• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2012

It has been highly required to develope an automatic metal surface inspection system, specifically using image processing techniques, which can replace the visual inspection method in the steel industry. In this paper, we propose a precisional surface measurement system using the moving average image processing technique. When the surface patterns which are generated in the rolling process of metal plates are recognized as defects, the proposed system can measure the actual number of defects. It has been proved that our system shows better results than the conventional FFT method.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.569-573
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• 2007

The static and dynamic hydrophobicities of the water droplets placed on a hydrophobic surface coated using a fluoroalkylsilanes monolayer with different molecular chain lengths were investigated through direct observation of the actual droplet motion during the sliding process. The surface roughness of both was found to be less than 1 nm. The static contact angles of the coated FAS-3 and FAS-17 were respectively $80^{\circ}$ and $108^{\circ}$ at $150^{\circ}C$, 1 h. The slope of sliding acceleration against the water droplet mass exhibited an inflection point, thus suggesting the switching of the dominant sliding mode from slipping to rolling. While their sliding angles were similar in value, notable differences were exhibited in terms of their sliding behavior. This can be understood as being due to the contribution of the shear stress difference at the interface between the solid surface and water during the sliding process. These results show that the sliding acceleration of the water droplets depends strongly on the balance between gravitational and retentive forces on the hydrophobic surface.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2006

Carbon nanotube cathodes (CNT cathodes) were fabricated by a screen printing method using multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The effects of surface treatment on CNT cathodes were investigated for use in high efficiency field emission displays. The optimum surface treatment for a CNT cathode is dependent on a relative bonding force of CNT films on the cathode after a heat treatment. Because of the high bonding force used in the Liquid method, this method is recommended for CNT cathodes which are heat-treated at $390^{\circ}C$ in a $N_2$ atmosphere. The Rolling method is applicable for CNT cathodes fabricated at $350^{\circ}C$ in an atmosphere of air. The results of this study provide basic criteria for the selection of an appropriate surface treatment for large area CNT cathodes.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.69-76
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• 1995

This paper describes characteristics of EDT(Electro Discharge Texturing) and that the strip surface has influence on the paintability. The pulse mode and the capacitor mode of recently developed EDT method were investigated about the peak shape and the roughness of strip surface. And EDT method compared the above-mentioned contents with the SBT(Shot Blast Texturing) method. The peak count of the pulse mode is more than that of the capacitor mode. But the lower roughness below the Ra 3.2 .mu. m of the strip surface, the texturing time of the pulse mode is longer than the capacitor mode. In SBT method, the peak shape is similar to capacitor mode. But the EDT roll has more uniformity than the SBT roll and has more peak count than that of SBT roll. Therefore, in the painted steel sheet, EDT roll gives better surface of clarity image than the SBT roll.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1105-1110
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• 2011

After pure titanium Ingot(G2) with 400mm in diameter was manufactured, the analysis of its ingredients showed that the oxygen content was 0.073wt% and the iron content was 0.03wt%, which made ASTM Gr.2 standardization satisfactory. The processed titanium ingot produced 42mm wire rod, and hot rolling of 18th phase produced 9mm wire rod. The hardness analysis of 15.8mm wire rod, which was processed in hot rolling of 10th phase from the surface to the center, resulted in almost constant value with Hv150~200. The last 9mm wire rod had a different yield strength and elongation percentage depending on the temperature as it was led in to a hot roller. However, tensile strength revealed an approximate value and made ASTM B863 standardization satisfactory.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2014

This study is to investigate the phase changes and cold workability after isothermal transformation at $780^{\circ}C$ by using the high temperature gas nitrided (HTGN) STS 430 ferritic stainless steel specimens. The phase diagram of STS 430 steel obtained by calculation showed that the phase appeared at $1100^{\circ}C$ showed as ${\alpha}+{\gamma}{\rightarrow}{\gamma}{\rightarrow}{\gamma}+Cr_2N{\rightarrow}{\gamma}+Cr_2N+CrN$ with increasing nitrogen concentration. Also, the transformation of ${\gamma}{\rightarrow}Cr_2N$ during heat treatment isothermally at $780^{\circ}C$, nitrogen pearlite with lamellar type was fully formed at the nitrogen permated surface layer for 10 hrs. However, this transformation was not completed for 1 hr, resulting nitrogen pearlite plus martensite. The cold rolled specimen of isothermally transformed at $780^{\circ}C$ for 10 hrs after high temperature gas nitriding decreased the layer thickness of nitrogen pearlite inducing the deformation of hard $Cr_2N$ phase. the dissolution rate of $Cr_2N$ phase increased rapidly with increasing cold rolling ratio. Specimens with the microstructure of nitrogen pearlite (isothermally transformed at $780^{\circ}C$ for 10 hrs) were possible to cold rolling without crack formation. However, the mixed structures of nitrogen pearlite + martensite (isothermally transformed at $780^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr) were impossible to cold deformation without cracking.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.1-15
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• 2009

