The purpose of this study was to improve growth and survival rate of marine microalgae and macroalga zoospores using with eco-friendly capsulation materials. The capsulation materials were chosen an alginic acid which extracted from marine brown algae combining with starch and calcium chloride. The capsulated microalgae, Nannochloropsis salina and macroalga zoospores, Ulva australis were evaluated with growth and survival rate. When the mixed ratio of alginic acid was less than 50%, capsule formation was not performed. When the ratio of 50% alginic acid and 50% starch, the microalgae was shown the highest growth and survival rate increasing up to $8.74{\times}10^5cells\;mL^{-1}$ while 100% of alginic acid was the lowest rate up to $4.92{\times}10^5cells\;mL^{-1}$. The increasing starch ratio improved to their growth and survival rate, however decreasing alginic acid make physical capsule formation weaken. By applying on a surface of artificial reef, capsulated algal zoospores were germinated 99 individuals $cm^{-2}$. This attempt will be provided to basic core technology for marine afforestation in coastal area.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio vulnificus are Gram-negative human pathogens, which exert their virulence through quorum sensing (QS) regulation. The infection of these pathogens have been known to be mediated by biofilm formation in many cases and this study carried out the time-course analysis of biofilm formation depending on the QS regulation in P. aeruginosa and V. vulnificus. In P. aeruginosa, our results demonstrated that QS-deficient mutant better attached to surface at initial stage of biofilm formation, but poorly proceeded to the maturation of the biofilm structure, while wild type less attached at initial stage but developed highly structured biofilm at late stage. Because of this, the quantitative comparison of biofilm formation between wild type and the QS mutant showed the reversion; the QS mutant formed more biofilm until 10 h after inoculation than wild type, but wild type formed much more biofilm after 10 h than QS mutant. V. vulnificus has been reported to form more biofilm with the mutation on QS system. When we performed the same time-course analysis of the V. vulnificus biofilm formation, the reversion was not detected even with prolonged culture for 108 h and the QS mutant always forms more biofilm than wild type. These results indicate that the QS regulation negatively affects the attachment at early stage but positively facilitates the biofilm maturation at late stage in P. aeruginosa, while the QS regulation has a negative effect on the biofilm formation throughout the biofilm development in V. vulnificus. Based on our results, we suggest that the developmental stage of biofilm and bacterial species should be considered when the QS system is targeted for biofilm control.
Lee, Jeongwoo;Kim, Nam Won;Chung, Il Moon;Lee, Min Ho
Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
/
v.48
no.7
/
pp.545-552
/
2015
The objective of this study is to spatially assess the streamflow depletion due to groundwater pumping near the main stream of Juksanchoen watershed. The surface water and groundwater integrated model, SWAT-MODFLOW, in this study, was used to simulate streamflow responses to each groundwater pumping from wells located within 500m from the stream. The simulated results showed that the streamflow depletion rate divided by the pumping rate for each well location ranges from 20% to 96%. In particular, the streamflow depletion exceeds 60% of pumping rate if the distance between stream and well is lower than 100 m, hydraulic diffusivity is higher than $500m^2/d$, and streambed hydraulic conductance is above 25m/d. The simulated results were also presented in the form of spatial distribution maps that indicate the fraction of the well pumping rate in order to show the effect of a single well more comprehensively and easily. From the developed areal distribution of stream depletion, higher and more rapid responses to pumping occur near middle-downstream reach, and the spatially averaged percent depletion is about 66.7% for five years of pumping. The streamflow depletion map can provide objective information for the near-stream groundwater permission and management.
Park, Junseong;Lee, Daejang;Rho, Hokyun;Kim, Sunggeun;Heo, Jaeyeong;Ryu, Sangwan;Kang, Sung-Ju;Ha, Jun-Seok
Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
/
v.25
no.2
/
pp.35-39
/
2018
In order to improve the coupling efficiency, a collimator lens that collects the light emitted from the laser diode at a wide angle to the core of the optical fiber is essential. Glass mold method using a mold is widely used as a collimator lens currently used. Although this method is inexpensive to produce, it is difficult to form precisely and quality problems such as spherical aberration. In this study, the precision of surface processing was improved by replacing the existing glass mold method with the semiconductor process, and the material of the lens was changed to silicon suitable for the semiconductor process. The semiconductor process consists of a photolithography process using PR and a dry etching process using plasma. The optical coupling efficiency was measured using an ultra-precision alignment system for the evaluation of the optical characteristics of the silicon lens. As a result, the optical coupling efficiency was 50% when the lens diameter was $220{\mu}m$, and the optical coupling property was 5% or less with respect to the maximum optical coupling efficiency in the lens diameter range of $210-240{\mu}m$.
