• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.41-50
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• 2020

WIn Korea, the rapid rise of elderly population and dementia prevalence resulting from the unprecedently rapid aging in the world is being emerged as a serious social issue. Caring the elderly with dementia is a different way from a general life and is a world which new cultural existential relationships are interlaced from the relationship viewpoint. From this aspect, the psychological matter of family caring a demented elderly needs to be studied for existential understanding in depth and fundamentally. This study focused on in-depth understanding and description of the stress phenomena experienced by family caregivers with a demented elderly based on Giorgi's method among phenomenological research methods and using existential group counseling techniques. Total 8 sessions of existential group counseling were conducted. This study drew out the outcomes(emotional stress, psychosocial stress, time-dependent stress) of participants' self-awareness experiences by applying 4 steps of Giorgi's phenomenological research methodology based on the Existential Philosophy to participant's intensive statements about stress of family caring a demented elderly drawn out of the existential group counselling sessions. It is hoped that understanding the pain of the supporters who cannot express their own pains through the research results and their self-help group counseling activities will become active, contributing to the health of our society which is about to enter post-aged society.

• MALSORI
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• no.27_28
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• pp.27-56
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• 1994

Processes involving the change of vowel height are natural enough to be found in many languages. It is essential to have a better feature specification for vowel height to grasp these processes properly, Standard Phonology adopts the binary feature system, and vowel height is represented by the two features, i.e., [\pm high] and [\pm low]. This has its own merits. But it is defective because it is misleading when we count the number of features used in a rule to compare the naturalness of rules. This feature system also cannot represent more than three degrees of height, We wi31 discard the binary features for vowel height. We consider to adopt the multivalued feature [n high] for the property of height. However, this feature cannot avoid the arbitrariness resulting from the number values denoting vowel height. It is not easy to expect whether the number in question is the largest or not It also is impossible to decide whether a larger number denotes a higher vowel or a lower vowel. Furthermore this feature specification requires an ad hoc condition such as n > 3 or n \geq 2, whenever we want to refer to a natural class including more than one degree of height The altelnative might be Particle Phonology, or Dependency Phonology. These might be apt for multivalued vowel height systems, as their supporters argue. However, the feature specification of Particle Phonology will be discarded because it does not observe strictly the assumption that the number of the particle a is decisive in representing the height. One a in a representation can denote variant degrees of height such as [e], [I], [a], [a ] and [e ]. This also means that we cannot represent natural classes in terms of the number of the particle a, Dependency Phonology also has problems in specifying a degree of vowel height by the dependency relations between the elements. There is no unique element to represent vowel height since every property has to be defined in terms of the dependency relations between two or more elements, As a result it is difficult to formulate a rule for vowel height change, especially when the phenomenon involves a chain of vowel shifts. Therefore, we suggest a new feature specification for vowel height (see Chapter 3). This specification resorts to a single feature H and a few >'s which refer exclusively to the degree of the tongue height when a vowel is pronounced. It can cope with more than three degrees of height because it is fundamentally a multivalued scalar feature. This feature also obviates the ad hoc condition for a natural class while the [n high] type of multivalued feature suffers from it. Also this feature specification conforms to our expection that the notation should become simpler as the generality of the class increases, in that the fewer angled brackets are used, the more vowels are included, Incidentally, it has also to be noted that, by adopting a single feature for vowel height, it is possible to formulate a simpler version of rules involving the changes of vowel height especially when they involve vowel shifts found in many languages.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.435-442
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• 2017

A catadioptric optical system produces images by refraction and reflection. To improve the image quality, the shape of the secondary mirror supporters should be determined to ensure that the centering error and tilt of secondary mirror are very small, and the main mirror receives the maximum amount of light. Furthermore, random acceleration vibration has a severe effect on the optical system for observation reconnaissance. In order to obtain the best design under these circumstances, the volume of the secondary mirror supporter must be minimized while satisfying the constraints expressed in standard deviations of the centering error and tilt. It is difficult to analytically calculate the design sensitivities of the standard deviations, because they are statistically defined. Hence, after their second-order regression equations were determined using a response surface methodology, an optimal geometric design was obtained. As a result, it was found that the method proposed in this paper, which included a random vibration analysis, was effective in obtaining the optimal design for a secondary mirror supporter with robustness.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.5-62
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• 2018

