• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2018

Objectives : We aimed to investigate the discontinuation rate and reasons of doxepin base prescription pattern in insomnia outpatients of psychiatry department of a university hospital. Methods : 534 patients prescribed doxepin were screened. 201 patients were included and reviewed for their medical records retrospectively. The discontinuation rate and reasons of doxepin after 2 months of prescription were investigated. Patients were divided into three groups according to the prescription patterns. The initial group, prescribed doxepin as the first hypnotic, the add-on group, prescribed doxepin while maintaining existing hypnotics, and the switching group, prescribed doxepin after discontinuation of existing hypnotics. Results : The discontinuation rate after 2 months of prescription of doxepin was 56.2%. There were significant differences in the discontinuation rate among three groups. The initial group had the highest while the add-on group had the lowest (p=0.018). In reasons for discontinuation of doxepin among three groups, lack of efficacy (p<0.001) and adverse events (p<0.001) were significantly higher in the add-on group. In the initial group, patient's refusal (p=0.022) and unknown or loss to follow up (p<0.001) were significantly higher. Conclusions : The results of this study suggested that add-on is superior than switching method and gradual reduction of existing hypnotics is necessary to maintain doxepin treatment and prevent adverse events. Additional large scale prospective studies are needed to evaluate various factors and risks of discontinuation of doxepin.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.233-243
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• 2003

Microstructures and chemistry of anorthoclase, a high-temperature phase of alkali feldspars, were studied using EPMA and TEM. BSE images of anorthoclase displayed mixtures of Na-rich areas and K-rich areas forming lamella of various sizes. EPMA analysis indicated that the Na-rich area is composed of Ab: 81%, Or: 3% and An: 11% in average, while the K-rich area is composed of Ab: 45%, Or: 44% and An: 11 % in average. TEM analysis revealed albite with Albite twins in the Na-rich area, contrasting to mixtures of albite with fine Albite twins and orthoclase without twins, forming regular lamella of about 100 nm sizes, in the K-rich area. The [001] electron diffraction pattern of the K-rich area also indicated coexistence of the two phases. While streaking parallel to the (010)$^{*}$ direction appeared only in albite due to the twin structure, streaking parallel to the $(100)^{ *}$ direction appeared both in albite and orthoclase, probably due to strain on the interface as well as order-disorder phenomena of Al and Si. It is suggested that the reverse orientation of albite and orthoclase is caused by pole switching to reduce strain on their interfaces. Based on these observations and analyses, the mineral studied is identified as lower-temperature cryptoperthite rather than high-temperature anorthoclase, which has a midium degree of Al-Si ordering and $400^{\circ}C$∼$600^{\circ}C$ of estimated temperatures for the microstructure formation.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.3-18
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• 2015

Numerosity perception is considered as an innate ability of human being where its sensivitiy may widely vary across each individual person. The present study explored the relationship between visual working memory (VWM), visual search efficiency, and numerosity sensitivity. To accomplish this, we calculated each participant's K-value from change detection performance representing one's storage capacity in VWM, slopes of search RTs representing the search efficiency, and discrimination sensitivity for a quantity difference across two sets of dot arrays representing the numerosity sensitivity. The correlational analysis across the measurements revealed that participants with a high VWM capacity better discriminated the numerosity difference in the arrays when the spatial information in the two dot arrays was preserved. In contrast, the participants with high search efficiency discriminated better the difference in the arrays when the spatial information in the arrays was not preserved. The results indicate high VWM-capacity individuals were presumably able to use a strategy of storing the dot arrays by grouping them into a smaller pattern of dot arrays while high search-efficiency individuals were able to use a strategy of rapidly switching their focused attention across the dots in the arrays to count each individual dot. These in sum suggest that individual differences in numerosity sensitivity rely on one's working memory capacity as well as their efficient use of switching focused attention.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1090-1099
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• 2004

In this paper a novel design of equilateral-triangular microstrip antenna using PIN diode fur switching the resonant frequency is presented and experimentally studied. The proposed antenna has changed the resonant frequency by length of spur-lines on the patch, and PIN diodes are utilized to switch the spur-line on and off. The shape of the spur-line is changed according to the on and off states of PIN diode and the equilateral triangular microstrip antenna has different resonant frequencies in accordance with them. The resonant frequency is 1.22 GHz with off states since the surface currents flow the periphery of T shape spur-lines, while the resonant frequency is 1.82 GHz with on states since the surface currents are little effect with the conventional equilateral triangular microstrip antenna. The radiation pattern of the proposed antenna has a good linear polarization with the cross polarization of -20 dB both with on and off states.

• The Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.27-33
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• 1993

In order to improve complicated construction and complex control which are didvantage of optimal PWM technique aimed at harmonic elimination method, this paper presented MRA(Mode1 Reference Adaptive) PWM technique that gating signal of inverter is generated by comparing the reference signal with the induced feedback signal at the reference model of load. Design of controller is composed of microprocessor and analog circuit. MRA PWM technique used in the paper is able to compensate the degradation of voltage efficiency to be generated by the ratio of the output voltage to the DC supply voltage being low for using conventional sinusoidal PWM technique. When the trapezoidal signal is employed as the reference signal. the low order harmonics of line current can be reduced and the switching pattern is made by on-line computation using comparatively simple numerical analysis.