Habitat types, community structure and population characteristics of Koelreuteria paniculata were investigated in Mt. Wolak, Chungbuk and Naesokdong, Daegu, which are natural habitats of the species in inland region of Korea, and its origin was discussed. Habitats of Koelreuteria paniculata were classified to 3 types: sand bar formed by the sands flooded in the course of flow of the mountain stream (Type 1). crevice on the rock bed within the mountain stream (Type 2) and crevice of the rock around the edge of mountain stream (Type 3). Most Koelreuteria paniculata communities in Mt. Wolak site were composed of 3 layers of subtree layer, shrub layer and herb layer and that of Daegu site was 4 layers including tree layer. In the floristic composition of the Koelreuteria paniculata community, plants occurring frequently in the wet and open site, such as Zelkova serrata and Fraxinus rhynchoph-vlla showed high frequency. Frequency distribution of diameter at ground surface of Koelreutrria paniculata showed reversed J-shaped type. It was supposed that expansion of Koelreuteria paniculata community in Mt. Wolak site might be accomplished by the flow of the stream. Many saplings capable of becoming a successor of mature trees in Daegu site in near degenerating phase were established on the forest floor of the Koelreuteria paniculata community. From this result, it was supposed that these saplings originated from the seeds dispersed from a seed tree might form the Koelreuteria paniculata community of the next generation. On the other hand, the origin of Koelreutevia paniculata in inland sites was explained by two hypotheses: the one was that Koelreuteria paniculata might be transplanted by human and the other was that the present site might be native habitat of the community.
This study describes the basic concept and the applicability of Hybrid Reinforcement System using conventional steel reinforcing bars and Fiber Reinforced Polymer bars. The concrete bridge decks are assumed to be supported by beams and reinforced with two layers of reinforcing bars. In concrete bridge deck using HRS, the top tensile force for negative moment zone on beam supports is assumed to be resisted by FRP reinforcing bars, and the bottom tensile force for positive moment zone in the middle of hem supports is assumed to be resisted by conventional steel reinforcing bars, respectively. The FRP reinforcing bars are non-corrosive. Thus, the steel reinforcement is as far away as possible from the top surface of the deck and protected from intrusion of corrosive agent. HRS concrete bridge deck has sufficient ductility at ultimate state as the following reasons; 1) FRP bars have lower elastic modulus and higher ultimate strain than steel re-bars have, 2) FRP bars have lower ultimate strain if provided higher reinforcement ratio, 3) ultimate strain of FRP bars can be reduced if FRP bars are unbonded. Test results showed that FRP and HRS concrete slabs are not failed by FRP bar rupture, but failed by concrete compression in the range of ordinary reinforcement ratio. Therefore, in continuous concrete bridge deck using HRS, steel reinforcing bars for positive moment yield and form plastic hinge first and compressive concrete fail in the bottom of supports or in the top of the middle of supports last. Thus, bridge deck consumes significant inelastic strain energy before its failure.
Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
/
v.51
no.5
/
pp.79-86
/
2009
This research performed to analyze surplus solar energy, which is generated from a greenhouse during daytime, and to make the basic materials for designing thermal energy storage system for surplus solar energy. For this goal, it analyzed the surplus solar energy coming from two types of greenhouse. The results of this research are as per the below: In the case of 1-2W-type greenhouse, this research gave the same temperature and ventilation condition regardless of regions, but it was judged that the quantity of surplus solar energy could be greatly changed, depending on the energy consumed for the photosynthesis and evapotranspiration of crops in the greenhouse, on the heating temperature during daytime and night, on the existence/non-existence of a curtain and its warming effect, and on the ventilation temperature suitable for the overcoming of high temperature troubles or for the optimum cultivation temperature. In the case of a single-span greenhouse, there was a big difference in energy incoming and outgoing by month, but throughout seasons, 85.0 % of the total energy put into the greenhouse was solar energy and the energy input by heating was just 15.0 % of the total. 26.4 % of the total energy input for the greenhouse was used for photosynthesis and evapotranspiration of crops, and 44.2 % of the remaining 73.6 % went out in the form of radiant heat through the surface of the greenhouse. That is, 25.2 % of the total energy loss was just the surplus solar energy. 67.6 % of the total heating energy was concentrically used for 3 months from December to February next year, but the surplus solar energy during the same period was just 19.4 % of the total annual quantity so it was found that the given condition was more restrictive in directly converting the surplus heat into greenhouse heating. Under the disadvantageous circumstance of 3 months from December to February next year, it was possible to supplement 28 % (December) $\sim$ 85 % (February) of heating energy with surplus solar energy.
