• 대한수의학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.291-298
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• 2007

Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus is one of the most important cultured fish in Korea, its farming has been negatively impacted by viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Streptococcal infection was considered as a serious problem because of significant economic losses in olive flounder farm industry. The development and evaluation of vaccine for protection against infection by this agent were required. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of ${\beta}$-hemolytic Streptococcus (S.) iniae vaccine on olive flounder Three hundreds of flounders (weight $119.8{\pm}20.7g$, body length $22.6{\pm}1.4cm$) were reared in 0.5 tons aquaria in land-marine tank system. Seawater was provided from the sea of Inchon in Korea, and water temperature was set to $22^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ in the vaccination and challenge test, respectively. We used the formalin-inactivated ${\beta}$-hemolytic S. iniae (F2K) vaccine (M VAC INIAE; Kyoritsu seiyaku, Japan) originated in Japan. The vaccine was intraperitoneally administered to fish. Both of vaccinated group and control group were challenged with intraperitoneally injection by virulent S. iniae SI-36 isolates with $1.0{\times}10^7CFU/fish$ at 3 weeks after vaccination. Difference on mortality of control and vaccinated group (90.0 and 15.0%, 76.5 and 8.0% respectively) at two trials were found significant (p<0.05), and relative percent survival were 83.4% and 89.5%, respectively. The dead fishes were showed dark pigmentation of skin, abdominal extension, hemorrhagic ascites, and liver necrosis, and isolated the S. iniae strain from ascites, liver and kidney. We confirmed the safety and efficacy of ${\beta}$-hemolytic S. iniae vaccine by determinations of the optimal management condition and artificial challenge test in olive flounder.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.205-210
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• 1991

1990년(年) 10월(月) 채취(採取)한 올방개 괴경(塊莖)의 토중분포(土中分布)와 토심별(土深別) 온도변화(溫度變化)를 검토(檢討)하고 월동기간중(越冬期間中) 올방개 괴경(塊莖)의 크기, 토중분포(中分布) 및 토양수분조건(土壤水分條件)에 따른 저온저항성(低溫抵抗性) 발현관계(發現關係)를 구명(究明)코자 실험(實驗)을 실시(實施)하였다. 1. 경화전(硬化前) 미성숙괴경(未成熟塊莖)과 성숙괴경(成熟塊莖)의 삼투포텐살은 각각 -11.8바아와 -23.5 바아였으나, 120일(日) 동안 경화후(硬化後)에는 -36.6바아와 -67.1바아까지 감소(減少)되어 경화기간(硬化期間) 저온저항성(低溫低抗性)이 획득(獲得)되었다. 2. 자연조건하(自然條件下)에서 저장기간중(貯藏期間中) 건조(乾燥)및 습윤조건(濕潤條件)의 5cm 토심(土深)에 존재(存在)하는 괴경(塊莖)의 동사율(凍死率)이 87과 33%로 높았으나, 25cm토심(土深)의 전실험(全實驗) 토양조건(土壤條件)의 괴경(塊莖)은 100% 생존율(生存率)을 보였다. 3. 경화기간(硬化期間) 삼투포텐셜은 혹한(酷寒)에 노출(露出)되는 5cm토심(土深)의 괴경(塊莖)이 수분조건(水分條件)에 따라 -67.1~-73.4 바아로 감소(減少)하였고, 25cm토심(土深)의 경우 -61 바아로 감소(減少)되어 5cm토심(土深)에 존재(存在)하는 괴경(塊莖)이 더 큰 저온저항성(低溫抵抗性)을 발휘(發揮)하였다. 4. 토심별(土深別) 경화후(硬化後) 채취(採取)한 괴경(塊莖)을 $-3^{\circ}C$와 $5^{\circ}C$로 처리(處理)한 경우 5cm토심(土深)에 존재(存在)하는 괴경(塊莖)의 생존율(生存率)이 25cm토심(土深)의 경우 보다 높아 더 저온저항성(低溫振抗性)을 나타냈었다. 5. 대괴경(大塊莖)은 소괴경(小塊莖)보다 저온(低溫)에 더 민감(敏感)한 반응(反應)을 보였다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.189-200
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• 2007

