• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.19
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• pp.171-197
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to analyze how the task group functioning and need styles have influence on role conflict and role ambiguity as the employee's personality engaged in the service industry such as a hotel. This study uses the hierarchical regression analysis method. Data were collected by the survey method from employees engaged in the service industry such as a hotel located Seoul, the Province of Gyeonggi, and the Province of Gangwon. The study result shows that to the employees in the type A and type X styles, the task group functioning and need styles are not significantly related to the role conflict. But to the employees in the type B style, the task group functioning and need styles are significantly related to the role conflict. And the result shows that to the employees in the type B style, the lower the faith in peers and management, the more the role conflict occur. On the other hand, the study result shows that to the employees in the type A styles, the task group functioning is significantly related to the role ambiguity. And to the employees in the type B style, the higher the faith in peers and management, the more the role ambiguity occur. On the contrary, to the employees in the type X style, need styles are significantly related to the role ambiguity. But to the employees in the type X style, the higher the need for achievement, the more the role ambiguity occur. On the other hand, the study result shows that to the employees in the type B styles, the task group functioning and need styles are significantly related to the role ambiguity. And to the employees in the type B style, the higher the need for achievement, the more the role ambiguity occur or the lower the confidence in peers and management, the more the role ambiguity occur. Although this study provides several managerial implications, this study has some limitations. Specifically data were collected from only the hotel industry in Seoul, the Province of Gyeonggi, and the Province of Gangwon. In spite of the limitations, the study results could be used valuably in case of the personnel managers which manage the employees under the conflict situations.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.26
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• pp.181-204
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• 2008

This study is to categorize five types of conflict handling styles that employees can take when conflict occurs. The five types are integrating, avoiding, dominating, obliging, and compromising. I found these factors that explain conflicts handling styles divided them into organizational structure, task group functioning and need styles and how certain factors explain different kinds of conflict handling styles without other factors. To measure conflict handling styles, this study used the scale of conflict style devised Rahim. Data were collected by the survey method from employees engaged in the service industry located Seoul, the Province of Gyeonggi, and the Province of Gangwon. In addition, in order to prove my hypothesis, I used hierarchical regression analysis method to find the pure explanation that each factors have without multicollinearity. According to the study's result, in a person's type of needs, if the need for achievement is high, they prefer integrating style. In contrast, if the need for achievement is low, they prefer avoiding style. Also, if the need for affiliation is high, the employees prefer compromising style. But if the need for affiliation is low and the need for dominance is high, the employees favor dominating style. However, in task group functioning, group homogeneity, group cohesiveness, and group goal clarity are high, or the confidence in peers and management is high, the employees prefer obliging style to other conflicts handling styles. As well as if group homogeneity, group cohesiveness, and group goal clarity are high, it was found that they prefer compromising style. Also, if the role conflict that is related to organizational structure is serious, employees prefer obliging style, but they have weakenss in explanation. To sum up these results, if the employees have obliging style that shows lack of concerns over themselves and at the same time, have high concerns to others, is affected by task group or organization. And we can infer that the other conflicts handling styles are effected by personal characteristic.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.121-129
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• 2017