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide and one of the most commonly and widely used insecticide. However, a little known about the dermal risk of chlorpyrifos on human being. Therefore, this study was conducted for the dermal risk assessment after exposure to chlorpyrifos in Korean farmers. First, skin irritation by chlorpyrifos (10 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 50 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 100 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 250 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in acetone) was determined in rabbits for 5 days considering the usage of chlorpyrifos short term highly exposure. The index of skin irritation by chlorpyrifos was increased in each dose and length of exposure dependent manners. Next, using benchmark dose (BMD$_{5}$) approach, the dose-response relationship was assessed to calculate the reference dose (RfD). The value of RfD was 2.84 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day from 142.16 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day BMD5 value divided uncertainty factor 50. Finally, we assessed human dermal risk of chlorpyrifos with exposure level and RfD. Skin absorbed levels were assumed with several exposure scenarios encounting the circumstances of exposure that application method, protection equipment and cloth, exposure time and exposure frequency during chlorpyrifos spraying. By the comparison of skin absorbed dose with the reference dose, it was identified that risk values (risk index) to skin chlorpyrifos exposure were 0.958 from the point of above results and it was recommended that the occurrence of hazard effect (skin irritation toxicity) of chlorpyrifos would not be expected. Risk index was smaller than 1 in the case of spraying vehicle mounted application, 1hour exposure time and wearing protective cloth exposure. Whereas, risk index was above 1 in the case of hand-held application, 2hour exposure time and wearing common cloth. Comparing two kinds of application method, total risk index of the hand held application (1.67) was higher than vehicle mounted (0.27). Therefore, chlorpyrifos skin exposure was mainly affected by application equipment and applied form. The results of risk assessment on the human dermal toxicity of chlorpyrifos should be required to control in keeping safety rules, skin surface area available for contact, spraying time ,and spraying frequency.y.
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
/
v.39
no.5
/
pp.737-744
/
2010
In order to provide fundamental data on development of rice noodles, the quality characteristics of 10 kinds of commercial rice noodles were evaluated. Rice noodles were categorized into 3 groups for examination: 100% rice noodles with different shapes; round shape noodles with different rice contents; and noodles with different rice contents but smilar cooking method. Cooking properties, texture measurement, and sensory characteristics were evaluated. Frozen rice noodles and instant type of noodles made from composite flour of rice and wheat flour exhibited higher scores in overall acceptance. As for the form of noodle, round-shaped noodles seemed to be preferred in comparison to flat-shaped noodles. Generally, noodles with high texture scores of cohesiveness, adhesiveness, chewiness, resilience but not high score of hardness having smooth surface were preferred affecting overall acceptance scores. It appears that cooking methods and cooking time recommended by manufactures, noodle thickness and shape, packaging types such as frozen, refrigerated, and dried noodles were more influential than rice contents in aspects to the quality characteristics of the commercial rice noodle products in this study.
Kim, Dae-Hyun;Kim, Sung-Min;Cho, In-Young;Kim, Woo-Il;Kwon, Dong-Won;Son, Jong-Ho;Ryu, Jae-Jin;Kim, Kyeong-Hyeon;Lee, Seung-Hee
Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
/
2009.06a
/
pp.269-270
/
2009
The biased vertical alignment (BVA) liquid crystal (LC) mode shows a has a distinct advantage of lower manufacture cost due to the elimination of a lithographic process step to form either ITO-patterning or protrusions on the color-filter substrates. However, those devices have complex voltage conditions which is the respective induce voltage on common electrode, pixel electrode and bias electrode when positive and negative frame. In order to overcome the complex voltage condition, the pretilt angles is controlled by photo polymerization of the UV-curable reactive mesogen (RM). According to our studies, voltages to the cell are critical to achieve an optimized surface-modified quality BVA (Q-BVA) mode which provides the well defined reorientation of the LCs with respect to an electric field.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.