잉어의 선천성 면역 인자가 관여하는 항바이러스 면역 반응을 조사하기 위해 UV-inactivated SVCV, Poly I:C 및 Con A를 주사한 후 3일째 라이소자임 활성, 혈청 내 보체의 살균능력 및 식세포의 활성산소량을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 모든 시험구에서 혈청 내 라이소자임의 활성은 유의적인 차이를 나타나지 않았으나, 두신 조직의 라이소자임 활성은 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였다. 또한, 혈청 내 보체의 살균 능력도 모든 시험구에서 대조구와 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 식세포의 활성은 UV-inactivated SVCV 시험구에서는 농도에 따라 증가한 것으로 나타났으며, Poly I:C 및 Con A 시험구에서는 저농도에서 활성이 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 바이러스에 대한 방어력을 조사하기 위해 주사 후 4일째 1×104 TCID50/fish 농도의 SVCV로 인위 감염한 결과 UV-inactivated SVCV 및 Poly I:C 시험구에서는 Con A 시험구에 비해 높은 방어력을 나타내었다. 또한, Poly I:C 시험구에서 라이소자임 및 식세포 활성이 다소 감소한 고농도에서도 높은 방어력이 유도된 것으로 나타나 이러한 결과는 Poly I:C에 의해 자극된 또 다른 비특이적 면역 인자가 SVCV에 대한 방어반응에 관여한 것으로 추정된다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2012

넙치 사료에 열수 추출한 황금을 0, 0.05, 0.1, 1% 흡습시켜 12주동안 사육하는 동안 어류의 비특이면역의 증진 및 질병저항성에 대한 효과를 알아보았다. 황금을 첨가한 사료에서 성장의 유의적인 증가는 없었으나, 초기 4주간 증가하는 경향은 있었다. 혈액학적인 조사 결과에서도 황금 첨가로 인한 넙치의 생리 생태에 부정적인 영향을 나타내지 않았다. 혈청 및 각 조직의 라이소자임 활성은 0.05%의 황금 농도로 흡습시킨 사료 그룹에서 유의적으로 라이소자임 활성이 증가되었다. 백혈구의 식활성을 측정하였을시에 0.05%의 황금 농도로 흡습시킨 사료 그룹에서 유의적으로 백혈구의 식활성이 증가되었다. 병리조직학적 결과에 따르면 넙치 사료에 열수 추출한 황금을 1% 이상 흡습시켜 투여시에는 간 조직에서 괴사가 진행됨을 알 수 있었다. 어류병원세균의 인위감염에 대한 넙치의 질병저항성은 0.05%의 황금 농도로 흡습시킨 사료 그룹에서 E. tarda (GY-01)균에 대하여 상대생존율이 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 황금 열수 추출물의 넙치에 대한 면역능 향상과 어류 질병의 저항성 증강에 효과가 있는 것으로 사료되나, 1% 이상 첨가시에는 어류생리학적으로 부정적인 영향이 나타나므로 0.05%이하로 투여하여야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2011

Purpose: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) prevents tissue necrosis of the brain and cardiac muscle in the cardiac arrest patient and requires exact skills in order to increase survival rate. Through comparison of the training effects of feedback manikin and non-feedback manikin, this study present the effective CPR device to CPR instructors. Method: This CPR course for 80 students by using Resusci Anne $SkillReporter^{TM}$ (RASR; Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) and Actar 911 $Squadron^{TM}$ (A911; Vital Signs, New Jersey, USA) held on December 22, 2009. Thirty seven students and two assistants were placed in one laboratory, there were five RASR manikins which provide the LED performance indicator, not the metronome. Forty two students and two assistants were placed in the other laboratory, there were 20 A911 manikins which don't provide any feedback indicator. Chest compression scores and ventilation compression scores obtaining from two groups were analysed statistically by using independent t-test. Results: Chest compression scores, average depth (mm) was 37.5 in RASR and 41.80 A911 (p=.004), too depth (#) was 2.8 in RASR and 19.4 A911 (p=.005), average number per min (#/min) was 64.4 in RASR and 68.2 A911 (p=.038), wrong hand position (#/min) was 10.9 in RASR and 30.8 A911 (p=.040). Four items that showed better scores in group RASR had statistically significant difference. Ventilation compression scores, percent correct (%) was 40.6 in RASR and 20.6 A911 (p<.001), number correct (#) was 4.7 in RASR and 2.1 A911 (p=.002), too fast (#) was 0.9 in RASR and 2.9 A911 (p=.003), average volume (ml) was 536.5 in RASR and 707.1 A911 (p=.011). Also, three items that showed better scores in group RASR had statistically significant difference. Conclusions: Regarding the positive effect of CPR training feedback, comparison between the real-time visual feedback manikin (RASR) and the non-feedback manikin (A911) showed that RASR had better results than A911 in chest compression except average number per min (it means that we need harder chest manikin) and ventilation. Verification of the training effect in the real world such as CPR outcomes is also necessary. A proper application of manikin in training circumstances and research on retention of CPR skills will be needed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1565-1570
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• 2016

