• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.171-187
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• 2001

Objective : Moxibustion has been proved efficacious for many diseases, but isn't widespread in the clinics due to a danger of skin burning, the smoke produced while burning a moxa combustion and so on. Therefore, another type of moxa that can be resolved these troubles is required. To improve the effect of moxibustion and develop the new thermal stimulating treatment, the performance of commercial moxibustion widely used are studied systematically and found out quantitatively. Methods : We have selected two types (small-size moxa A(sMA), small-size moxa B (sMB)) among small-size moxaes used widely in the clinic. We examined combustion time, various temperatures, temperature gradient in each period during a combustion of moxa. Results : 1. The combustion time in the preheating period appeared somewhat longer in sMA than in sMB. 2, The combustion time in the heating period appeared longer in sMA by 26% than in sMB. 3. The average temperature in the heating period was $37.6{\sim}37.8^{\circ}C\;in\;sMA\;and\;36.2{\sim}36.8^{\circ}C$ in sMB and the maximum temperature measured at a center of contact surface in sMA was $48.6^{\circ}C$, higher by over $2.8^{\circ}C$ than that of sMB moxibustion. 4. The average ascending temperature gradient in the heating period was $0.08{\sim}0.1^{\circ}C/sec$ in both moxaes, and the average ascending temperature gradient of heating period in sMB appeared larger. The maximum ascending temperature gradient appeared higher in sMB, and the time reaching maximum ascending temperature gradient appeared much earlier in sMA than in sMB. 5. The combustion time in the retaining period was around 100 sec in sMA and around 275 sec in sMB. 6. The average temperature in the retaining period was $42.2{\sim}46.0^{\circ}C\;in\;sMA\;and\;39.3{\sim}41.4^{\circ}C/sec$ in sMB. The minimum temperature in the retaining period was over $38.80^{\circ}C$ in sMA but just $34.7^{\circ}C$ in sMB. 7. The average descending temperature gradient in sMA was $-0.050{\sim}0.067^{\circ}C/sec$ and in sMB was $-0.030{\sim}0.037^{\circ}C/sec$ 8. The combustion time in the cooling period appeared longer over two times in sMA than in sMB, and the time which the cooling period (minimum temperature) finished at appeared later in sMB by 55 sec. 9. We classified the combustion process that the measured temperature rose over body heat($37^{\circ}C$) into the effective combustion period. The effective combustion time was 233.3 sec in sMA and 300.4 sec in sMB respectively, and was longer by about 29% in sMB. The average temperature and maximum temperature in the effective combustion time appeared higher in sMA. The time taken until the maximum temperature was reached was 225.1 sec in sMA and 244.5 sec in sMB, faster by about 20 sec in sMA. The maximum ascending temperature gradient during the effective combustion period appeared larger about 1.4 times in sMB, but the time when the maximum ascending temperature gradient happened was faster in sMA. Conclusion : It appears that sMB, compared with sMA, is proper if necessary to apply the long time and weak stimulus, because of the gentle stimulus during the relatively longer time. In contrast, sMA that the symmetrical combustion happened is proper if necessary to apply the short time and strong stimulus.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.102-111
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the optimal conditions of collagen extraction from scales of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) using surface response methodology. Four independent variables of NaOH concentration and pretreatment fime in alkali pretreatment and enzyme concentration and treatment time in enzyme hydrolysis were used to predict a model equation for the collagen yield. The determinant coefficient ($R^2$) for the equation was 0.906. The values of the independent variables for the maximum yield were 0.32 N NaOH, 16.38 h alkali pretreatment time, 0.18% enzyme concentration, and 31.02 h enzyme treatment time. In the physicochemical properties of tuna scale collagen, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of tuna scale collagen showed the same migration distances as that of calf skin collagen. The amide A, I, II, and III regions of tuna scale collagen in Fourier transform infrared measurements were shown in the peaks of 3,414 $cm^{-1}$, 1,645 $cm^{-1}$, 1,553 $cm^{-1}$, and 1,247 $cm^{-1}$, respectively. The amount of imino acids in tuna scale collagen was 18.97% and the collagen denaturation temperature was $33^{\circ}C$. The collagen solubility as a function of NaCl concentration decreased to 4% NaCl (w/v) and the collagen solubility as a function of pH was high at pH 2-4 and sharply decreased from pH 4 to pH 7. Viscosity of the collagen solution decreased continuously until $30^{\circ}C$ and this decreasing rate slowed in the temperature range of $35-50^{\circ}C$.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권8호
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• pp.1141-1149
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• 2011