Over the last 10 years, the fight against occupational diseases of semiconductor workers led by SHARPS(the Supporters for the Health And Rights of People in the Semiconductor industry, NGO) has accomplished considerable achievements, especially in the legal and institutional aspects. First, the court and the government accepted the claims that 24 injured workers respectively filed, recognizing their 10 types of diseases as occupational illness. The court not only expanded the list of work places and diseases that it recognized, but also presented more progressive logic of recognition. The most remarkable achievement among them is the case ruled by the Supreme court in July, 2017. In terms of 'worker's right to know', which is the most important factor in preventing occupational diseases, there have been significant legislative bills, court rulings and government guidelines. The revised bill of the Industrial Safety and Health Act to strengthen workers' rights to know and to introduce the pre-review system on trade secret is currently under review by the National Assembly. The court recently ruled that the government should disclose its inspection results on safety and health management at semiconductor factories. The ministry of labor has drawn up internal guidelines to more actively open its safety and health data to public. This study looks over recent developments in such rulings, bills and guidelines and then, analyzes their implications, laying the groundwork for future actions for worker health in the electronic industry.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.275-280
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• 2016

Background: A tobacco-free workplace policy is identified as an effective means to reduce tobacco use and protect people from second-hand smoke; however, the number of tobacco-free policies (TFP) remains very low in workplaces in Malaysia. This study explored the factors affecting support for a tobacco-free policy on two healthcare campuses in Malaysia, prior to the implementation of TFP. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 286 non-smokers from two healthcare training centres and two nearby colleges in Malaysia from January 2015 to April 2015. A standardized questionnaire was administered via staff and student emails. The questionnaire collected information on sociodemographic characteristics, support for a tobacco-free policy and perceived respiratory and sensory symptoms due to tobacco exposure. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the independent effects of supporting a tobacco-free campus. Results: The percentage of individuals supporting completely tobacco-free facilities was 83.2% (N=238), as opposed to 16.7% (N=48) in support of partially tobacco-free facilities. Compared to the supporters of partially tobacco-free facilities, non-smokers who supported completely tobacco-free health facilities were more likely to be female, have higher education levels, to be very concerned about the effects of other people smoking on their health and to perceive a tobacco-free policy as very important. In addition, they perceived that tobacco smoke bothered them at work by causing headaches and coughs and, in the past 4 weeks, had experienced difficulty breathing. In the multivariate model, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and other factors, only experiencing coughs and headaches increased the odds of supporting a completely tobacco-free campus, up to 2.5- and 1.9-fold, respectively. Conclusions: Coughs and headaches due to other people smoking at work enhances support for a completely tobacco-free campus among non-smokers.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.31
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• pp.3-25
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• 2006

This study focus on interest for arrears and filling of the gaps left in Article 78 of CISG. In the case of CISG, Article 78 provides for interest any time a payment under a contract is untimely, but does not specify a particular rate of interest or a method to determine such a rate. This issue did not cause any uncertainty under ULIS, the CISG's antecedent, since Article 83 of ULIS provided for 1%p above the official discount rate in the creditor's country. Lacking any CISG general principle as well as any indication by the very same CISG, one can only conclude that the matter must be deferred to the domestic rule of private international law. Actually, resorting to private international law is not only admissible, but expressly required by Article 7(2). In the interpretation and filling of the gaps left in Article 78, there is a considerable difference of opinion especially amongst commentators on whether the gap is a lacuna praeter legem, i.e., one being governed by, but not expressly settled in the CISG, or whether it is an issue falling outside the scope of application of the CISG, i.e. a lacuna intra legem. The protagonists of the former view lay emphasis on the overall objective of the CISG, namely to create a uniform law, whereas the supporters of the latter view refer to the legislative history of Article 78 as the dominant principle in interpreting Article 78. Some authors believe that the issue of determining the rate of interest is not dealt with by CISG and it is, therefore, governed by the applicable domestic law, which is the subsidiary law applicable to the sales contract, since "no special connecting points seem to have developed for the entitlement to interest." In the light of the relevant case law, it seems correct to conclude that the interest rate is not determined by CISG and that courts normally determine it according to their own rules of private international law. While CISG Article 78 expressly does not deal with this issue, PICC Article 7.4.9 and PECL Article 9.508, on the other hand, set forth a precise method for computing interest. Although a method like the one set by PICC may be useful and may encourage uniformity, it still cannot be used under the CISG. The PICC or PECL formula may, however, be a very good starting point in a de jure condendum analysis when a new Article 78 will be drafted, if an interest rate method will ever be embodied in the text of an international convention.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.78
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• pp.1-29
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• 2018

