• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2000

This study was designed to evaluate the microhardness of restorative composite resin and dual-cured composite resin cement which were light cured through the 1.5mm thickness composite overlay. For restorative materials, Z100 and Tetric Ceram were used. For dual cured composite cements, Variolink II((VL II) of three consistency (low, high, ultra high) were used. To determine the optimal microhardness of Z100, Tetric Ceram and Variolink II, each material was packed into the 1mm thickness teflon mold without composite overlay and light cured for 60 seconds. Then the microhardnesses of each sample were measured, averaged and regarded as optimal hardness of each material. To evaluate the microhardness of restorative composite resin and dual-cured composite resin cement which were light cured through the 1.5mm thickness composite overlay, the composites were packed into 1mm thickness teflon mold, coverd with celluloid strip, and then precured composite overlay which was made of Targis(Ivoclar/Vivadent, Liechtenstein) was positioned. 2 types of visible light curing machine, the power density of one of which was 400$mW/cm^2$ and the other was 900$mW/cm^2$, and one type of argon laser were used to cure the restorative composite and dual cured cement. For each group, 10 sample were assigned. The light curing tip was positioned over the composite overlay and light cured for 1min., 2min. or 3min with visible light curing machine or 15sec, 30 sec, 45sec, and 60 sec with argon laser. The Vickers hardnesses of upper and lower surface of Z100, Tetric Ceram, and 3 types of VL II cement were measured. When the 900 $mW/cm^2$ curing light was used, 2min. was needed for optimal curing of Z100 and Tetric Ceram. Variolink II did not be cured optimally even though the curing time was extended to 3min. When 400$mW/cm^2$ curing light was used, 3min. was necessary for Z100, whereas 3min. was not enough for Tetric Ceram. Variolink II was not cured optimally even though the curing time was extended to 3min. When argon laser was used, Z100, Tetric Ceram and Variolink II were not cured optimally in 60 seconds.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.118-123
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• 2018

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of fluoride-containing acidic tea beverages on bovine teeth surfaces. Methods: The pH values and fluoride concentrations of 11 kinds of mineral water and 23 kinds of tea were measured. The fluoride-containing Seopyenje black tea beverages with pH 3.48 were chosen for the experimental group. Distilled water that did not contain fluoride and had the same pH value as that of the Seopyenje black teas served as the positive control. The Jeju Samdasoo mineral waters with neural pH (pH 7.52) and no fluoride were chosen as the negative control. Bovine teeth in each group were submerged for 10 minutes. Thereafter, surface microhardness of each bovine teeth was measured and the results were analyzed. Results: The pH value range was 6.94-8.09 ($mean=7.37{\pm}0.08$) for the 11 kinds of mineral water and 3.48-6.74 ($5.62{\pm}0.05$) for the 23 tea beverages. Titratable acidity of the Seopyenje black tea beverages was higher than that of the distilled water mixed with citric acid, and the pH was 5.5 and 7.0, respectively. The fluoride content of the 11 kinds of mineral water was 0-1.09 ppm ($mean=0.44{\pm}0.02ppm$) that of the 23 tea beverages was and 0-0.74 ppm ($0.64{\pm}0.06ppm$). In terms of enamel microhardness reduction of the bovine teeth, the tea beverages had the largest effects. There was no significant difference in microhardness reduction between the tea beverages and distilled water mixed with citric acid (P>0.05). Conversely, a significant difference was found between the kinds of mineral water and tea beverages, and also between mineral water and distilled water mixed with citric acid (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acidic tea beverages appeared to erode the surfaces of bovine teeth. The amount of fluoride in the tea beverages was not enough to inhibit erosion. Therefore, frequent intakes of acidic tea beverage are likely to increase erosion on the surfaces of bovine teeth, by affecting the enamel microhardness of teeth.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.194-204
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface hardness of composite resins according to heat treatment. storage condition and storage time. In this study. two kinds of composite resin inlays and one kind of conventional posterior composite resin were used as experimental materials. One hundred eighty composite resin specimens were constructed from composite resin inlays and conventional posterior composite resin. The conditions of this study were heat treatment. storage condition and storage time. Hardness readings were taken from the top surface of each samples using the Vickers microhardness tester(MHT-l. Matsuzawa. Japan}. The following results from this study were obtained: 1. Regardless of storage condition. both composite resin inlay and conventional posterior composite resin have a higher surface hardness under heat treatment than not. 2. Composite resins with heat treatment have a higher surface hardness under dry storage than under water immersion. 3. In case of Clearfil Photo Posterior and Brilliant Enamel with heat treatment. there was no significant difference with time. but Clearfil CR Inlay with heat treatment. there was statistical difference after 24 hours. 4. Surface hardness of composite resins with coarse hybrid type was higher than that of composite resin with fine hybrid type.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.70-76
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• 2007