Background: Central neurocytomas are rare neuronal neoplasms with a favorable prognosis. They are typically located in the lateral ventricles of the brain and mostly histologically correspond to WHO grade II with a Mib 1 labelling index of <2%. Similar tumors located in the cerebral hemispheres and spinal cord, for example, are called "extraventricular neurocytomas". A few tumors histologically show atypia, mitoses, vascular proliferation and/or necrosis and a Mib 1 index >2 % and are designated as "atypical neurocytomas. Aim: The aim of our study was to describe the common as well as unusual morphologic features and the role of various immunohistochemical stains in the diagnosis of these rare tumors. Materials and Methods: We retrieved and reviewed 35 cases diagnosed between 2001 and 2015. Results: Sixty percent of patients were males, and the mean age was 26 years. 31 cases (88.6%) were intraventricular and 4(11.4%) were extraventricular. Histologically, 6 cases (17.1%) were compatible with "atypical neurocytomas". All cases showed the classic morphology comprising nests and sheets of uniform, round cells with uniform round to oval nuclei with finely speckled chromatin and perinuclear cytoplasmic clearing (halos). All cases also showed delicate, fibrillary, neuropil-like matrices. Other common histologic features included capillary-sized blood vessels in a branching pattern in 57.1%, foci of calcification in 34.3% and perivascular pseudorosettes in 20%. Rare findings included Homer-Wright or true rosettes in 8.6% and ganglioid cells in 2.9%. Synaptophysin was the most consistent and valuable marker, being positive in almost all cases. GFAP positivity in tumor cells was seen in 25.7% of cases. Follow up was available in 13 patients. Of these 9 had histologically typical and 4 had atypical tumors. Only 1 (with an atypical neurocytoma) died, probably due to complications of surgery within one month, while 12 (including 3 with atypical neurocytomas) remained alive. Recurrence developed in 1 of these 12 patients (histologically consistent with typical morphology) almost 9 years after surgery. Only 4 patients, including 2 with atypical tumors, received postoperative radiotherapy, all with surgery in 2010 or later. Overall, prognosis was excellent with prolonged, recurrence free survival and most patients, even without receiving radiation therapy, were alive and well for many years, even a decade or more after surgery, without developing any recurrence, indicating the benign nature of these neoplasms.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.5917-5935
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• 2012

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes acute and chronic human hepatitis infection and as such is an important global health problem. The virus was discovered in the USA in 1989 and it is now known that three to four million people are infected every year, WHO estimating that 3 percent of the 7 billion people worldwide being chronically infected. Humans are the natural hosts of HCV and this virus can eventually lead to permanent liver damage and carcinoma. HCV is a member of the Flaviviridae family and Hepacivirus genus. The diameter of the virus is about 50-60 nm and the virion contains a single-stranded positive RNA approximately 10,000 nucleotides in length and consisting of one ORF which is encapsulated by an external lipid envelope and icosahedral capsid. HCV is a heterogeneous virus, classified into 6 genotypes and more than 50 subtypes. Because of the genome variability, nucleotide sequences of genotypes differ by approximately 31-34%, and by 20-23% among subtypes. Quasi-species of mixed virus populations provide a survival advantage for the virus to create multiple variant genomes and a high rate of generation of variants to allow rapid selection of mutants for new environmental conditions. Direct contact with infected blood and blood products, sexual relationships and availability of injectable drugs have had remarkable effects on HCV epidemiology. Hundreds of thousands of people die each year from hepatitis and liver cancer caused by HCV virus infection. Approximately 80% of patients with acute hepatitis C progress into a chronic disease state leading to serious hepatic disorders, 10-20% of which develop chronic liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The incubation period of HCV is 6-8 weeks and the infection is often asymptomatic so it is very hard to detect at early stages, making early treatment very difficult. Therefore, hepatitis C is called a "silent disease". Neutralizing antibodies are produced against several HCV proteins during infection but the virus mutates to escape from antibodies. Some patients with chronic hepatitis C may have some symptoms such as fatigue, muscle aches, nausea and pain. Autoimmune and immunecomplex-mediated diseases have also been reported with chronic HCV infection.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권18호
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• pp.7863-7867
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• 2014