This article demonstrates that both the Warsaw Convention Systemand the Montreal Convention are not designed for multimodal transport, let alone for "Door to Door" transport. The polemic directed against the "Door to Door" application of the Warsaw Convention systemand the Montreal Convention is predominantly driven by the text and the drafting philosophy of the said Contentions that since 1929 support unimodalism-with the rule that "the period of the carriage by air does not expend to any carriage by land, by sea or by inland waterway performed outside an airport" playing a profound role in restricting their multimodal aspirations. The drafters of the Montreal Convention were more adventurous than their predecessors with respect to the boundaries of the Montreal Convention. They amended Art. 18(3) by removing the phrase "whether in an aerodrome or on board an aircraft, or, in the case of landing outside an aerodrome, in any place whatsoever", however, they retained the first sentence of Art. 18(4). The deletion of the airport limitation fromArt. 18(3) creates its own paradox. The carrier can be held liable under the Montreal Convention for the loss or damage to cargo while it is in its charge in a warehouse outside an airport. Yet, damage or loss of the same cargo that occurs during its surface transportation to the aforementioned warehouse and vice versa is not covered by the Montreal Convention fromthe moment the cargo crosses the airport's perimeter. Surely, this result could not have been the intention of its drafters: it certainly does not make any commercial sense. I think that a better solution to the paradox is to apply the "functional interpretation" of the term"airport". This would retain the integrity of the text of the Montreal Convention, make sense of the change in the wording of Art. 18(3), and nevertheless retain the Convention's unimodal philosophy. English courts so far remain loyal to the judgment of the Court of Appeal in Quantum, which constitutes bad news for the supporters of the multimodal scope of the Montreal Convention. According the US cases, any losses occurring during Door to Door transportation under an air waybill which involves a dominant air segment are subject to the international air law conventions. Any domestic rules that might be applicable to the road segment are blatantly overlooked. Undoubtedly, the approach of the US makes commercial. But this policy decision by arguing that the intention of the drafters of the Warsaw Convention was to cover Door to Door transportation is mistaken. Any expansion to multimodal transport would require an amendment to the Montreal Convention, Arts 18 and 38, one that is not in the plans for the foreseeable future. Yet there is no doubt that air carriers and freight forwarders will continue to push hard for such expansion, especially in the USA, where courts are more accommodating.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.6
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• pp.137-163
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• 1979

