• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.81-88
• /
• 2015

Background: In Changbai Mountains, Panax ginseng (ginseng) was cultivated in a mixture of the humus and albic horizons of albic luvisol in a raised garden with plastic shade. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of ginseng planting on soil characteristics. Methods: The mixed-bed soils were seasonally collected at intervals of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-15 cm for different-aged ginsengs. Soil physico-chemical characteristics were studied using general methods. Aluminum was extracted from the soil solids with $NH_4Cl $(exchangeable Al) and Na-pyrophosphate (organic Al) and was measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: A remarkable decrease in the pH, concentrations of exchangeable calcium, $NH_4^+$, total organic carbon (TOC), and organic Al, as well as a pronounced increase in the bulk density were observed in the different-aged ginseng soils from one spring to the next. The decrease in pH in the ginseng soils was positively correlated with the $NH_4^+$ (r=0.463, p<0.01), exchangeable calcium (r=0.325, p<0.01) and TOC (r= 0.292, p < 0.05) concentrations. The $NO_3^-$ showed remarkable surface accumulation (0-5 cm) in the summer and even more in the autumn but declined considerably the next spring. The exchangeable Al fluctuated from $0.10mg\;g^{-1}$ to $0.50mg\;g^{-1}$ for dry soils, which was positively correlated with the $NO_3^-$ (r=0.401, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with the TOC (r=-0.329, p < 0.05). The Al saturation varied from 10% to 41% and was higher in the summer and autumn, especially in the 0-5 cmand 5-10 cm layers. Conclusion: Taken together, our study revealed a seasonal shift in soil characteristics in ginseng beds with plastic shade.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.223-235
• /
• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate benthic sedimentary environments and benthic polychaetous communities on the coast of Ulsan, located on the southern East Sea of Korea. This survey was conducted at 15 stations, four times seasonally in January, April, July and October 2016. From the coast to the outer sea, surface sediments turned into fine grained sediments. There were complex coarse-grained sedimentary facies in various forms in the coastal zones while those with mud facies were found in the offshore zone. Organic matter content (LOI) and sulfide amount (AVS) recorded extremely high values, and increased from the coast to the outer sea, showing a similar trend to mud content with depth. The benthic polychaetous community revealed a mean density of $525ind./m^2$, and the total species number of species was 84. The major dominant polychaetous species were Magelona japonica, Lumbrineris longifolia and Heteromastus filiformis throughout the four seasons. Magelona japonica was concentrated predominantly in shallow coastal areas, but was present in all the regions of the survey area. Lumbrineris longifolia showed higher density in offshore regions more than 30 m deep, whereas H. filiformis showed higher density in coastal areas less than 30 m in depth. As a result of cluster analysis, the study area was divided into three ecological areas according to species composition, such as the northern coastal area between Ulsan PortOnsan Port, the southern area around Hoeya River and the outer sea area. Benthic environments in the study area, as determined by AMBI and BPI index, maintained a healthy condition in all four seasons with the AMBI at a level above GOOD and BPI at a level above FAIR. As organic matter accumulation continues to take place in the Ulsan coastal area, it is essential that detailed research activities continue to be carried out and ongoing monitoring be maintained.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제50권4호
• /
• pp.219-236
• /
• 2022

Wood-based nanocomposite electrode materials were synthesized for application in supercapacitors by mixing nanostructured hematite (Fe₂O₃) with highly porous activated carbon (AC) produced from the wood-waste of Pinus roxburghii. The AC was characterized using various instrumental techniques and the results showed admirable electrochemical properties, such as high surface area and reasonable porosity. Firstly, AC was tested as an electrode material for supercapacitors and it showed a specific capacitance of 59.02 Fg^-1 at a current density of 1 Ag^-1, cycle life of 84.2% after 1,000 cycles (at a current density of 3 Ag^-1), and energy density of 5.1 Wh/kg at a power density of 135 Wkg^-1. However, when the AC was composited with different ratios of Fe₂O₃ (1:1, 2:1, and 1:2), there was an overall improvement in its electrochemical performance. Among the 3 ratios, 2:1 (AC:Fe₂O₃) had the best specific capacitance of 102.42 Fg^-1 at 1 Ag^-1, cycle life of 94.4% capacitance after 1,000 cycles (at a current density of 3 Ag^-1), and energy density of 8.34 Wh/kg at a power density of 395.15 Wkg^-1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte in a 3-electrode experimental setup with a high working voltage of 1.55 V. Furthermore, when Fe₂O₃ was doubled, 1:2 (AC:Fe₂O₃), the electrochemical capacitive performance of the electrode twisted and deteriorated due to either the accumulation of Fe₂O₃ particles within the composite or higher bulk resistance value of pure Fe₂O₃.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제28권5A호
• /
• pp.709-718
• /
• 2008

