• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.5449-5464
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• 2018

Recent works have validated the possibility of reducing the energy consumption in wireless heterogeneous networks, achieved by switching on/off some base stations (BSs) dynamically. In this paper, to realize energy conservation, the discrete time Markov Decision Process (DTMDP) is developed to match up the BS switching operations with the traffic load variations. Then, an asynchronous decision-making algorithm, which is based on the Bellman equation and the on/off priorities of the BSs, is firstly put forward and proved to be optimal in this paper. Through reducing the state and action space during one decision, the proposed asynchronous algorithm can avoid the "curse of dimensionality" occurred in DTMDP frequently. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to validate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed asynchronous on/off strategies.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.459-466
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• 2022

개폐서지는 전력시스템에서 발생하는 과전압 현상 중의 하나이며 변전소의 차단기 등 개폐장치의 동작이나 송전선로의 고장으로 인해 발생한다. 특히 송전선로의 절연설계를 위하여 개폐서지의 피크를 산정하는 것은 매우 중요하고 AC/DC 병가선로의 안정적인 운영을 위한 절연협조의 기본적인 검토항목이다. 본 논문에서는 새로운 AC/DC 병가구조의 전력시스템에 대한 상정해석을 위하여 AC 765kV와 DC ±500kV Bi-Pole 시스템이 조합된 송전선로를 대상으로 하였다. 일반적으로 교류 송전시스템의 절연설계를 위한 비정상적인 과전압은 외부과전압으로 낙뢰에 의한 과전압과 내부과전압으로 개폐에 의한 과전압을 고려한다. 직류 송전시스템의 경우에는 개폐에 의한 과전압 보다 송전선로의 중간에서 지락고장이 발생하면 인접한 정상선로에 유기되는 내부과전압을 개폐서지라하며 직류송전선로에 유기되는 가장 큰 일시적인 과전압을 의미한다. 본 논문의 연구목적으로 구성된 선로에 대하여 EMTDC 소프트웨어를 사용하여 모의하였으며, 다양한 AC/DC 혼합 형태에 대한 개폐과전압의 영향을 검토하였다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2002

이동통신 시스템에서 지하 주차장, 지하상가, 터널, 빌딩 내부 등과 같이 기지국에 의한 신호의 커버리지가 충분하지 못한 지역들이 발생하게 된다. 이러한 영역의 경제적인 해결 방안으로 중계기가 널리 사용된다. 그러나, 중계기의 수가 증가할수록 역방향 링크의 기지국으로 유입되는 잡음 전력이 중계기의 숫자에 비례하여 증가하기 때문에 채널 용량이 감소하게 된다. 수십, 수백개의 중계기가 하나의 기지국에 연결되는 상황에서 이러한 채널 용량의 감소는 더 이상 무시할 수 없다. 본 논문에서는 커버리지 내에 통화 중인 사용자가 없을 때에 자동적으로 동작하지 않는 스위칭 중계기론 제안하였다. 스위칭 중계기를 사용하면 중계기의 커버리지 내에 통화중인 사용자가 없을 때 불필요한 잡음 레벨을 줄일 수 있다. 스위칭 중계기를 사용한 이동통신 시스템의 역방향 링크 채널 용량을 수학적으로 분석하여 스위칭 중계기를 사용하지 않는 상황과 비교하였다. 그 결과 스위칭 중계기를 사용할 때 충분히 채널용량이 개선되었음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.98-104
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• 2003

대구 지하철역 제연의 문제점과 그 대책을 조사하기위해 지하철역 승강장 계단 주위 10 m${\times}$3 m${\times}$5.4 m 의 공간에서의 제연을 FDS로 모사하였다. 200 ㎾의 폴리우레탄 화재와 각 급기구와 배기구의 공기유량 0.9 ㎥/s에 대한 급기방식의 제연성능을 온도와 연기입자의 분포로 조사한 결과, 급기방식은 제연효과가 거의 없어 연기를 신속하게 배출하지 못함을 알 수 있었다. 또 세가지 기계제연방식 중에서 배기방식의 제연성능이 가장 우수하므로, 급기방식을 단순히 배기방식으로 전환함으로써 제연성능을 대폭 개선할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.19-29
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• 2011

Cellular network is comprised of several base stations which serve cellular shaped service area and each base station (BS) is connected to the mobile switching center (MSC). In this paper, the configuration modeling and algorithm of a cellular mobile network with the aim of minimizing the overall cost of operation (handover) and network installation cost (cabling cost and installing cost of mobile switching center) are considered. Handover and cabling cost is one of the key considerations in designing cellular telecommunication networks. For real-world applications, this configuration study covers in an integrated framework for two major decisions: locating MSC and assigning BS to MSC. The problem is expressed in an integer programming model and a heuristic algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation is proposed to resolve the problem. Searching for the optimum solution through exact algorithm to this problem appears to be unrealistic considering the large scale nature and NP-Completeness of the problem. The suggested algorithm computes both the bound for the objective value of the problem and the feasible solution for the problem. A Lagrangian heuristics is developed to find the feasible solution. Numerical tests are performed for the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed heuristic algorithm. Computational experiments show that the performance of the proposed heuristics is satisfactory in the quality of the generated solution.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권11호
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• pp.4291-4310
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• 2015