Ni-P-SiC composite coating layers were prepared by electroless plating method and their deposition rate, codeposition of SiC, morphology, surface roughness, hardness, wear and friction properties were investigated. The deposition rate was kept almost constant independent of the concentration of SiC in the plating solution and the codeposition of SiC in the composite coating layer increased with increased concentration of SiC in the plating solution except the early stage. Vickers microhardness increased with respect to the increased codeposition of SiC and the heat treatment at $300^{\circ}C$ in air for 1 hour. It was found that the wear volume decreased with increased up to 50 wt.% of SiC codeposition, and that friction coefficient increased gradually with increased codeposition of SiC. Considering the wear and the friction behaviors, the composite coating layer obtained by using 50 wt.% of SiC codeposition is desirable for the practical application for anti-wear and anti-friction coatings.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.423-430
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• 2003

최근 들어 심미적 목적으로 치아 미백제를 이용한 치아 미백술이 널리 사용되고 있다. 현재까지 치아 미백제의 정확한 기전은 밝혀져 있지 않지만 미백제로부터 여러 가지 방법으로 분해된 free radical의 복잡한 산화작용에 의한 것으로, 치아변색의 원인물질의 화학적 구조가 바뀌어짐으로써 희게 되는 것으로 이해하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 치아 미백제에 의한 상아질의 특성변화를 관찰하고 미백제의 안전성을 평가하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 10% carbamide peroxide를 1일에 6시간 2주동안 사람의 소구치 법랑질에 적용한 후 상아질에서 나타나는 형상변화, 경도변화, 조성변화 및 무기질 함량변화를 주사전자현미경(SEM), 미세경도기, FT-Raman 분광기 그리고 전자탐침미세분석기(EPMA)를 이용하여 분석하고 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 법랑질 표면에 도포한 10% carbamide peroxide가 상아질로 침투하여 미친 영향은 증류수에만 담가둔 시료와 비교하였을 때 형상변화의 측면에서는 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. Peritubular dentin과 intertubular dentin의 표면에서는 nanometer range에서 아무런 변화를 발견할 수 없었다. 미백처리한 치아와 증류수에만 담가둔 치아의 상아질에서 통계적으로 유의한 경도의 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. FT-Raman 분석결과 상아질 구성성분 중 어떤 변화도 분광학적으로 관찰되지 않았다. 유기질에 의한 peak와 무기질에 의한 peak 모두 무시 할 수 있을 정도의 Raman intensity 변화만 관찰되었다. 무기질 함량변화를 측정한 결과 아무런 처리도 하지 않은 치아의 상아질, 증류수에만 담가둔 치아의 상아질 그리고 미백후 증류수에 담가둔 치아의 상아질에서 무기질 총량이 각각 $98.73{\pm}1.89,\;98.56{\pm}2.11,\;97.47{\pm}2.51$로 나타났다. 이들 값은 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과들로 볼 때 10% carbamide peroxide 미백이 상아질에 미치는 영향은 극히 미약하다고 판단되어 상아질에는 안전한 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.624-632
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• 2006

기존에 사용하고 있는 할로겐 광중합기는 여러 가지 장점에도 불구하고 중합시간이 오래 걸린다는 문제 때문에 시술시간이 길어지는 단점이 있는데, 최근에 개발된 플라즈마 광중합기는 매우 짧은 시간에 중합시킬 수 있다고 제조회사는 주장하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 임상에서 흔히 상용하고 있는 복합 레진을 광중합 할 때, 할로겐 광중합으로 얻을 수 있는 플라즈마 광중합기의 적절한 중합시간을 알아보고자 한다. 2mm 두께의 레진 샘플을 만들어 광중합 하고 24 시간 후 상, 하면의 미세경도를 측정하였다. point $4^{(R)}$에서는 플라즈마 광중합기로 6초간 중합했을 때 할로겐과 유사한 경도를 얻었지만, $Z250^{(R)}$에서는 $Flipo^{(R)}$만 9초간 중합시 할로겐과 유사한 광중합을 나타냈다. 이번 연구에서 사용한 플라즈마 광중합기는 적어도 6초 혹은 9초정도 광중합 했을 때 할로겐과 유사한 중합을 얻을 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.525-530
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• 2009

이 연구는 35% 과산화요소를 이용한 전문가 치아미백술에 플라즈마 아크를 함께 적용하여 플라즈마 아크가 법랑질의 색조변화에 미치는 효과와 비커스경도와 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 법랑질 표면에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 in vitro 평가를 시행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 미백 횟수의 증가에 따라 색조변화량(${\Delta}E^*$)이 통계적으로 유의한 증가를 나타내었으며, 미백 제만 단독으로 적용한 대조군 보다 플라즈마 아프를 함께 적용하여 미백처리를 한 실험군의 색조변화량(${\Delta}E^*$)이 더 높게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 2. 미백처리 전 후 법랑질의 미세경도 측정 값을 분석한 결과 미백 처치를 함으로써 미세경도 값이 통계적으로 유의하게 감소되었고, 미백제에 플라즈마 아크를 함께 적용한 실험군에서 더 큰 미세경도의 감소가 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 3. 주사전자현미경 관찰에서 미백 처치를 한 시료에서 법랑질 표면이 상당히 거칠어진 양상을 나타내는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 전문가 치아미백술에서 플라즈마 아크를 함께 적용함으로써 색조변화를 더욱 상승시킬 수 있으나, 법랑질 표면의 미세경도와 형태변화를 증가시킬 수 있으므로 미백 효과는 증가시키면서 법랑질의 형태와 구조는 변화시키지 않는 안전한 미백 방법에 관한 연구가 이루어 져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.492-501
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• 1990