Background: Retinoblastoma is a rare type of cancer that usually develops in early childhood. If left untreated it can cause blindness and even death. The aim of this study is to determine sociodemographic and clinical features of retinoblastoma patients and also to determine the treatment pattern and outcome in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: Data for this study were retrieved from the Retinoblastoma Registry of the National Eye Database (NED) in Malaysia. Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Hospital Umum Kuching, Sarawak and Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Kota Kinabalu were the major source data providers for this study. Data collected in the registry cover demography, clinical presentation, modes of treatment, outcomes and complications. Results: The study group consisted of 119 patients (162 eyes) diagnosed with retinoblastoma between 2004 and 2012. There were 68 male (57.1%) and 51 (42.9%) female. The median age at presentation was 22 months. A majority of patients were Malays (54.6%), followed by Chinese (18, 5%), Indians (8.4%), and indigenous races (15.9%). Seventy six (63.8%) patients had unilateral involvement whereas 43 patients had bilateral disease (36.1%). It was found that most children presented with leukocoria (110 patients), followed by strabismus (19), and protopsis (12). Among the 76 with unilateral involvement (76 eyes), enucleation was performed for a majority (79%). More than half of these patients had extraocular extension. Of the 40 who received chemotherapy, 95% were given drugs systemically. Furthermore, in 43 patients with bilateral involvement (86 eyes), 35 (41%) eyes were enucleated and 17 (49%) showed extraocular extension. Seventy-two percent of these patients received systemic chemotherapy. The patients were followed up 1 year after diagnosis, whereby 66 were found to be alive and 4 dead. Sixteen patients defaulted treatment and were lost to follow-up, whereas follow-up data were not available in 33 patients. Conclusions: Patients with retinoblastoma in this middle-income Asian setting are presenting at late stages. As a result, a high proportion of patients warrant aggressive management such as enucleation. We also showed that a high number of patients default follow-up. Therefore, reduction in refusal or delay to initial treatment, and follow-up should be emphasized in order to improve the survival rates of retinoblastoma in this part of the world.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.107-113
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• 1984

One hundred sixty one patients with the carcinoma of uterine cervix received curative radiotherapy at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital between December, 1979 and December, 1982. According to FIGO classification; stage $I_a 1(0.6\%)\;1_b\;8(5.0\%),\;II_a\;31(19.3\%),\;II_b\;66(41.0\%),\;III_a\;3(1.8\;%),\;III_b\;46(28.6\%)\;and\;IV_a\;6(3.7\;%)$. The proportion of early stage cancer is too small because most of them treated by surgery. External beam whole pelvic irradiation was done first with 10MV x-ray or Co-60 gamma ray upto 4,000 or 5,000 rad for early and advanced cases, followed by one or two courses of intracavitary radiation using Fletcher-Suit Applicator loading c Cs-137. Supplementary external radiation to pelvic side wall to bring dose to 6,000 or 6,500 rads, if there is parametrial involvement or positive pelvic lymph node. Of the 161 Patients, 49 Patients were lost to follow-up but only 22 patients were lost in disease free state. And so, 86.3 percent of the patients were followed to time of recurrence or to date. The results are as follows ; 1. Locoregional control rates according to stage is: stage I $100\%,\;II_a\;90.3\;%,\;II_b\;75.8\%,\;III_a\;66.7\%,\;III_b\;58.7\%\;and\;IV_a\;16.7\%$, respectively. 2. Persistent or recurrent disease were localized in pelvic cavity in 32 of 50 patients and 6 had distant metastasis only. 3. Rectal bleeding was the most common complication and appeared mostly between 6 and 24 months after radiotherapy. Most of them had transient minor bleeding and only 2 patients needed transfusion and 1 patient needed colostomy due to rectovaginal fistula. 4. The 3 year disease free survival rate is: stage I $100\%,\;II_a\;78.0\%,\;II_b\;60.6\%,\;III_a\;66.7\;III_b\;46.3\%\;and\;IN_a\;16.7\%$, respectively.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 넙치에 대한 β-용혈성 Streptococcus iniae 백신의 효능을 조사하였다. 시험 백신은 10% 중성포르말린을 이용하여 최종 농도가 0.3% 및 3%가 되도록 첨가하여 제작하였으며 건강한 넙치의 복강에 1회 또는 2회 주사하였다. 그 결과, 두 종류의 백신 모두 어떠한 심각한 부작용도 야기하지 않았다. 또한 1회 접종구에 비해 2회 접종구에서 응집항체가가 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 포르말린 농도별로 비교한 결과 저농도인 0.3%에 비해 고농도인 3% 포르말린 처리 백신을 접종한 경우 1회 접종구에서는 4주째에, 2회 접종구에서는 8주째 응집항체가가 유의적으로 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 항체 생성에서 나타난 차이에도 불구하고 두 종류의 백신 모두 공격 실험 결과 방어력이 인정되었다. 즉, 0.3% 포르말린 처리 백신의 1회 접종 및 2회 접종구의 경우 각각 67% 및 87.5%의 상대생존율을 나타내었으며, 3% 포르말린 처리 백신의 1회 접종 및 2회 접종구에서는 각각 70% 및 77%의 상대생존율을 나타내었다. 따라서 추후 응집항체가와 방어력 사이의 상관성뿐만 아니라 고농도의 포르말린 처리가 항원성의 변형에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.