본 논문에서는 온도 및 습도 등 환경조건의 변화와 염소이온의 확산, 이송 및 구속 현상을 고려하는 콘크리트 내부로의 염소이온 침투해석 프로그램을 개발하였다. 외부 환경조건의 변화를 고려하기 위하여 온도와 습도분포 해석을 동시에 수행할 수 있도록 하고, 확산계수의 온도, 습도 및 재령에 대한 변동성을 반영하였다. 실측데이터와의 비교를 통해 개발된 프로그램이 실측결과와 잘 일치함을 검증하였으며, 건습의 반복 등 외부 환경조건의 변화에 따라 콘크리트 내부 수분량이 변화하는 경우 염소이온이 표면부에 축적되는 현상의 기본 메커니즘과 그에 따른 철근부식 발생의 촉진과정을 예제해석을 통해 규명하였다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제39권11호
• /
• pp.33-40
• /
• 2023

본 연구에서는 산화마그네슘계 내화물(Magnesium oxide-based refractory)을 함유한 팽창성 지반에서의 말뚝기초 거동을 분석하였다. 고정단 말뚝이 설치된 모형토조에 용융마그네시아(Fused magnesia, FM)를 활용하여 지반의 융기를 유도하였으며, FM함유량(FM_c = 30%, 50%, 70%)을 변화하여 시간에 따른 깊이별 융기량과 말뚝의 축력을 분석하였다. FM_c가 증가할수록 더 큰 융기량이 측정되었으며, 시료의 표면으로 갈수록 융기량이 누적되어 깊이에 따라 융기량이 감소하였다. 그러나 깊이별 융기율의 차이와 그에 따른 팽창압의 차이로 인하여 FM_c = 30%와 50%일때 말뚝에 뚜렷한 압축력과 인장력이 발현되었으며, FM_c = 70%일 때에는 말뚝 전체에 인장력만이 발현되었다. 이런한 결과는 산화마그네슘계 내화물이 포함된 혼합토 내의 말뚝거동을 분석하는데 중요한 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제27권5호
• /
• pp.16-22
• /
• 2023

이 연구는 원전 콘크리트 배합설계를 모사한 콘크리트 시험체에 대하여 염수침지 실험을 수행하였으며, 시험체 깊이에 따른 염화물량과 XRF 성분의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 원전 콘크리트의 표면부의 염화물량은 염수 침지기간이 증가함에 따라 소폭 증가하였으나, 깊이 5.5 mm 이상의 콘크리트 시험체 내부 염화물량은 염수 침지기간이 증가함에 증가하는 경향이 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 콘크리트의 염화물량과 XRF 성분의 상관관계 분석결과, OPC 배합과 비교하여 FA가 20% 치환된 배합은 XRF 성분분석을 통한 Cl 이온의 구성비율과 염해저항성 평가결과의 상관관계가 매우 높게 나타났다. 이에 따라 FA가 20% 치환된 원전 콘크리트 배합에서는 반복적인 데이터 누적을 통해 XRF 성분분석을 통하여 염소이온분석 및 염해저항성능 평가가 가능함을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제33권11호
• /
• pp.1531-1541
• /
• 2023

Lipase is a well-known and highly in-demand enzyme. During the last decade, several lipase optimization studies have been reported. However, production costs have always been a bottleneck for commercial-scale microbial enzyme production. This research aimed to optimize the conditions for lipase production by Limtongozyma siamensis DMKU-WBL1-3 via a One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) approach combined with statistical methods while using a low-cost substrate. Results suggest that low-cost substrates can be substituted for all media components. An optimal medium was found, using response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD), to consist of 0.50% (w/v) sweet whey, 0.40% (w/v) yeast extract (food grade), and 2.50% (v/v) palm oil with the medium pH adjusted to 4 under shaking flask cultivation. From an economic point of view, this work was successful in reducing production costs while increasing lipase productivity. The medium costs were reduced by 87.5% of the original cost while lipase activity was increased by nearly 6-fold. Moreover, lipase production was further studied in a 2-L stirred-tank fermentor. Its activity was 1,055.6 ± 0.0 U/ml when aeration and agitation rates were adjusted to 1 vvm and 170 rpm, respectively. Interestingly, under this optimal lipase production, the yeast showed accumulated lipids inside the cells. The primary fatty acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) that is typically linked to health benefits. This study hence reveals promising lipase production and lipid accumulation by L. siamensis DMKU-WBL1-3 that are worthy of further study.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제37권5호
• /
• pp.293-303
• /
• 2004