It was known that the fracture incidences of offshore structure were mostly originated from the surface defects. Especially, in the case of the welded structures, since the welded region has some defects and incomplete beads which are apt to behave like the surface cracks, it has been necessary to evaluate the environmental effects on crack growth at HAZ for the design crack growth behaviour at multi-pall HAZ for SWS41 steel under free corrosion and cathodic protection(-0.9V vs Ag/Agcl) conditions. The results are summarized as follows ; (1) Crack growth rate of the as weld in air was faster than that of the parent and PWHT specimens over all .DELTA.K rang. (2) In free corrosion test, surface crack growth rate of the as welded was decreased in comparison with that of the parents. (3) In fatigue test under cathodic protection, cathodic electric potential(-0.9V vs Ag/Agcl) for the SWS41 steel parent was effective, while for the as welded ineffective. (4) There was a tendency that the exponent(m) of the Paris' equation was decreased in order of microhardness magnititude in air and under cathodic protection conditions and vise versa in free corrosion. (5) Fracture surface has dimples and ductile striations in air test, but transgranular cracks and brittle striations under cathodic protection test.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2000년도 추계학술발표회 초록집
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• pp.12-12
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• 2000

This paper investigated the effect of the film deposition rate for $CrN_x$ microstructure and mechanical properties. For these purpose, pure Cr an stoichiometric CrN films were deposited with various target power density on Si hardened M2 tool steel. The variation of ni trogen concentration in $CrN_x$ f analyzed by AES and deposition rate was calculated by measuring of thickness using ${\alpha}-step$ profilometer. The microstructure was analyzed by X-Ray Diffract and Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), and mechanical properties were evalua residual stress, microhardness and adhesion tests. Deposition rate of Cr and CrN increased as an almost linear function of target power density from $0.25\mu\textrm{m}/min$ and $0.15\mu\textrm{m}/min$ to $0.43\mu\textrm{m}/min$. Residual stresses of Cr and CrN films were from tensi Ie to compressive stress with an increase of deposi tion rate a compressive stresses were increased as more augmentation of deposition r maximum hardness value of $2300kg/\textrm{mm}^2$ and the best adhesion strength correspond HF 1 were obtained for CrN film synthesized at the highest target densitY($13.2W/\textrm{mm}^2$) owing to high residual compressive stress and increasing mobility.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2003

본 연구는 기존의 할로겐광(XL 3000, 3M, U.S.A.)과 비교하여 새로운 중합광원인 플라즈마광(Flipo, LOKKI, France)과 Light Emitting Diode(이하 LED, Elipar Free light, 3M, U.S.A.)광의 효율성을 평가할 목적으로 시도되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 첫째, 일정 광도 하에서 플라즈마광과 LED광의 중합시간에 따른 중합도의 변화를 검토하여 할로겐광의 미세경도와 유사한 광조사 시간을 알아보고, 둘째, 중합반경에 따라 균일한 중합이 이루어지는지를 보기 위해 광조사 부위의 중심부와 외측 변연부에서의 중합도의 차이를 비교하였다. 2mm 두께의 복합레진 시편의 상면과 하면의 미세경도의 측정을 통해 중합도를 평가, 비교해 본 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. Z-100의 미세경도 측정치 비교에서, 대조군인 할로겐광을 40초 적용한 경우는, 플라즈마광 6-9초, LED광 40-60초를 적용한 경우와 유사하였다(P>0.05). 2. Tetric Flow의 미세경도에서는 대조군인 할로겐광을 40초 적용한 경우, 플라즈마광 9초, LED광 40-60초를 적용한 경우와 유사하였다(P>0.05). 3. Dyract AP의 경우, 할로겐광 40초를 조사한 것은, 플라즈마광 6-9초, LED광 20-40초를 적용한 경우와 유사하게 나타났다(P>0.05). 4. Fuji II LC에서는 할로겐광을 40초 적용한 경우가, 플라즈마광 9초, LED광 20-60초를 적용한 경우와 유사하게 나타났다(P>0.05). 5. Fuji II LC를 제외한 모든 시료에서 할로겐, 플라즈마, LED광 모두 시편의 중앙에서 외측으로 갈수록 미세경도는 유의하게 감소되었다(p<0.05).