현재 급식 외식 업체용으로 유통되고 있는 절단 세척된 신선편이 엽채류 및 조미채소류에 대하여 저장온도와 포장 방법에 따른 미생물학적, 물리, 화학적인 품질변화와 저장 중 변화되는 외관변화를 연구하였다. 본 연구의 대상인 엽채류 및 조미채소류의 품질변화는 신선편이의 농산물의 종류와 온도, 저장기간에 따라 수분함량, 색도, pH 등의 변화에 차이를 보였으며, 특히 10$^{\circ}C$에 저장한 품목들의 변화량이 컸다. 저장온도에 따른 미생물변화에 대한 품질변화 결과, 대장균의 경우 온도에 상관없이 저장기간 동안 검출되지 않았으나 총균수와 대장균군의 경우 4$^{\circ}C$에서 저장하는 동안 대체적으로 낮은 수준으로 유지할 수 있었으며, 10$^{\circ}C$에 저장한 엽채류의 경우 조직의 물러짐이 빠르게 나타나고 형태의 변화가 가속화되어 총균수와 대장균군의 증식이 조미채소류보다 빠른 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 온도에 따른 외관 품질의 변화결과에서는 4$^{\circ}C$에 저장한 것이 물러짐, 흑변현상, 갈변과 황화현상 등이 완만하게 발생하거나 저해되는 경향을 보였고, 10$^{\circ}C$의 경우 호흡률에 의한 진공 풀림, 색 변화 및 이취가 발생함에 따라 4$^{\circ}C$에 비해 품질유지기한이 짧게 나타났다. 그리고 대체로 조미채소류와 엽채류 모두 4$^{\circ}C$에 저장한 것이 10$^{\circ}C$에 저장하는 것보다 최대 3~5일까지 품질을 더 오래 유지할 수 있었다. 포장방법을 달리한 깻잎과 부추의 경우 기공에 따른 대장균과 총균수의 증식 차이는 보이지 않았으며, 포장지의 기공에 의하여 수분의 증발현상이 나타났고, 이에 따라서 수분함량이 감소하고 외관의 변화가 심하게 나타나, 품목에 따른 포장방법에 차이를 두어야 함을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 신선편이 농산물은 품목에 따라 저장온도와 포장방법이 품질에 영향을 미치므로 적절한 저장 온도와 포장방법을 유지한다면 품질과 안전성을 동시에 확보하여 품질유지기한을 연장할 수 있으리라 사료된다.

• 공업화학
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.52-57
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• 2006

천연 항진균 물질인 황련(Coptidis Rhizoma)은 감염성 피부염을 유발시키는 주 원인균인 Cadida albicans에 항세균 작용이 있다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 황련유래 단백질(Proteins derived from Coptidis Rhizoma, CRP)의 유효 성분을 추출하여 안정성 도모 및 피부 세포 내에 안정하게 흡수시키는 물질 전달체로서 리포좀을 제조하였다. 황련유래 단백질을 함유한 리포좀 입자의 평균 크기는 187 nm, 표면전하는 3.337 mV이며 포집효율은 33%이었다. 온도, 저장시간에 따른 CRP의 방출 거동을 확인하였으며, 리포좀의 안정성을 증가시키기 위하여 리포좀을 poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)로 코팅하였다. 코팅된 리포좀은 코팅 안된 리포좀에 비하여 낮은 방출율을 나타내었다. 또한, 리포좀에 함유된 CRP의 항캔디다 효과는 $50^{\circ}C$ 또는 자외선(UV)으로 24 h 처리한 후에도 지속됨을 확인하였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.499-509
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• 2018

