• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1161-1170
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• 2000

Objective : The transverse hippocampal slice is one of the most commonly studied in vitro models of mammalian brain physiology. However, despite its broad usage, there has been no standardization of slice preparation techniques or recording condition. It is well known that variations in recording conditions can result in profound different effects to neuronal responses. Evoked field potentials, recorded extracellularly, were used to investigate the effects of variations in hippocampal slice preparation protocol on hypoxia responses of CA1 neurones. Material & Methods : Before hypoxic injury, hippocampal slices were incubated for 4 hours. During incubation period, the slices were placed in a incubation chamber($21^{\circ}C$) for recovery from preparation injury and then transferred to recording chamber($34^{\circ}C$) for more recovery and baseline electric recording with current stimulation(0.1Hz). Various time periods in incubation chamber and recording chamber were applied to each experimental group(group 1=60min : 180min, group 2=90min : 150min, group 3=180min : 60min, time in incubation chamber : time in recording chamber) before 10 min hypoxia produced by replacing 95% $O_2$+5% $CO_2$ mixed gas to 95% $N_2$+5% $CO_2$ gas. Calcium, Magnesium ions and several drugs effecting on glutamate receptor also were studied. Recoveries from hypoxic injury of hippocampal slices were estimated by percent recovery of population spike(PS). Statistic analysis of study were performed using paired t-test. Results : The percent recovery of PS after 10min hypoxia was considerably enhanced by increasing the period of current stimulation during incubation period before hypoxic injury. Temperature effect on the result of this experiment was also studied(group 4) but the result from this showed no statistic significance. Low magnesium ion concentration of artificial CSF(Mg-free aCSF) during incubation period enhanced the recovery of PS but low calcium (calcium-free) and high magnesium ion concentration(2mM) reduced it after hypoxic injury. L-glutamate($100{\mu}M$) and AP-5($50{\mu}M$) had no effect on the recovery of PS but CNQX($10{\mu}M$) in artificial CSF during incubation period markedly enhanced the recovery of PS. Co-treatment of AP-5($50{\mu}M$), CNQX($10{\mu}M$) and high magnesium concentration(2mM) enhanced recovery of PS in immediate following period of hypoxic injury but the effect of cotreatment after then decayed rapidly and lost statistic significance. Conclusions : Judging from above results, the condition of baseline recording is important in observing the recovery of population spike after hypoxia, and the time and the condition should be controled more strictly to obtain reliable results.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.99-113
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• 2008

In order to protect Rescue 119 workers exposed on the spot from potential infection, this study identified their awareness and practices of infection control so that it could help preventing them from infection and also provide basic materials necessary for pre-hospital infection control. This study applied questionnaire survey to total 215 Rescue 119 workers at fire stations in Jeonbuk province, Jeonnam province and Gwangju city from July 14 to Sept. 14, 2006 for the benefit of data collection. The questionnaire about possible associations between awareness and practices of infection control consisted of total 46 times across 6 categories such as washing hands during emergency activities ; fluid therapy and injection ; respirator maintenance; individual hygienics ; disinfectant supplies and equipments maintenance ; and control of infectious wastes. And collected data were processed using SPSS statistic program to analyze frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation, Pearson's correlation coefficient, t-test and one-way ANOVA. As a result, this study came to the following conclusions : In terms of awareness about infection control, our respondents showed highest awareness about infectious waste control, and also showed highest level of practices in washing hands during emergency activities. Throughout all domains, awareness means were higher than practice means. In particular, infectious waste control was the domain of significant differences between awareness and practices. In terms of associations between awareness and individual characteristics, it was found that female rescue worker group and hospital/general hospital career group (before joining the Rescue 119) showed significantly higher awareness on statistic level. In regard to associations between individual characteristics and practices, it was found that female rescue worker group showed higher level of practices than male group on statistic level. This study also analyzed correlations between rescue workers' awareness and practice of infection control. As a result, it was found that the higher awareness was in correlations with the higher practices across all 6 domains including washing hands. In addition, the higher awareness of a questionnaire item was in significantly positive correlations with the higher practice of other items. However, our respondents showed high awareness about anti-infection, but low practices in reality. This indicates necessity of devising possible solutions to improve the practices as much as awareness. Especially, it was noted that major reasons for insufficient practices of infection control guideline come from unhabituated practices and lack of supports for infection-preventing supplies and protective device (mask, etc). Hence, it is necessary to provide more infection-preventing supplies for local rescue workers sufficiently, in parallel with steady habituation of infection control. Furthermore, it is required to manage and study infection control policies even at pre-hospital step in efforts for effective infection control, education and activities.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.238-247
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between nurslng students' self-differentiation, their stress level and stress coping strategies. And following research questions were established. First, what is the difference of the stress level depending on the self-differentiation? Second, what is the difference of stress coping strategies in accordance with the self-differentiation? Participants for this study were 159 students selected from the 1st grades of G University, located in Incheon Metropolitan city. SPSS 10.0 statistic program was taken for drawing its frequency, percentage, average and standard deviation. And t-test, F-test, correlation and multiple regression were conducted. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The mean score for the level of self- differentiation, level of stress, level of stress coping strategies were 3.59, 2.50, 3.35. 2. The relationship between self-differentiation and stress level revealed a negative significant correlation 3. The relationship between self-differentiation and stress coping strategies revealed a no significant correlation. 4. The relationship between stress level and stress coping strategies revealed a no significant correlation. Conclusion: The results of investigating the variation differences depending on stress level, self-differentiation, and stress coping strategies were revealed self-differentiation and stress coping strategies explained stress level by 28.6%.