In this paper, we have proposed an automated system that accurately measures the thickness and unbalanced wear of brake shoes, and the distance between brake shoes and wheels for travelling rolling stock. The images of brake shoes are captured automatically while rolling stock is passing by an inspection station. And in order to measure the thickness, etc. the locations of brake shoes are first determined because the locations are not the same in the captured image. Toward this goal, shadow regions between the brake shoes and wheels are utilized that are common in all captured images. The boundary of the shadow regions is modeled by an second order polynomial, and constrained curve fitting method is adopted to detect a curve (the initial curve) that passes through the regions. Then, three curves that correspond to the front, back of brake shoes and wheels, and a line that passes through the vertical surface of brake shoes are detected using the initial curve and intensity change information. Finally, the thickness, etc. are calculated using the detected curves and line, and experimental results showed that the brake shoe thickness was measured with an accuracy of 0.654mm.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.376-381
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• 2009

Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) thin films on Polyethylene Terephtalate (PET) substrate were prepared by Roll-to-Roll sputter system with targets of 5 wt% and 10 wt% $SnO_2$ at room temperature. The influence of the chromaticity (b*) and transmittance properties of the ITO Films were investigated. The ITO thin films were deposited as a function of the DC power, rolling speed, and Ar/$O_2$ gas flow ratio, and then characterized by spectrophotometer. Their crystallinity and surface resistance were also analyzed by X-ray diffractometer and 4-point probe. As a result, the chromaticity (b*) and transmittance of the ITO films were broadly dependent on the thickness, which was controlled by the rolling speed. When the ITO films were prepared with the DC power of 300 W and the Ar/$O_2$ gas flow ratio of 30/1 sccm using 10 wt% $SnO_2$ target as a function of the rolling speeds 0.01 through 0.10 m/min, its chromaticity (b*) and transmittance were about -4.01 to 11.28 and 75.76 to 86.60%, respectively. In addition, when the ITO films were deposited with the DC power of 400W and the Ar/$O_2$ gas flow ratio of 30/2 sccm used in 5 wt% $SnO_2$ target, its chromaticity (b*) and transmittance were about -2.98 to 14.22 and 74.29 to 88.52%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.377-386
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• 2010

An investigation was conducted into the effects of $\kappa$-carbides on the cracking phenomenon, which often occurred in cold-rolled light-weight steel plates. Three kinds of steels were fabricated by varying the C content, and their microstructures and tensile properties were investigated. In the two steels that contained a high carbon content, the band structures of ferrites and $\kappa$-carbides that were severely elongated along the rolling direction were well developed, whereas continuous arrays of $\kappa$-carbides were formed in the steel that contained a low carbon content. Detailed microstructural analyses of the deformed region beneath the tensile fracture surface showed that the cracks initiated at arrays of $\kappa$-carbides or $\kappa$-carbides formed interfaces between the band structures, which initiated cleavage fractures in the ferrite bands, while the bands populated with a number of $\kappa$-carbides did not play an important role in propagating the cracks. Thus, the minimization of interfacial $\kappa$-carbides or $\kappa$-carbide arrays by increasing the carbon content was essential for preventing cracking from occurring during cold rolling.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2022

A cold roll-bonding process is applied to fabricate an AA6061/AA5052/AA6061/AA5052 layered sheet. Two AA6061 and one AA5052 sheets of 2mm thickness, 40mm width and 300mm length are alternately stacked, then reduced to a thickness of 2.0 mm by multi-pass cold rolling after surface treatment such as degreasing and wire brushing. The rolling is performed at ambient temperature without lubricant using a 2-high mill with a roll diameter of 400 mm at a rolling speed of 6.0 m/sec. The roll-bonded AA6061/AA5052/AA6061/AA5052 layered sheet is then hardened by natural aging (T4) and artificial aging (T6) treatments. The microstructure of the as-roll bonded and the age-hardened Al sheets was revealed by SEM observation; the mechanical properties were investigated by tensile testing and hardness testing. After T4 and T6 aging treatment, the specimens had a recrystallization structure consisting of coarse equiaxed grains in both AA5052 and AA6061 regions. The as-roll-bonded specimen showed a clad structure in which the hardness of AA5052 regions was higher than that of AA6061 regions. However, after T4 and T6 aging treatment, specimens exhibited different structures, with hardness of AA6061 regions higher than that of AA5052 regions. Strengths of T6 and T4 age-treated specimens were found to increase by 1.55 and 1.36 times, respectively, compared to the value of the starting material.