This study optimized the bone-softening and fishy odor-reducing process for mackerel Scomber japonicus products using response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM showed that the optimum concentrations of doenjang and citric acid for reducing the fishy odor in bone-softened mackerel were 11.8% and 0.04%, respectively, and the optimum immersion time was 52.2 min. The estimated overall acceptance, salinity, and acidity of the products under these optimum conditions were 7.7 points, 1.1%, and 202.6 mg/100 g, respectively, which were similar to the actual measured values of $7.6{\pm}1.2$ points, $1.0{\pm}0.1%$ and $203.2{\pm}3.8mg/100g$. Moreover, the heating temperature and time for bone-softening based on RSM were $107.3^{\circ}C$ and 4.4 h, respectively. The estimated hardness and proportion of skin removed from the product under the optimal conditions were $161.5g/cm^2$ and 0.09%, respectively, which were also similar to the actual measured values of $171.1{\pm}12.6g/cm^2$ and $0.10{\pm}0.02%$. The optimum bone-softening and fishy odor-reducing process for mackerel consisted of the following steps: thawing (${\leq}10^{\circ}C$, 8 h), filleting, washing/dewatering, immersing in an 11.8% doenjang -0.04% citric acid solution for 52 min, washing/dewatering, heating ($107.3^{\circ}C$, 4.4 h), freezing, depanning, internal and external packaging, and X-ray detection treatment.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1176-1187
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of cooling vests developed for farm workers harvesting red pepper in summer. The study was performed using the following two steps: 1) Climatic chamber test, 2) Field test. For the chamber test, a work environment was simulated as $33^{\circ}C$ and $65\%$RH, and the thermo-physiological and subjective responses were measured with and without cooling vests. Twelve young males participated as subjects. For the field test, three farmers participated while harvesting red pepper on the form, in summer. The measurements used were same as in the chamber test. Subjects were tested without any cooling vests, as a control. They were tested wearing vests with 2 frozen gel packs (CV2: Cooling area, $308cm^2$), and vests with 4 frozen gel packs (CV4: Sooting area, $616cm^2$). As a result of the chamber test, rectal temperature($T_{re}$) and mean skin temperature( $T_{sk}$) were lower in both CVs than in Control, and this tendency was statistically significant in CV4 (p<.05). Clothing microclimate temperature ($T_{clo}$) and total sweat rate (TSR) were significantly lower when wearing cooling vests (p<.05) Heart rate (HR) was also lower in wearing cooling vests than in Control, and the speed of recovery to the comfort level was faster when the subjects wore cooling vests. In addition, subjects felt 'less hot, less humid, and less uncomfortable' in both CVs than in Control. Field tests showed a similar tendency with the chamber tests. In particular, wearing the cooling vest was effective in restraining the raise of $T_{clo}$ on the back. It can be concluded that the cooling vest was effective in alleviating heat strain and discomfort in both the chamber test and the field test, despite the cooling area of the cooling vest being just $3.4\%$ of the body surface area ($616cm^2$).

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.257-263
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• 2018

고주파 열치료법은 1MHz 이상의 RF 고주파 전류를 전극을 통해 종양조직으로 공급, 가열하여 종양조직의 온도를 $42.0^{\circ}C$이상으로 상승시켜 열괴사시키는 치료법으로 알려져 있다. 인체 내에서 전자기에너지의 흡수와 전달을 위한 수학적으로 모델링과 생물학적인 신체조직의 온도 필드 분포의 해석과 평가를 통해 생체조직을 구성하는 분자들이 진동하면서 서로 마찰되어 열에너지로 전환되는 과정을 분석할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 3차원 모델의 기하학적 형상의 성인남자 표준모델을 토대로 인체모형을 설정하고, 계산은 유한체적법 코드를 활용하였다. 인체에 전극을 장착하여 외부에서 유도되는 자기장을 모사한 쥴열이 공급되는 것으로 가정하였고 이에 대한 온도분포를 0-1,200초 동안 해석하였다. 시뮬레이션의 결과, 전달된 에너지는 전극의 가장자리로부터 전극의 안쪽으로, 피부 표면으로부터 피하층으로 점진적으로 침투되어 폐종양세포에 전달되어 종양이 열괴사하는 과정을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.47-67
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• 2000

