• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.161-166
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• 2006

Purpose: Recently, the incidence of early gastric cancer (EGC) patients is rapidly increased in Korea. However, they're often not perceptible by surgical palpation or inspection. The aim of this study is 1) to develope a software that can locate the tumor and measure the mucosal distance from an anatomic landmark to the tumor using CT gastrography and 2) to compare the distance measured by the developed software with the distance measured by the pathologic findings. Materials and Methods: Between January 2004 and September 2005, sixty patients (male=45, female=15, mean 57.8 years old) estimated for EGC with preoperative CT scans and undergone gastrectomies in Kyungpook National University Hospital were enrolled in this study. Preoperative CT scans were performed after insufflations of room air via 5 Fr NG tube. The scans included the following parameters: (slice thickness/reconstruction interval: 0.625 mm, kVp: 120, mAs: 200). 3D volume rendering and measurement of the surface distance from the pylorus to the EGC were performed using the developed software. Results: The average difference between the lesion to pylorus distances measured from pathologic specimens and CT gastrography was $5.3{\pm}2.9\;mm(range,\;0{\sim}23\;mm)$. The lesion to pylorus distance measured from CT gastrography was well correlated with that measured from the pathologic specimens (r=0.9843, P<0.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that the surface distance from an anatomic landmark to the EGC can be measured accurately by CT gastrography. This technique could be used for preoperative localization of early gastric carcinomas to determine the optimal extent of surgical resection.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.11
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• pp.182-189
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• 2006

Consumers can choose suitable shoes for their feet in off-line shopping. However, in on-line shopping, because they can not wear shoes, compare to the off-line shopping, there are many problems in internet shopping. And the solution of user-oriented internet shopping is development of new type of prototype which is accessible to user and to offer visual information through 3D-virtual reality. We made this Prototype that the consumer can measure their own shoes size. And the consumer can print out their foot size in the internet database and measure their own foot size and type. And we maximized the visual experience though it is indirect and then we wanted to overcome a emotional experience in the real world. we visualized first, 'the softness' of shoes meterial, second 'the drainage' in the realtion of shoes meterial and water, third 'the close adhesion' in the realtion of shoes and consumer's their own foot and last 'the elasticity' in the relation of the shoes outer sole and surface. The result of this research can solve the problem in the existing on-line shoes' shop and it will become an alternative plan. And this prototype just will not become the localization at the on-line shoes' shop. In true sense, it will be an important example in the whole internet industry.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.985-994
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• 2000

Objective : There are some advantages of trigeminal evoked potential(TEP) recording compared to other somatosensory evoked potential(SSEP) recordings. The trigeminal sensory pathway has a pure sensory nerve branch, a broader receptive field in cerebral cortex, and a shorter pathway. Despite these advantages, there is little agreement as to what constitutes a normal response and what wave forms truly characterize the intraoperative TEP. This study presents the normative data of TEP recorded on the epidural surface of the rat with a platinum ball electrode. Materials & Methods : Under general anesthesia with urethane, the adult Sprague-Dawley male rats(300-350g) were given electrical stimulation with two stainless steel electrodes which were inserted into the subcutaneous layer of the area around whiskers. A reference electrode was positioned in the temporalis muscle ipsilateral to the recording site. Results : TEPs were recorded in the Par I area of somatosensory cortex and recorded most apparently on the point of 2mm posterior from the bregma and 6mm lateral from the midline. The typical wave form consisted of 5 peaks (N1-P1-N2-P2-N3 according to emerging order, upward negativity). Each latency to corresponding peaks was not influenced by the different intensities of stimulation, especially from 1 to 5mA. Average latencies of 5 peaks were in the following order ; 7.7, 11.1, 15, 22.3, 29.4ms. There was also no significant difference between latencies before and after administration of muscle relaxant(pancuronium). For the electrophysiological localization of recorded waves, the action potential of a single unit was recorded with glass microelectrode(filled with 2M NaCl, $3-5M{\Omega}$) in the thalamus of rat. A sharp wave was recorded in the VPM nucleus, in which the latency was shorter than that of N1. This suggests that all 5 peaks were generated by neural activities in the suprathalamic pathway. Conclusion : In terms of recording near-field potentials, our data also suggests that TEP in the rat may be superior to other SSEPs. In overall, these results may afford normative data for the studies of supratentorial lesions such as hydrocephalus or cerebral ischemia which can have an influence on near-field potentials.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1973