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine the effect of dual-task training (based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health; ICF) on walking ability and self-efficacy in individuals with chronic stroke. METHODS: 22 chronic stroke patients participated in this study. Participants were randomly allocated into either the single-task group (n=11) or the dual-task group (n=11). Both groups had physical training three a week for 4 weeks, and at a three-week follow-up. Outcome measures included the 10m walking test (10MWT), figure of 8 walk test (F8WT), dynamic gait index (DGI), and Self-efficacy scale. All data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 for Windows. Between-group and within-group comparison were analyzed by using the Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon singed-rank test respectively. RESULTS: In the dual-task group, the 10MWT, time and steps of F8WT, DGI, and self-efficacy showed significant differences between pre- and post-test (p<.05). The Changes between the pre- and post-test values of 10MWT (p<.05), DGI (p<.05), and self-efficacy scale (p<.05) showed significant differences between the dual-task group and single-task group. CONCLUSION: Participants reported improved walking ability and self-efficacy, suggesting that dual-task training holds promise in the rehabilitation of walking in chronic stroke patients. This study showed that ICF-based on a dual-task protocol contiributes to motor learning after chronic stroke.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.24
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• pp.125-154
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze how the organizational structure, task group functioning and need styles have influence on the conflicts handling styles such as integrating, avoiding, dominating, obliging and compromising as the employee's personality engaged in the service industry. This study uses the hierarchical regression analysis method. Data were collected by the survey method from employees engaged in the service industry located Seoul, the Province of Gyeonggi, and the Province of Gangwon. The study result shows that to the employees with the type A style, need styles are significantly related to the conflicts handling styles such as avoiding. But to the employees with the type B style, need styles are significantly related to the conflicts handling styles such as integrating and avoiding. On the other hand the result shows that the higher the need for achievement and the lower the need for autonomy, employees with the type B style prefer integrating styles to other conflicts handling styles. Or the higher the need for dominance, employees with the type B style prefer dominating styles to other conflicts handling styles. And the higher the need for dominance, employees with the type A style prefer dominating styles to other conflicts handling styles. The study result shows that to the employees with the type A and type X style, task group functioning are significantly related to the conflicts handling styles such as obliging and compromising. But to the employees with the type B style, task group functioning are significantly related to the conflicts handling styles such as obliging and dominating. On the other hand the result shows that the lower faith in peers and management and the higher confidence in peers and management, employees with the type B style prefer obliging style to other conflicts handling styles. But the higher group homogeneity and group cohesiveness, the lower faith in peers and management and the higher confidence in peers and management, employees with the type X style prefer obliging style to other conflicts handling styles. And the higher confidence in peers and management, employees with the type A style prefer compromising style to other conflicts handling styles. The study result shows that to the employees with the type A, organizational structure functioning are significantly related to the conflicts handling styles such as avoiding, obliging and compromising. But to the employees with the type X style, organizational structure functioning are significantly related to the conflicts handling styles such as dominating. On the other hand the result shows that the higher role conflict, the lower role ambiguity and the higher communication system, employees with the type A style prefer avoiding style to other conflicts handling styles. But the lower role ambiguity, employees with the type X style prefer compromising style to other conflicts handling styles. To conclude from these results, employees with the type A style have influence on the organizational structure functioning to other factors on the preference of the conflicts handling styles. And employees with the type B style have influence on the needs styles to other factors on the preference of the conflicts handling styles. Or employees with the type X style have influence on the task group functioning to other factors on the preference of the conflicts handling styles. Although this study provides several managerial implications, this study has some limitations. Specifically data were collected from only the service industry in Seoul, the Province of Gyeonggi, and the Province of Gangwon. In spite of the limitations, the study results could be used valuably in case of the personnel managers which manage the employees under the conflict situations.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.136-141
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• 2021

Purpose: Dementia is a disease in which cognitive function declines, leading to deterioration of body functions and activities of daily living. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of dual-task training, including cognitive tasks, on cognitive and body function and β-amyloid levels in Alzheimer's dementia patients. Methods: 34 inpatients diagnosed with Alzheimer's dementia at a nursing hospital located in South Korea. The patients were randomly divided into a dual-task group (n=16) and a single-task group (n=18). Each group was trained for 30 minutes three times a week for eight weeks. The MMSE-K was used to measure the patients' cognitive function. To assess the patients' static balance ability, their LOS was measured using BioRescue. while dynamic balance was measured using the BBS. The 10MWT were conducted to evaluate the patients' walking ability. Blood analysis was performed to measure levels of β-amyloid. Results: Both groups exhibited statistically significant improvements in gait function after the training (p<0.05). The dual-task group exhibited statistically significant differences in cognitive function, static and dynamic balance function, and β-amyloid levels after training (p<0.05). A significant difference was observed between the two groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Dual-task training were found to be effective in improving cognitive and bodily functioning and reducing β-amyloid levels in Alzheimer's dementia patients. Thus, this may be suggested as an effective exercise method for the treatment and early prevention of Alzheimer's dementia.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02b
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• pp.507-512
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• 2008

This study investigated the navigation ability of patients with MCI in Virtual Environments(VE) and on the visual functioning. The participants consisted of elderly adults with/without MCI. Neuropsychological tests(RCFT, BVRT, TMT, and Digit Span), the Groton Maze Learning Test(12trials), and the VE navigation learning task(6 trials) were performed. As a result, there were significant group differences for the RCFT and BVRT, but not for the GMLT. For the VE task, there was a significant difference between the MCI and normal group and no interactions between the groups and trials were found. The VE task was correlated with The RCFT, the BVRT, and the GMLT and omnibus the RCFT and the BVRT accounted for 45% of VE performances. Thus, we concluded that patients with MCI are inferior to VE navigation and visual retention/memory play a role in navigation abilities.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.323-331
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• 2012