The Purpose of this study is analyzed that (l) How the public Libraries under the Japanese Rule since the end of the Yi-Dynasty were recepted and generated by the people and (2) How they were organiged and managed. (3) Also it examined that how they affected the development of the libraries of today. 1. The following are the analyzed results: Three types of the public Libraries under the Japanese Rule for a period of 36 years engaged busily in colonization were Private's Public Libraries, Local Self-Government's Libraries and the Central Governmental Libraries, and were in order established. 2. They were eatablished by individuals, Confucian School Foundation, Young Men's Clubs, School Associations, Korean brethren residing abroad, or The Press Centering around the Local Self-Governments and the Japanese Government-General. 3. In 1932 of the period of the Japanese Rule, the number of Libraies gained the summit and reached 80 Libraries. The Public Libraries including the Central Governmental Libraries remained in existence until the end of the War had been kept up the functions of the Libraries, but the Private Libraries operated by the Koreans were very small and poor. As a result, most of them were closed up and some Libraries transferred their controls to the public. Until the end of the war, only a little over 10 Private Libraries were Kept up. From the aspects of it's organization system, the most of their libraries replaced their chief librarians with non-professional county-headmen or Local supporters. From the aspect of collections, they wate mainly consists of Japanese books for the proper quidance of the public thought based on the ideology of Japanese Rule to Korea and on the industrial promotion rather than books about Koreanology or Western books. At that time, the Library users were with the jobless men and students as the central figures. And the next ranking by the social position of readers was children, farmers, merchants, industrialists, public servants, miscellaneous and educators. Their reading tendencies laid stress on linguistics and literature, physical sciences and medicine, While the reading trend of military sciences and medicine, while the reading trend of military sciences and engineering were very inactive. This was because the Japanese Government-General had not kept the military collections on file. Besides, they were reluctant to make Korean's learn the professional knowledge and so the main reference materials of technology not provited. Most of the Libraries put practiced in circulation services were very important circulation in withinder of the reading room rather than in outside of the Library building. On the other hand, their circulation services has above came with many limitations. As stated above, the public Libraries' managements and activitives under the period of Japanese Rule were the way and means to achive the colonial and imperialistic purpose of the Japanese Empire.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.818-828
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate actual conditions and needs on breastfeeding education for pregnant women in health centers for the development of a breastfeeding educational program. The questionnaires were mailed to 245 health centers and 148 (60.4%) questionnaires were returned. 91% of the health centers had breastfeeding education for pregnant women. 66% of them operated breastfeeding education as one part of other health programs. About 76% of supervisors and 64% of educators were the nurses. The teaching methods frequently used were lectures (30.5%), giving out booklets and leaflets (22.6%), demonstration and practice (21.5%), personal counseling (13.3%), and others. The teaching materials used were materials of outside speakers (39.7%), materials of development oneself (19.0%), materials of academic association or institute (14.8%), and others. The subjects which educators taught were the benefits of breastfeeding (16.7%), breastfeeding techniques (15.8%), caring for breasts before and after delivery (15.1%), nutritional management for lactating women (14.2%), coping strategies for the difficult situation of breastfeeding (13.3%), and others. Those were different from each other according to the educators' general characteristics. Success factors of education were increased motivation for breastfeeding (52.8%), practice (22.6%), professional's lecture (11.3%) and others. The failure factors of education were the ineffectiveness of the lecture method (69.2%), lack of education for supporters (15.4%) and lack of standardized education (15.4%). The most important barrier of education was the lack of a standardized breastfeeding educational programs (43.9%). The most effective teaching methods that educators thought were demonstration and practice (24.0%). The educators thought they need the tools and space for practice (28.2%), a standardized breastfeeding educational program (26.9%), and the human resources (24.4%) for effective education. Subjects that educators thought important for education were the breastfeeding techniques, benefits of breastfeeding, caring for breasts before and after delivery, nutritional management for lactating women, coping strategies for the difficult situation of breastfeeding, rooming system after delivery, ways to assess mother's milk quantity, introducing successful cases of breastfeeding in rank order. To promote the effectiveness of breastfeeding education, standardized breastfeeding educational programs, diverse teaching materials, space and tools, and human resources are needed.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2004

Purpose: To compare the difference of state anxiety, perceived support, and childbirth experience perception, between the primiparous's husband who participated in actual labor and delivery process with her wife after finishing Lamaze childbirth class education and the husband who did not finished Lamaze childbirth class, for providing the basic data for effective nursing intervention and pre-childbirth educational program development for husbands. Method: At one general hospital located in Kyunggi-do and one clinic in Seoul, from April 6th to May 12th, 2003, the subjects were 146 including 67 primipara's husbands who participated in the 5-week Lamaze educational program and 79 primipara's husbands who didn't, using structuralized questionnaire. Analysis: Mean, frequency, percentage, 2-test, and t-test were used by SPSS 10.0 program. Result: The sub-hypothesis 1, 'there are significant differences between anxiety of the group who participated in Lamaze and who didn't' was not accepted(t=-1.043, p=.299). The sub-hypothesis 2, 'there are significant differences between anxiety by cervical dilatation the group who participated in Lamaze program and who didn't' was not accepted(t=-1.123, P=.263, t=-.356, P=.722, t=-1.879, P=.062). The hypothesis 3, 'there are significant differences between perceived support of the group who participated in Lamaze program and who didn't' was accepted(t=4.860, P=.000). Especially, the obstetrical support of the group who participated in Lamaze program, which could reduce delivering pain, was higher. The hypothesis 4, 'there are significant differences between the perception of childbirth-labor experience of the group who participated in Lamaze program and who didn't' was accepted(t=2.816, P=.006). Conclusion: The Lamaze program was a effective nursing intervention for husband's affirmative perception of childbirth-labor experience as well as husband's role as active supporters during labor process. The change of present woman-centered pre-childbirth education into both partner-centered education stressing on husband's needs, viewpoint and role as a supporter should be considered. Therefore, hospital administrators should pay more attention on enhancing the opportunities of husband for pre-birth education and participating in the process of labor as a family-centered nursing intervention.