• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.505-511
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• 2015

In this study, Arctigenin was obtained by using supercritical fluid extraction and bio-conversion process from Arctii Fructus. Arctigenin is efficacious in anti-inflammatory and anti-influenza. For this reason, Arctigenin is studied in various field. It was identified as 4-[(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)methyl)]dihydro-3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2(3H)-furanone (arctigenin) by FT-IR, $^1H$-NMR and the purity of it was 95.1 % by HPLC analysis. Arctigenin inhibited tyrosinase (up to $85.06{\pm}0.9%$ at $260{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentration) and melanin synthesis in a dose dependent manner (up to $51.1{\pm}3.7%$ at the concentration of $3.0{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). The results were better than arbutin. Therefore, it is expected that manufactured Arctigenin is useful for whitening cosmetics.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.23-36
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• 2000

Hurdle technique was used to remove cholesterol efficiently from liquid egg yolk. The quality of the low cholesterol egg products from the process were evaluated. From the 75 % cholesterol reduced egg yolk through $\beta$-cyclodextrin treatment. 2 times weight of soy bean oil was added to the egg yolk and homogenized followed by centrifuged to be maximized to remove cholesterol. When the pH of the yolk was adjusted to 9, 92 % of cholesterol was removed while 95.4 % of cholesterol was removed when 3 times weight of soy bean oil was added to the egg yolk. As the results of application of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction to the 75 % cholesterol reduced egg yolk through ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin treatment, 92.5 % of the cholesterol was removed from the egg yolk at $35^{\circ}C$, 4,500 psi, for 4 hours under co-solvent. The quality characteristics of the produced low cholesterol egg products were analysed. The cholesterol reduced egg yolk produced from ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin and soy bean oil treatment showed the lower emulsion capacity compared with control. The fatty acid composition of the cholesterol reduced egg yolk produced from ${\bet}a$-cyclodextrin and soy bean oil treatment showed increased C18:2 and C18:3 compared with control while decreased C16:1 and C18: 1 compared with control. The saponification method with extracting solvent of hexane showed that cholesterol concentration was 28.1 %. The quantity of hydrolysis solution(95 % ethanol : 33 % KOH = 94 : 6) was varied from 40 to 80 times of sample weights and the cholesterol concentration of 35.7 % was the highest result in the 60 times(v/w) hydrolysis solution. Cholesterol concentration of 35.7 % was recovered at the first trial with saponification method. but it could be improved up to 95.7 % after 4 times repetitive purification.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.595-601
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• 2017

Background: Red ginseng oil (RGO) is produced by supercritical $CO_2$ extraction of secondary products derived from Korean Red Ginseng extract. As the use of RGO has increased, product safety concerns have become more important. Methods: In the present study, the subacute oral toxicity and bacterial reverse mutagenicity of RGO were evaluated. Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with RGO for 28 d by gavage. Daily RGO dose concentrations were 0 mg/kg body weight (bw), 500 mg/kg bw, 1,000 mg/kg bw, or 2,000 mg/kg bw per day. Bacterial reverse mutation tests included five bacterial strains (Escherichia coli WP2 and Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537), which were used in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. The plated incorporation method for mutation test was used with RGO concentrations ranging from $312.5{\mu}g$ to $5,000{\mu}g$ per plate. Results: The subacute oral toxicity test results did not reveal any marked changes in clinical characteristics. There were no toxicological changes related to RGO administration in hematological and serum biochemical characteristics in either control or treatment animals. Furthermore, no gross or histopathological changes related to RGO treatment were observed. The bacterial reverse mutation test results did not reveal, at any RGO concentration level and in all bacterial strains, any increase in the number of revertant colonies in the RGO treatment group compared to that in the negative control group. Conclusion: The no-observed-adverse-effect level of RGO is greater than 2,000 mg/kg bw and RGO did not induce genotoxicity related to bacterial reverse mutations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.658-663
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• 2010

With petroleum reserves dwindling, interest has been increasing worldwide in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FT) as a method of producing synthetic liquid fuels and chemicals from coal, natural gas or biomass. In general, FT synthesis is operated through the gas phase fixed-bed reaction system. Recently, there are lots of study in supercritical fluid due to unique characteristics such as the quick diffusion of reactant gas, effective removal of reaction heat, and the in-situ extraction of high molecular weight hydrocarbon, such as wax. In this study, our major aim is to obtain a deeper insight into the effect of the type of support on the reaction performance over a supported cobalt catalyst in a fixed bed reactor.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.10-16
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• 2013

This study aims to carry out the final evaluation on the deterioration stability of dewaxing and strengthening treatments devised to conserve and restore the beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. Thus, this study artificially deteriorated dewaxed Hanji, strengthened Hanji and beeswax-treated Hanji with optimized processing conditions applied, and comparatively analyzed the deterioration characteristics of each kind of Hanji. As a result of this study, it turned out that there was the loss of physical strength and the value of $L^*$ was increased and the values of $a^*$ and $b^*$ were decreased from removing beeswax after dewaxing by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Also deteriorated strength during dewaxing was reinforced by strengthening treatment with methylcellulose and it showed higher strength than beeswax-treated Hanji. From the evaluation on deterioration stability after dewaxing and strengthening, it turned out that deterioration stability of strengthened Hanji is the superior. Therefore, it is presumed that conservation of aged beeswax-treated Hanji can be improved and extended when dewaxing and strengthening are applied under optimum conditions.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.151-155
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• 2018