A combined cytochemical and electron microscopic study was carried out for the demonstration of acid phosphatase activities in trophozoites of E. histolytica. and E. gingivalis. E. histolytica(YS-27) strain was isolated from liver abscess of 72-year-old man in September 1969, and E. gingivalis (YS-215) strain was collected from gingival crevice of 41-year-old man in January 1972. The amoeba strains were maintained by subculture on diphasic medium, and used throughout the study. The results are summarized as follows; 1. In E. histolytica, the reaction products were distributed evenly over the entire surface of plasma membrane, whereas E. gingivalis showed no activity of acid phosphatase on the plasma membrane, except in the portion of the uroid-like structure. 2. In the cytoplasm, various reaction precipitates were observed in vacuoles of both amoebae; vacuole limiting membrane, vacuole membrane and its contents and lysosome-like structure. Strong enzyme active contents but membrane reaction negative vacuoles were conspicuous in E. gingivalis. Endoplasmic reticulum showed a moderate activity. 3. Granule-like acid phosphatase reaction product was demonstrated in the nucleoplasm of E. gingivalis, but it was negative in E. histolytica.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.1201-1206
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• 2009

According to a lot of investigations, distance perception is influenced by many important cues such as sound pressure level, reflections from the room surface, binaural difference (ITD and ILD), a kind of sound source, and head related transfer functions (HRTF). Two psychoacoustical experiments on auditory distance perception were conducted to examine the effectiveness of the sound pressure level loudness as one of the physical cues in the auditory distance perception under a constant loudspeaker's output level and a constant sound level at the subject's position in the absence of reflections in an anechoic room. Our experimental results showed that the perceived distance of sound image is closer than actual sound source distance with the constant loudspeaker's output level and the constant sound level. Futhermore, the perceived distance of a sound image with constant sound level increased when the actual distance increases up to approximately 2 m while the perceived distance saturated when the sound source distance exceed 2 m. On the other hand, when the condition of loudspeaker's output level was kept constantly, the perceived distance of sound image increased up to around 3m, longer than the conditions of constant sound level at the subject's position. We found that the change in the loudness as a function of distance plays an important role in the auditory distance perception in the absence of reflections..

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.69
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• pp.63-89
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• 2007

The Archaeological sites of so called Round Clay Rim Pottery (Jeomtodaetogi : 점토대토기) culture in Kangwon region have been rarely excavated in proper form. Since most cases belong to those of ground surface gatherings, it is difficult to certify the nature and the association with other artifacts. Therefore, researches on that culture have been limited to simply set the chronological order in the Bronze Age in realtion with the Plain Pottery culture. However, a comparative study trying to explain the Round Clay Rim Pottery culture in both Yeongseo(영서) and Yeongdong(영동) has become possible thanks to recent excavation results from the sites of Chilgeon-dong(칠전동) in Chunchon City(춘천시) and Songrim-ri(송림리) in Kangneung City(강릉시), for example. Certain difference can be observed in form and amount of artifacts in between Yeongseo and Yeongdong. Such difference can be seen as individual localization in different places diffused from a common source, rather than showing different stages of unilineal developmental process of one culture. The Round Clay Rim Pottery culture seems to have been coexisted with the Rim-Perforated Pottery(공렬토기) and Dolmen(지석묘) culture. According to the radiocarbondatings, the upper time limit of the Round Clay Rim Pottery culture goes back considerably beyond the alleged upper limit of either the late fourth century or the second century B.C.. However, both cultures absorbed into the Iron Culture during the same period.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.71-77
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• 2010

Purpose: To determine whether upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription and translation is related to radicular pain in a model of lumbar disc herniation. Also, to investigate the temporal changes of mRNA expression of iNOS and the identity of iNOS and transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) 1 channel expression cells in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of a model of lumbar disc herniation. Methods: A lumbar disc herniated rat model was developed by implantation of the autologous nucleus pulposus, harvested from the coccygeal vertebra of each tail, on the left L5 nerve root just proximal to the DRG. Rats were tested for mechanical allodynia of the plantar surface of both hind paws 2 days before surgery and 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 days postoperatively. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to follow iNOS mRNA expression. To stain iNOS and TRPV1 in DRG, an immunohistochemical study was done 10 days after surgery. Results: A significant drop in mechanical withdrawal threshold on the ipsilateral and contralateral hind paws was observed 1 day after surgery and was prolonged to 30 days in rats with lumbar disc herniation. The expression of mRNA for iNOS peaked at postoperative day 10 on both sides of the DRG. iNOS-positive sensory neurons in the DRG varied in size from large to small diameter cells. A majority of small and intermediate sensory neurons were TRPV1-positive cells. Double immunofluorescence staining for TRPV1 and iNOS revealed that most intermediate TRPV1-positive sensory neurons co-localized with iNOS-positive neurons. Conclusion: Nucleus pulposus-induced mechanical allodynia can be generated without mechanical compression. This pain is related to temporal changes in expression of iNOS mRNA in the DRG. Co-localization of TRPV1 and iNOS in intermediate neurons of the DRG is correlated with pain modality and intensity.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.431-439
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• 2009