Purpose: Level of meta-cognition of students has been regarded as one of the crucial factors on web-based learning. This study aimed to describe interaction type in small group discussion of the nursing graduate students and to investigate learning consequences and interaction types in group discussion on meta-cognition level. Method: Twenty six graduate nursing students attending the class on-line at the K university in Seoul were included in the study. We measured their meta-cognition level and learning attitude. We also scored their individual and group reports as well as analyzed interaction type by reviewing the dialogue of the group discussion. Results: The participants showed low frequency of exploratory interaction and high frequency of integrative interaction in the cognitive interaction category. They showed frequent modification interaction in the meta-cognitive interaction category. Interestingly, the students with lower level of meta-cognition achieved significantly greater scores in the individual assignments. High functioning group consisting of the students with high meta-cognitive level produced greater group report. Conclusion: A new strategy is needed to encourage in-depth interaction in a group discussion of nursing students. Meta-cognitive level of the students should be considered to form a small group for discussion in order to improve group activities.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.807-819
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• 1997

The purpose of the study was to identify the effects of a 12-week low-intensity exercise program on muscle strength, flexibility, balance, and cognitive characteristics related to the performance of activity of daily living(ADL). A total of 16 patients who were admitted to the medical unit of a general hospital in ChoongChung province were recruited, eight for the exercise group and eight for the comparison group. Four levels of low-intensity exercise from 'ROM on bed' to 'exercise while walking' were then applied to the exercise group according to their physical condition. During hospitalization, patients in the exercise group performed each level of the prescribed exercise with the researchers until they felt comfortable doing it independently. The researchers also visited the patients' homes after discharge to make sure they could perform the exercise with Theraband in their living environment. The exercise group was contacted by phone once a week to assess the frequency and intensity in which they performed the exercise as well as their physical condition. The subjects in the comparison group participated in measurements for the study without performing the exercise and were contacted by phone after discharge, in a matched time frame with the exercise group, to assess physical condition. Muscle strength, flexibility, balance, cognitive characteristics, and performance of ADL for the two groups were compared at the pretest and the posttest after the low-intensity exercise program by utilizing SPSSWIN and the results are as follows : 1) At the postest, measurements of muscle strengths showed that the strength of the dorsal flexor in the exercise group was significantly higher than in the comparison group. 2) Objective balance for the exercise group was significantly better than for the comparison group as measured by 'standing on one foot' and Tinetti gait and balance control. 3) The exercise group showed significantly higher task self-efficacy than the comparison group. 4) Perceived exertion for ADL for the exercise group was significantly lower than for the comparison group. 5) Improvement of performance of ADL without assistance was significantly higher for the exercise group than the comparison group. The findings suggest that a low-intensity exercise program would be useful for the elderly who show decline in their physical functioning due to hospitalization by partly improving physical strength, task self-efficacy, and performance of ADL. Directions for further research on issues of motivating people to exercise as well as of standardizing various types of exercise were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a cognitive training program on neurocognitive task performance and activities of daily living (ADL) in patients who had a stroke. Methods: The research design for this study was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. Patients were assigned to the experimental (n=21) or control group (n=21). The experimental group received a 4-week cognitive training program and usual care (i.e., rehabilitation service), while the control was received usual care only. Cognitive function was measured with a standardized neurocognitive test battery and ADL was assessed at baseline and one and two months after completion of the intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine changes in cognitive function and ADL over 2 months. Results: The interaction of group and time was significant indicating that the experimental group showed improvement in attention, visuospatial function, verbal memory, and executive function compared to the control group which had a sustained or gradual decrease in test performance. A significant group by time interaction in instrumental ADL was also found between the experimental group with gradual improvement and the control group showing no noticeable change. Conclusion: Findings show that the cognitive training program developed in this study is beneficial in restoring cognitive function and improving ADL in patients following a stroke. Further study is needed to investigate the long-term relationship between cognitive training participation and cognitive improvement and effective functioning in daily living.

• 한국노년학
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1109-1124
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• 2016

We examined the effect of stereotype threat (STT) on spatial working memory and facial emotion recognition in Korean elderly. In addition, we investigated the role of expected moderator such as self-perception of aging. Seventeen seniors (male=7) received basic cognitive tests including K-WMS-IV, MMSE and answered self-report questionnaires including self-perception of aging, anxiety of aging, attitude toward aging and age identity on the first visit. On the second visit, they were exposed to negative stereotype by reading a script detailing cognitive decline related to aging while a control group was exposed to a neutral content. Following the exposure, they were tested on a spatial-working memory task (Corsi-block tapping task) and emotion recognition task (facial expression identification task). The results showed that the seniors exposed to STT showed significantly lower performance on emotion recognition task (p < .05) (i.e., especially on the more difficult facial stimuli). In addition, there was a significant interaction between STT and self-perception of aging (p< .05), indicating that those who have positive self-perception of aging did not show impairment in emotion recognition task and difficult spatial working memory task under STT. On the other hand, those with negative self-perception of aging showed impaired performance under STT. Taken together, the current study suggests that being exposed to STT could negatively influence cognitive and emotional functioning of elderly. Interestingly, having a positive self-perception of aging could protect the underperformance caused by STT.