근골격계 질환은 임상에서 가장 흔하게 접할 수 있는 대상의 하나로 그 진단과 평가가 매우 중요하며 여러 가지 진단기기와 평가방법이 이용되고 있다. Thermography는 기존의 진단기기와 달리 질병의 기능적인 측면을 평가할 수 있다는 점과 통증과 같은 주관적인 표현을 어느정도 객관화할 수 있다는 점에서 임상적 가치가 고려되고 있다. 본 연구는 최근 국내외의 임상 논문을 대상으로 근골격계 영역에서 Thermography의 활용 동향을 고찰하여 진단적 가치를 확인하고자 하였다. Thermography는 척추신경병증, 근막동통증후군, 말초신경병증, 반사성 교감신경 이영양증, 레이노 증후군, 악관절 장애 및 일부 기타 질환에서 적용되었으며, 대부분의 질환에서 보조적인 진단기기로 활용가치가 있었다. 특히, 질병의 경과 관찰과 약물 및 기타 처치에 대한 효과 판정에 유용하였으며, 레이노 증후군 및 반사성 교감신경 이영양증과 같은 질병에서는 일차적인 진단기기로도 활용이 가능하였다. 향후 근골격계 영역에서 Thermography의 보다 폭넓은 적용을 위해서는 질환에 따른 적절한 촬영방법의 개발 및 결과 판독에 대한 객관성 확보가 있어야 할 것이다.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.325-340
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• 2024

There are several novel uses for dispersing many nanoparticles into a conventional fluid, including dynamic sealing, damping, heat dissipation, microfluidics, and more. Therefore, melting heat and mass transfer characteristics of a 3-D MHD Hybrid Nanofluid flow over a rotating disc with presenting dufour and soret effects are assessed numerically in this study. In this instance, we investigated both ferric sulfate and molybdenum disulfide as nanoparticles suspended within base fluid water. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into linked higher-order non-linear ordinary differential equations by the local similarity transformation. The collection of these deduced equations is then resolved using a Chebyshev spectral collocation-based algorithm built into the Mathematica software. To demonstrate how different instances of hybrid/ nanofluid are impacted by changes in temperature, velocity, and the distribution of nanoparticle concentration, examples of graphical and numerical data are given. For many values of the material parameters, the computational findings are shown. Simulations conducted for different physical parameters in the model show that adding hybrid nanoparticle to the fluid mixture increases heat transfer in comparison to simple nanofluids. It has been identified that hybrid nanoparticles, as opposed to single-type nanoparticles, need to be taken into consideration to create an effective thermal system. Furthermore, porosity lowers the velocities of simple and hybrid nanofluids in both cases. Additionally, results show that the drag force from skin friction causes the nanoparticle fluid to travel more slowly than the hybrid nanoparticle fluid. The findings also demonstrate that suction factors like magnetic and porosity parameters, as well as nanoparticles, raise the skin friction coefficient. Furthermore, It indicates that the outcomes from different flow scenarios correlate and are in strong agreement with the findings from the published literature. Bar chart depictions are altered by changes in flow rates. Moreover, the results confirm doctors' views to prescribe hybrid nanoparticle and particle nanoparticle contents for achalasia patients and also those who suffer from esophageal stricture and tumors. The results of this study can also be applied to the energy generated by the melting disc surface, which has a variety of industrial uses. These include, but are not limited to, the preparation of semiconductor materials, the solidification of magma, the melting of permafrost, and the refreezing of frozen land.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2016

원적외선 방사세라믹은 인체의 피부 안쪽으로 깊숙이 적외선을 침투시켜 온열 및 치료환경을 주는 매력적인 재료로써, 열적 치료 장치, 온열 매트, 히터 등과 같은 분야에 많은 응용이 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 소결 온도와 시간을 변화시킴으로써 높은 방사율을 가지는 원적외선 방사세라믹의 소결 조건을 최적화하고자 하였다. 원적외선 방사체의 상 분석은 XRD로, 그 파단면의 미세구조는 SEM을 이용하여 분석하였다. 원적외선 방사율의 측정은 FT-IR으로 행하여, 결과를 종합적으로 해석하여 소결체의 최적 공정 조건을 확립하였다.