Rice Oryza sativa accelerated cell death and resistance 1 (OsACDR1) encodes a putative Raf-like mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK). We had previously reported upregulation of the OsACDR1 transcript by a range of environmental stimuli involved in eliciting defense-related pathways. Here we apply biochemical, gain and loss-of-function approaches to characterize OsACDR1 function in rice. The OsACDR1 protein showed autophosphorylation and possessed kinase activity. Rice plants overexpressing OsACDR1 exhibited spontaneous hypersensitive response (HR)-like lesions on leaves, upregulation of defense-related marker genes and accumulation of phenolic compounds and secondary metabolites (phytoalexins). These transgenic plants also acquired enhanced resistance to a fungal pathogen (Magnaporthe grisea) and showed inhibition of appressorial penetration on the leaf surface. In contrast, loss-of-function and RNA silenced OsACDR1 rice mutant plants showed downregulation of defense-related marker genes expressions and susceptibility to M. grisea. Furthermore, transient expression of an OsACDR1:GFP fusion protein in rice protoplast and onion epidermal cells revealed its localization to the nucleus. These results indicate that OsACDR1 plays an important role in the positive regulation of disease resistance in rice.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.34
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• pp.222-267
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• 2001

The purpose of this document is to explain the revisions of the Protection of Cultural Properties Act and its sub-laws which have been mad from Jan. 1999 to Sep. 2001. The Protection of Cultural Properties Act and its sub-laws have been revised three times from 1999 to 2001, before and after the Office of Cultural Properties was raised to Cultural Properties Administration on May 24, 1999. The main points of the revisions are as follows. First of all, the role of the local autonomous entities has been increased. The governor of the local autonomous entities is entitled to announce administrative orders related to the preservation of State-designated Cultural Properties. Also, the local autonomous entities has the authorities to examine whether the construction work which will be made in the outer boundaries, which is provided by regulations, of the protected area of the cultural properties might have any effect on preservation of cultural properties or not. Second, preventive actions to protect the cultural properties have been strengthened. If the scale of construction work is more than some scale, the preliminary survey of the surface of the earth to confirm the existence of buried cultural properties and their distribution is obligated. One who is promoting the development plan more than some scale must discuss the plan with the Administrator of Cultural Properties Administration in the process of planning. These actions would be effective to prevent the cultural properties from being damaged because of the development. Third, relaxation of the restrictions has been proceeded. On the basis of regulations which specify the actions to affect the preservation of cultural properties, negative system that does not limit the actions which are not specified in the regulations is introduced. The appropriateness of both protected structure and area should be regularly reviewed and adjusted. Also, most of the restrictions which was made only for administrative convenience and over-regulated the people's living have been revised. Finally, the number of cultural properties to be protected has been increased. Besides the State-designated Cultural Properties, the other cultural properties which are worthy to be protected as City-or-Province-designated Cultural Properties can be designated provisionally and protected. The system of registration and maintenance of the buildings and facilities which are not designated as the Modern Cultural Heritages is established. The penalty for damaging and stealing the cultural Properties which are not designated to be protected was strengthened. Even a dead natural monument can be acknowledged as an natural monument and it is limited to make a specimen or stuffing of the dead natural monument. All of these actions are fit to the high level of understanding of the public about the cultural properties and as the result of these actions, the number of cultural properties to be preserved has been increased. To sum up, the directions of revisions of the Protection of Cultural Properties Act and its sub­laws which have been made from Jan. 1999 to Sep. 2001. are the localization of the protection of the cultural properties, the strengthening of protective actions, the relaxation of various regulations and the increasing of the number fo the protected cultural properties. Also, various problems raised in the processes of implementations of the laws have been reviewed and revised.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.630-637
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• 2019

The scientific, economical and industrial values of the Moon have been increased, as massive ice-water and rare resource were founded from the lunar exploration missions. Korea and other major space agencies in the world are competitively developing the ISRU (In Situ Resource Utilization) technology to secure future lunar resource as well as to construct the lunar base. To prepare for the lunar construction, it is essential to develop the rover based construction spatial information technology to provide a decision-making aided information during the lunar construction process. Thus, this research presented the construction spatial information technology based upon rover's camera system. Specifically, the conceptual design of rover based camera system was designed for acquisition of a rover's navigation image, and lunar terrain and construction images around the rover. The reference architecture of the rover operation system was designed for computation of the lunar construction spatial information. Also, rover's localization and terrain reconstruction methods were introduced considering the characteristics of lunar surface environments. It is necessary to test and validate the conceptual design of the construction spatial information technology. Thus, in the future study, the developed rover and rover operation system will be applied to the lunar terrestrial analogue site for further improvements.