우리나라 점토집적층 토양의 분류체계를 보완하고 점토집적의 미세형태를 구명하기 위하여 52개 점토집적층의 모재별로 20개 토양통을 대상으로 토양 층위별로 시료를 채취하여 토양의 이화학적 특성, 토양 중점토의 광물조성과 화학성분을 분석하였다. 미세형태에 관한 분석은 토양 원상시료를 채취하여 박편을 제작한 후 편광현미경을 이용하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 점토집적층의 점토함량은 28% 이상으로 표토의 점토함량에 비하여 평균 1.33배 높았으며, 토양의 pH는 점토집적층에서 높았으나 CEC는 유기물의 감소로 점토함량이 증가함에도 불구하고 표토보다 작았다. 모든 공시토양의 점토집적층에서 피막의 점토집적현상을 관찰할 수 있었으나 3기층 유래 반곡통 토양집적층의 점토함량의 증가에도 불구하고 점토집적현상을 관찰할 수 없었다. 점토광물 종류별 이동성 정도를 보면 팽창형 2:1 광물, 비팽창형 2:1광물, 1.1형광물의 순이었다. 점토집적층에서는 점토이외에 비정질의 철 또는 망간, 불투명 광물 및 유기물이 토양공극 표면피막, 토양공극 충진, 광물입자 외부피막 형성하고 있었다. 잔적토나 붕적토에서는 점토집적층과 토양기질 사이에 경계의 발달이 뚜렷한 반면에 충적토의 점토집적층에서는 점토함량이 높은 토양기질이 오랜 기간 외부로부터 물리적인 작용을 받아 절단된 배열면이 형성되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제19권12호
• /
• pp.1343-1354
• /
• 2010

The purpose of the study was to analyze the persistence of HCH in atmosphere, soil, sediment and water of the western and southern regions of Korea. The samples from the western region were collected from Anmyeon Island, and the samples from the southern region were collected from Kimhae and Busan. The concentration of HCH isomers in atmosphere showed the pattern of $\alpha$-HCH>$\gamma$-HCH>$\beta$-HCH. The regions with high HCH concentration in the atmosphere are the regions that have been highly exposed to HCH used in the past, and the areas that have been influenced by the long range transport. The HCH that persists in the soil, water and sediment evaporates into the atmosphere, showing the characteristics of Air-Surface exchange. When the regional concentration distributions are compared, the concentration of HCH was higher in the atmosphere of a plain and the cities near the plain, than the urban areas. In this study, the ratio of $\alpha/\beta$-HCH was used as an indicator for estimating the source of Technical HCH and Lindane. According to the result, the contribution of Lindane was high in Kimhae plain and Kimhae urban areas. However, in Busan, the contribution of Technical HCH was higher than Lindane. In case of Anmyeon Island, the western region of Korea had high contribution from Tehcnical HCH. In soil and sediment, $\beta$-HCH was dominant. In water, $\gamma$-HCH was dominant among other isomers. Such results are due to $\gamma$-HCH inLindane. Furthermore, the source of $\gamma$-HCH in urban areas is assumed to be the use of medicine, medical supplies and other living supplies. Based on the results of this study, the management of HCH, a newly list up emerging POPs, should be strengthened by further research on sources, fate, persistency, accumulation and exposures and etc. to the risk assessments.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.72-78
• /
• 2006

혐기성 소화조의 단면적/용량 비를 일정하게 한 상태에서 반응조 직경만을 달리한 반응조에 유기물 부하율에 따른 소화조 운전효율을 평가하였다. $0.4\;kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}d$의 낮은 유기물 부하율에서는 반응조 직경에 관계없이 높은 처리 효율을 나타내어 반응조 형상에 따른 처리효율 차이는 없었다. $6\;kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}d$의 유기물 부하율에서는 반응조 직경에 따라 전혀 다른 처리효율이 관측되었다. 즉, 직경 6.4 cm 반응조에서는 휘발성산의 축적과 낮은 COD 제거효율이 관측되었으나 직경 3 cm 반응조에서는 높은 COD 제거효율이 관측되었고 휘발성산의 축적도 일어나지 않았다. 이러한 차이가 나타나게 된 이유는 직경이 작은 반응조의 경우에는 생성된 가스의 부상에 의해 슬러지층의 유동화가 원활하게 일어난데 반해 직경이 큰 반응조의 경우에는 그렇지 못한 것이라고 판단된다. $20\;kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}d$의 높은 유기물 부하율에서는 반응조 직경과는 관계없이 극히 낮은 처리효율을 나타내어 높은 유기물 부하에서는 반응조 형상과 처리효율과는 관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 혐기성 소화조의 효율적인 start-up은 슬러지층의 유동화가 중요한 인자이며 동일 단면적/용량 비에서 반응조 직경이 작을수록 유리한 것으로 나타나 반응조 형상도 반응조 운전효율에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.