This paper investigates the traffic offloading over unlicensed bands for two-tier multi-mode small cell networks. We formulate this problem as a Stackelberg game and apply a hierarchical learning framework to jointly maximize the utilities of both macro base station (MBS) and small base stations (SBSs). During the learning process, the MBS behaves as a leader and the SBSs are followers. A pricing mechanism is adopt by MBS and the price information is broadcasted to all SBSs by MBS firstly, then each SBS competes with other SBSs and takes its best response strategies to appropriately allocate the traffic load in licensed and unlicensed band in the sequel, taking the traffic flow payment charged by MBS into consideration. Then, we present a hierarchical Q-learning algorithm (HQL) to discover the Stackelberg equilibrium. Additionally, if some extra information can be obtained via feedback, we propose an improved hierarchical Q-learning algorithm (IHQL) to speed up the SBSs' learning process. Last but not the least, the convergence performance of the proposed two algorithms is analyzed. Numerical experiments are presented to validate the proposed schemes and show the effectiveness.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.2595-2618
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• 2018

In this paper, we investigate secure communication with the presence of multiple eavesdroppers (Eves) in a two-tier downlink dense heterogeneous network, wherein there is a macrocell base station (MBS) and multiple femtocell base stations (FBSs). Each base station (BS) has multiple users. And Eves attempt to wiretap a macrocell user (MU). To keep Eves ignorant of the confidential message, we propose a physical-layer security scheme based on cross-layer cooperation to exploit interference in the considered network. Under the constraints on the quality of service (QoS) of other legitimate users and transmit power, the secrecy rate of system can be maximized through jointly optimizing the beamforming vectors of MBS and cooperative FBSs. We explore the problem of maximizing secrecy rate in both non-colluding and colluding Eves scenarios, respectively. Firstly, in non-colluding Eves scenario, we approximate the original non-convex problem into a few semi-definite programs (SDPs) by employing the semi-definite relaxation (SDR) technique and conservative convex approximation under perfect channel state information (CSI) case. Furthermore, we extend the frame to imperfect CSI case and use the Lagrangian dual theory to cope with uncertain constraints on CSI. Secondly, in colluding Eves scenario, we transform the original problem into a two-tier optimization problem equivalently. Among them, the outer layer problem is a single variable optimization problem and can be solved by one-dimensional linear search. While the inner-layer optimization problem is transformed into a convex SDP problem with SDR technique and Charnes-Cooper transformation. In the perfect CSI case of both non-colluding and colluding Eves scenarios, we prove that the relaxation of SDR is tight and analyze the complexity of proposed algorithms. Finally, simulation results validate the effectiveness and robustness of proposed scheme.

• International Journal of Korean Welding Society
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.2-7
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• 2003

Laser welding application for car body manufacturing has many advantages in the stiffness and the lightness of vehicle, the productivity of assembly line, and the degree of freedom in design. This presentation will express the innovation of car body manufacturing including parameter optimization, process modeling, and system integration. In this application the investment for systems was cut down dramatically by real time switching over the laser path between two welding stations. Points of technical discussion are as follows; optimization of parameters such as laser power, robot speed and trajectory, compact and useful design of jig & fixture to assure welding quality for 3 sheet-layer zinc-coated steel, system integration between 4㎾ Nd:YAG laser device and the other systems, on-line real time welding quality monitoring system, perfect safety standards for high power laser, minimization of consumption costs such as arc lamp, protective glass for optic, etc. This application was successfully launched mass production line in 2001. The laser-welded line of side panel consists of 122 stitches totally. And the length is about 2.4m.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2006

In this paper, we study a wireless cellular network design problem. It consists of selecting the location of the base station controllers and mobile service switching centres, selecting their types, designing the network into a tree-topology, and selecting the link types, while considering the location and the demand of base transceiver stations. We propose a constraint programming model and develop a heuristic combining local search and constraint programming techniques to find very good solutions in a reasonable amount of time for this category of problem. Numerical results show that our approach, on average, improves the results from the literature.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.307-314
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• 2004

The application of a discrete pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (p-HEMT) as a grounded switch allows for the development of low cost phase shifters and phase modulators operating in a Ku band. This fills the gap in the development of phase control devices comprising p-i-n diodes and microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs). This paper describes a discrete p-HEMT characterization and modeling in switching mode as well as the development of a low-cost four-bit phase shifter and direct quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulator. The developed devices operate in a Ku band with parameters comparable to commercially available MMIC counterparts. Both of them are CMOS compatible and have no power consumption. The parameters of the QPSK modulator are very close to the requirements of available standards for satellite earth stations.