• 농촌계획
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the landscape preference and landscape images of the Agricultural Aqueduct Bridges(AAB) by several different criteria. Semantic Differential Scale(SD scale) with landscape adjectives and landscape preference are used to estimate the alternatives of the AAB. The statistic methods such as descriptive analysis, t-test, factor analysis and regression, cluster analysis, are operated. The landscape preference of the alternatives is generally positive, 3.977 out of 7.000. The gate type is the most preferred, but the road-along type is the worst, by the location types. The simple repair type is the worst preferred, but total remodeling is the most, by the repair types. The characteristics of the AAB are analyzed and 4 factors of visual landscape are contracted; interest, orderliness, naturality and spatiality. Cumulative factor loading of these factors is about 65%, which is quite high. The higher and bigger AAB's are preferred, and the advanced finishing materials are also preferred, such as aluminum or wood panels. The long span is also preferred and the high repair cost would be preferred. But in this study, the cost-benefit analysis is not included, so it is recommended to research further, considering the cost variable with the visual factors.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2006

목적: 위암 병기 4기는 다른 병기에서와 같이 여러 T인자 및 N인자로 구성되어 있으며, 특히 원격 전이가 존재하는 경우가 포함되어 있다. 4기에 속하는 위암 중 원격 전이군(M1)의 경우는 근치적 절제가 불가능한 경우로서 비 원격 전이군(M0)과 함께 동일 병기로 분류되어 있어 원격 전이 유무에 따라 환자의 생존율에 의미있는 차이가 있을 수 있다는 가능성을 가지고 비교 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1992년 6월부터 2005년 12월까지 본원에서 위암으로 수술한 1,630명 가운데 위절제술이 가능했던 4기 환자 308명을 대상으로 원격 전이 유무에 따른 여러 임상병리학적 인자들의 특성과 생존율을 비교 분석하였으며 추적기간의 중앙값은 43개월(범위, $1{\sim}154$개월)이었다. 결과: M0군의 5년 생존율은 35%, M1군은 16%로 M0군의 생존율은 M1군에 비해 의미 있게 높았으며(P=0.0000), M0군 중 T1-3N3M0군과 T4N1-2M0군간의 생존율은 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론: 현재의 TNM 분류법상 4기로 구분되는 예들을 비교 분석한 결과 M0군은 M1군에 비해서 통계적으로 유의하게 예후가 좋으므로 M0군은 stage IVa로, M1군은 stage IVb로 세분류하는 것이 타당하겠다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2008

