secondary task in order to carry out other main task. The verb in the third step denotes the extended meanings irrelevant to the seeing action, because the sentences on this step do not contain any visualized objects. In the last step this verb functions as conventional implicature whose meaning does not contribute to the whole meaning of a sentence. In addition, this paper identified that the syntactic properties are deeply associated with the process of meaning extension of the verb 'see', and tried to formalize this relationship between the syntax and semantics within the framework of Construction Grammar based on A. Goldberg.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2015

Objective: As a cue for desired mood, we attempted to identify types of sitting postures when people are involved in various tasks during their working hours. Background: Physical behaviors in reaction to user contexts were studied, such as automated posture analysis for detecting a subject's emotion. Sitting postures have high feasibility and can be detected robustly with a sensing chair, especially when it comes to an office. Method: First, we attached seven sensors, including six pressure sensors and one distance sensor, to an office chair. In Part 1, we recorded participants' postures while they took part in four different tasks. From the seven sensors, we gathered five sets of data related to the head, the lumbar, the hip, thigh pressure and the distance between the backrest and the body. We classified them into four postures: leaning forward, upright, upright with the lumbar supporting, and leaning backward. In part 2, we requested the subjects to take suitable poses for the each of the four task types. In this way, we compared the matches between postures and tasks in a natural setting to those in a controlled situation. Results: We derived four types of sitting postures that were mapped onto the different tasks. The comparison yielded no statistical significance between Parts 1 and 2. In addition, there was a significant association between the task types and the posture types. Conclusion: The users' sitting postures were related to different types of tasks. This study demonstrates how human emotion can interact with lighting, as mediated through physical behavior. Application: We developed a posture-based lighting system that manipulates the quality of office lighting and is operated by changes in one's posture. Facilitated by this system, color temperatures ranging between 3,000K and 7,000K and illuminations ranging between 300lx and 700lx were modulated.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.26
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• pp.181-204
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• 2008

This study is to categorize five types of conflict handling styles that employees can take when conflict occurs. The five types are integrating, avoiding, dominating, obliging, and compromising. I found these factors that explain conflicts handling styles divided them into organizational structure, task group functioning and need styles and how certain factors explain different kinds of conflict handling styles without other factors. To measure conflict handling styles, this study used the scale of conflict style devised Rahim. Data were collected by the survey method from employees engaged in the service industry located Seoul, the Province of Gyeonggi, and the Province of Gangwon. In addition, in order to prove my hypothesis, I used hierarchical regression analysis method to find the pure explanation that each factors have without multicollinearity. According to the study's result, in a person's type of needs, if the need for achievement is high, they prefer integrating style. In contrast, if the need for achievement is low, they prefer avoiding style. Also, if the need for affiliation is high, the employees prefer compromising style. But if the need for affiliation is low and the need for dominance is high, the employees favor dominating style. However, in task group functioning, group homogeneity, group cohesiveness, and group goal clarity are high, or the confidence in peers and management is high, the employees prefer obliging style to other conflicts handling styles. As well as if group homogeneity, group cohesiveness, and group goal clarity are high, it was found that they prefer compromising style. Also, if the role conflict that is related to organizational structure is serious, employees prefer obliging style, but they have weakenss in explanation. To sum up these results, if the employees have obliging style that shows lack of concerns over themselves and at the same time, have high concerns to others, is affected by task group or organization. And we can infer that the other conflicts handling styles are effected by personal characteristic.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.120-131
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• 2017

Recent studies have suggested that providing in-vehicle feedback on various driving behaviors promote eco-friendly driving behaviors. However, there was relatively little interest in cognitive overload that can be caused by the provision of information. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the relative effects of two types of feedback(visual feedback vs. visual-auditory feedback) to increase eco-driving performance while minimizing driving workload. Also, in this study, the complexity of the driving task was distinguished (secondary vs. tertiary task) in order to reflect the actual driving situation. The study adopted a counterbalancing design in which the two feedback types were delivered in a different order under the two different task conditions. Results showed that providing the visual-auditory feedback was more effective than the visual only feedback in both promoting eco-friendly driving behaviors and minimizing driving workload under both task conditions.