• The Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.36-40
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• 1993

In order to improve complicated construction and complex control which are disadvantage of optimal PWM technique aimed at harmonic elimination method, this paper presented MRA(Model Reference Adaptive) PWM technique that gatmg signal of inverter is generated by comparing the reference signal with the induced feedback signal at the reference model of load. Design of controller is composed of microprocessor and analog circuit. MRA PWM technique used in the paper is able to compensate the degradation of voltage efficiency to be generated by the ratio of the output voltage to the DC supply voltage being low for using conventional sinusoidal PWM technique. When the trapezoidal signal is employed as the reference signal. the low order harmonics of line current can be reduced and the switching pattern is made by on-line computation using comparatively simple numerical analysis.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.506-517
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• 2015

This paper presents a 1.248 Gb/s - 2.918 Gb/s low-power receiver MIPI-DigRF M-PHY with a fully digital frequency detection loop. MIPI-DigRF M-PHY should be operated in a very short training time which is $0.01{\mu}s$ the for HS-G2B mode. Because of this short SYNC pattern, clock and data recovery (CDR) should have extremely fast locking time. Thus, the quarter rate CDR with a fully digital frequency detection loop is proposed to implement a fast phase tracking loop. Also, a low power CDR architecture, deserializer and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) are proposed to meet the low power requirement of MIPI-DigRF M-PHY. This chip is fabricated using a $0.11{\mu}m$ CMOS process, and the die area is $600{\mu}m{\times}250{\mu}m$. The power consumption of the receiver is 16 mW from the supply voltage of 1.1 V. The measured lock time of the CDR is less than 20 ns. The measured rms and peak jitter are $35.24ps_{p-p}$ and $4.25ps_{rms}$ respectively for HS-G2 mode.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.236-247
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• 2002

We propose a cell－multiplexing scheme for the real－time communication service in ATM network and a new service discipline guarantee end-to-end delay based on pseudo-isochronous cell switching. The proposed scheme consists of two level frame hierarchy, upper and lower frame, which is used to assign the bandwidth and to guarantee the requested delay bound, respectively. Since the Proposed algorithm employs two level frame hierarchy, it can overcome the coupling problem which is inherent to the framing strategy It can be comparatively reduce the complexity, and still guarantee the diverse delay bounds of end-to-end. Besides, it consists of two components, traffic controller and scheduller, as the imput traffic description model and regulates the input traffic specification. The function of the traffic controller is to shape real -time traffic to have the same input pattern at every switch along the path. The end-to-end delay is bounded by the scheduller which can limit the delay variation without using per-session jitter controllers, and therefore it can decrease the required buffer size. The proposed algorithm can support the QoS's of non-real time traffic as well as those of real time traffic.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.3277-3285
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• 1996

In this paper, w designed an opical power distribution device for application to an optical switching and an optical subscriber loop. We fabricated PSG thin film by LPCVD. Based on the measured index of fabricted thin film, rib-type waveguide was transformed to two-dimension by the effective index method and we simulated dispersion property to find asingle-mode condition. We found that the optimum design parameters of rib-type waveguide are:cladding layer of 3.mu.m, core layer of 3.mu.m, buffer layer of 10.mu.m, and core width of 4.mu.m. Each side of the guiding region was etched down to 4.mu.m to shape the core. We used these optimum parameters of the rib-type waveguide with branching angle of 0.5.deg. and simulted the Y-branch waveguide by the BPM simulation. Numerical loss in branching area was claculated to be 0.1581dB and equal to the total loss of the Y-branch. The loss of the fabricated Y-branch waveguide on PSG film ws 1.6dB at .lambda.=1.3.mu.m before annealing but was 1.2dB after annealing at 1000.deg. C for 10 minutes. Consequently, the loss of branching area from 3000.mu.m to 6000.mu.m in the z-direction was 0.8dB, and single-mode propagation was confirmed by measuring the near field pattern. For coupling the fabricated Y-branch waveguide with an optical fiber, we fabricated V-groove which was used as the upholder of optical fiber. An etching angle was 54.deg. and the width and depth of guiding groove was 150.mu.m, 70.mu.m, respectively. The optical fiber is inserted onto V-groove. Both the Y-branch and V-groove were connected through the index matching oil. Coupling loss after connecting Y-branch and the optical fiber on V-groove was 0.34dB and that after injecting index mateching oil was 0.14dB.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.27 no.5C
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• pp.445-453
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• 2002

We propose a cell-multiplexing scheme for the real-time communication service in ATM network and a new service discipline guarantee end-to-end delay based on pseudo-isochronous cell switching. The proposed scheme consists of two level frame hierarchy, upper and lower frame, which is used to assign the bandwidth and to guarantee the requested delay bound, respectively. Since the proposed algorithm employs two level frame hierarchy, it can overcome the coupling problem which is inherent to the framing strategy. The proposed scheme consists of two components, traffic controller and scheduller, as the imput traffic description model and regulates the input traffic specification. The function of the traffic controller is to shape real-time traffic to have the same input pattern at every switch along the path. The end-to-end delay is bounded by the scheduller which can limit the delay variation without using per-session jitter controllers, and therefore it can decrease the required buffer size. The proposed algorithm can support the QoS's of non-real time traffic as well as those of real time traffic