Trehalose 유전자를 삽입하여 내건성을 강화한 벼(품종 '낙동': T-낙동)에서 수확된 쌀이 주요저장 해충인 화랑곡나방(Plodia interpunctella Hubner)과 어리쌀바구미(Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky)의 개체군 성장에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. $28{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서 T-낙동에서의 화랑곡나방 암컷의 발육$({\pm}SE)$ 일수는 $38.46{\pm}0.42$로 낙동에서의 발육일수 $36.38{\pm}028$일에 비해 유의하게 지연되었다. T-낙동에서의 화랑곡나방의 암컷 당 산란수는 $152.07{\pm}10.79$개로 낙동에서의 산란수$(141.6{\pm}14.56)$와 유사하였으나 우화율은 $21.08{\pm}0.04%$로 낙동에서의 $48.30{\pm}0.06%$에 비해 유의하게 낮았고 순증가율은 $3.0{\pm}0.14$로 낙동에서의 $9.25{\pm}0.13$에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. 어리쌀바구미의 발육일수는 T-낙동과 낙동에서 각각 $36.38{\pm}0.28$일과 $34.33{\pm}0.18$일로 유의한 차이를 보였으나 생명표 통계량에 영향을 미치지는 못하였다. 화랑곡나방과 어리쌀바구미 모두에서 발육이 지연된 현상은 형질전환으로 인해 발육에 관계된 인자에서의 변화가 있었음을 암시하는 것이다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.267-271
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• 2004

안면다한증의 치료를 위해 교감신경 절제 혹은 클립 차단술이 널리 이용되고 있으나 보상성 다한증의 발생을 충분히 줄이지는 못하였다. 보상성 다한증을 줄이기 위해서는 교감신경 줄기를 보존하는 술식이 필요하다. 연세대학교 의과대학 영동세브란스병원 흉부외과에서는 2000년 1월부터 2002년 7월까지 안면 다한증 환자를 대상으로 시행한 T2 symphatectic clipping 22예(group 1)와 T2 ramicotomy 14예(group 2)를 대상으로 수술의 만족도, 얼굴의 건조도, 보상성 다한증 발생 유무, 보상성 다한증 정도 등을 후향적으로 비교 분석하였다. 얼굴의 건조 정도는 group 1에서 dry가 5예(22.7%), humid가 17예(77.3%), persist는 없었으며 group 2에서 dry가 2예(14.3%), humid가 11예(78.5%), persist 1예(7.2%) 있었다.(p=0.389). 수술 후 만족은 group 1이 17예(77.3%), group가 9예(64.2%)로 group 1이 group 2에 비해 만족도가 높았지만 통계적으로는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p=0.396). 보상성 다한증의 발생률은 group 1이 각각 21예(95.4%)로 group 2의 10예(71.4%)에 비해 보상성 다한증 발생률이 높았다(p=0.042). 보상성 다한증의 정도는 group 1에서 grade 1은 1예(4.5%), grade 2는 4예(18.2%), grade 3은 8예(36.4%), grade 4는 9예(40.1%)로 group 2에서 grade 1은 3예(21.4%), grade 2는 5예(35.7%), grade 3은 5예(35.7%), grade 4는 1예(7.2%)로 group 2에서 grade 3, 4의 보상성 다한증에 의해 생활의 불편함이 있는 환자가 적음을 알 수 있었다.(p=0.036). 제 2 흉부교감신경 클립 차단과 제 2 흉부교감신경 교통지 절제 후의 보상성 다한증 발생을 비교한 결과 교통가지 절제술에서 보상성 다한증 발생의 유의한 감소를 보여 보상성 다한증을 감소시키기 위해서는 교통가지 절제술이 우수함을 알 수 있었다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.253-263
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• 2020

This study aims to analyze of existing concepts of female entrepreneurship, evaluation of women's entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan and development of recommendations for its development in the country. This paper begins by reviewing research on female entrepreneurship. In this research, authors proposed the methodological tools based on systematic approach using economic and statistic methods and 5Ms concept. Analysis algorithm consists of four stages: evaluation of women entrepreneurship scale and business directions, analysis of employment in women's enterprises and business environment in Kazakhstan. The main limitation of this study was the lack of some gender-related indicators on the development of entrepreneurship. Further, the obtained results showed strong and weak points of female entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan. According to the results, there has observed increase in contribution of women in social-economic development of the republic, women's entrepreneurial activity is increasing, and the number of enterprises headed by them is growing. However, the growth of female entrepreneurship occurs while maintaining their insignificance in terms of turnover and number of employees. There is a pronounced industry specificity of female entrepreneurship: the service sector. In accordance with this, there were identified priority areas and there were developed recommendations for the development of female entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.283-292
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• 2004

본 연구는 흰쥐(S.D, ♂)에 각 처리에 따라 기초사료로 시판사료(T$_1$)를 무제한 급여하면서 시험사료로 한약 증탕액 (T$_2$), 오골계 증탕액(T$_3$), 오골계 교잡종 육에 Flavourzyme을 0.1%첨가하여 가수 분해시킨 후 한약제와 혼합하여 증탕시킨 증탕액(T$_4$)을 35일간 경구 투여한 후 흰쥐의 혈청에 대한 glucose및 hormones과 면역학적 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사 한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 비만하였을 때나 과도한 스트레스를 받았을 때 insulin 함량이 증가한다고 하였으나 효소 처리 오골계 교잡종 증탕액을 급여한 처리구에서 체중 증가가 일반사료를 급여한 처리구에 비해 유의적으로(p<0.05) 증가하였어도 insulin 함량이 일반사료 급여구보다 증가하지 않은 것으로 나타나 바람직한 생리현상을 나타냈다. Aldosterone은 스테로이드 계통의 호르몬으로 물의 생리적 밸런스와 혈압조절에 관여하는데 일반사료 급여구에 비해 한약 증탕액, 오골계 증탕액,효소 처리 오골계 증탕액 급여 구에서 낮은 함량을 나타내 고농도 단백 식이의 급여에도 불구하고 aldosterone수치의 저하로 혈압 저하의 효과를 나타 낸 것은 한약을 첨가시켜 고압으로 처리시킨 증탕액의 효과와 가수분해 효소에 의한 소화가 용이하도록 처리한 결과로 사료된다 Cortisol은 스트레스 측정에 감도가 높은 호르몬으로 알려져 있는데 일반사료급여구가 0.67 nmol/L인 반면 증탕액을 급여한 구에서는 0.40∼0.49 nmol/L으로 cortisol 농도가 감소하는 경향을 나타냈는데 이는 aldosterone에서와 같이 한약제와 동물성 단백질을 섭취함에 따른 효과로 사료된다. 흰쥐에 증탕액 급여가 면역반응에 미치는 영향에서 IL-4, IFN-v 및 anti-BSA IgG의 역가는 일반사료를 급여한 처리구에 비해 오골계 증탕액 및 효소 처리 오골계 교잡종 증탕액 급여구에서 spleen과 serum두에서 증가하는 경향을 나타내었는데 앞에서 언급했던 바와 같이 한약(십전대보탕)의 효과와 소화시키기 쉬운 고농도의 단백질 가수분해 물질의 다량 섭취에 의해 면역 활성이 증가되었을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.205-217
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• 2004

This study conducted a survey with the 67 students who are in their 2nd year at 3 vocational high schools. The researcher of this study developed and operated the smoking cessation program based on the Transtheoretical model. To evaluate the effects, experiments were repeatedly done. The data were collected from June 21, 2004 till July 9, 2004. The survey was done based on the questionnaire-interview before and after education. The collected date was computerized by using SPSS-WIN 10.0 program. The results are as follows: Firstly. before education, the smoking cessation stage of change shows precontemplation stage $37.3\%$, preparation stage $37.3\%$, and contemplation stage $25.4\%$ respectively. However, after education it shows preparation stage $44.8\%$, action stage $25.4\%$, contemplation stage $19.4\%$, precontemplation stage $10.4\%$. The positive result was $62.7\%$ and smoking cessation stage of change made a 0.9 step increase. Secondly, process of change rose in all the areas except helping relationship. It also shows statistical improvement in all the fields except the dramatic relief of the experiential process, the helping relationship of behavioral process and stimulus control Thirdly, negative affective situation temptation, positive social situation temptation, and habitual strength temptation's average points decreased but showed statistical differences. Weight control temptation's average points decreased after education but didn't show statistical differences. Self efficiency increased measurably after education. Fourthly, concerning the social pros and coping pros caused by smoking, the average points were low after education and showed statistic decrease. As for the cons due to smoking, the average points increased but didn't show any statistical differences. In conclusion, thanks to the smoking cessation program applied by the Transtheoretical model, the smoking rate of vocational high school students became low and their smoking temptation also dropped considerably. In conclusion, while the pros for smoking were lessened, its corns were heightened through the educational awareness offered by this program.