In this study, cinnamon essential oil (CEO) was formulated as emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and a granule. For the evaluation of their negative effects on the ecosystem, acute toxicities against Cyprinus carpio was determined in a static condition. The formulations were made using CEOs extracted by 3 different methods (steam distillation (SD), solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)) and were tested to obtain $LC_{50}$ values. Among the ECs, EC including CEO extracted by SFE showed highest acute toxicity against C. carpio. Among the granules, a granule including CEO extracted by SD showed highest acute toxicity against C. carpio. Nevertheless, $LC_{50}$ of EC and a granule formulation with CEOs was higher than toxicity level III of pesticide standardized by Korea rural development administration. These results were similar to those using zebrafishes. Chronic toxicities were not found for 45 days in zebrafishes until $500{\mu}gL^{-1}$ level of EC formulation including CEO obtained by the SD. Based on these results, EC formulation of CEOs may be considered to be used as environmental-friendly natural insecticides in accordance with the standards.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.659-664
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• 2018

In this study, two essential oils (EOs) extracted from Aleriana fauriei and Alpinia galangal were formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and a granule. In the evaluation of their acute toxicity on fishes, Cyprinus carpio adults were used and the toxicities were determined in a static condition. The formulations were prepared from the essential oil extracted by three different methods namely steam distillation (SD), solvent extraction (SE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The acute toxicities were calculated using $LC_{50}$ values. Among EOs, only the EO extracted by solvent showed acute toxicities on carps. Some of the EC, EOs of Aleriana fauriei did not exhibit toxicity, while EOs from Alpinia galangal showed potent acute toxicities on carps. Among the granules, granules formulated with Aleriana fauriei EO extracted by SD method and Alpinia galangal EO extracted by SFE method showed acute toxicities on fishes. Nevertheless, $LC_{50}$ of ECs and granules formulated with all types of EOs in this study was higher than the fish toxicity level III for pesticides suggested by Korea Rural Development Administration. Furthermore, cytochrome P450 1A and glutathione S-transferase were confirmed as biomarkers in carps in response to the exposure to Alpinia galangal EO extracted by SD and SFE method, tracking Alpinia galangal EO in the aquatic environment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.515-528
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the immunological activity and optimized the mixture conditions of Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) extracts in vitro and in vivo models. Methods: S. horneri was extracted using three different methods: hot water extraction (HWE), 50% ethanol extraction (EE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production (Interleukin-2 and Interferon-γ) were measured using a WST-1 assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The levels of nitric oxide and T cell activation production were measured using a Griess assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The natural killer (NK) cell activity was determined using an EZ-LDH kit. Results: Among the three different types of extracts, HWE showed the highest levels of splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production in vitro. In the animal model, three different types of extracts were administrated for 14 days (once/day) at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. HWE and SFE showed a high level of splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production in the with and without mitogen-treated groups, whereas EE administration did not induce the splenocyte activation. When RAW264.7 macrophage cells were treated with different mixtures (HWE with 5, 10, 15, 20% of SFE) to determine the optimal mixture ratio of HWE and SFE, the levels of nitric oxide and cytokine production increased strongly in the HWE with 5% and 10% of SFE containing group. In the animal model, HWE with 5% and 10% of SFE mixture administration increased the levels of splenocyte proliferation, cytokine production, and activated CD4⁺ cell population significantly, with the highest level observed in the HWE with 5% of SFE group. Moreover, the NK cell activity was increased significantly in the HWE with 5% of SFE mixture-treated group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The optimal mixture condition of S. horneri with immune-enhancing activity is the HWE with 5% of SFE mixture. These results confirmed that the extracts of S. horneri and its mixtures are potential candidate materials for immune enhancement.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.507-514
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• 2018

Purpose: Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) is a species of brown macroalgae that is common along the coast of Japan and Korea. The present study investigated the immuno-modulatory effects of different types of S. horneri extracts in RAW264.7 macrophages. Methods: S. horneri was extracted by three different methods, hot water extraction, 50% ethanol extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Cell viability was then measured by MTT assay, while the production levels of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Griess assay, respectively. The expression and activation levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$) were examined by western blot analysis. Results: The three different S. horneri extracts were nontoxic against RAW 264.7 cells up to $50{\mu}g/mL$, among which treatment with hot water extract (HWE) of S. horneri significantly enhanced the production of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and NO in a dose-dependent manner. Hot water extract of S. horneri also increased the expression level of iNOS, suggesting that up-regulation of iNOS expression by HWE of S. horneri was responsible for the induction of NO production. In addition, treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with HWE of S. horneri increased the phosphorylation levels of ERK, p38 and JNK. Furthermore, the activation and subsequent nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ was enhanced upon treatment with HWE of S. horneri, indicating that HWE of S. horneri activates macrophages to secrete TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and NO and induces iNOS expression via activation of the $NF-{\kappa}B$ and MAPKs signaling pathways. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings suggest that HWE of S. horneri possesses potential as a functional food with immunomodulatory activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1170-1176
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• 2013

Essential oils have been used to treat psychophysiological disorders, but their effects on human electroencephalographic (EEG) activity have not been thoroughly investigated. We evaluated the effects of essential oil of Zizyphus jujuba seeds, a Korean folk medicine known as San-Jo-In, on human EEG activity. For this purpose, essential oil was extracted from San-Jo-In by the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method. The effect of its inhalation on EEG activity was evaluated by measuring the EEG power spectrum (25 indices) in 20 healthy participants. The results of the EEG power spectrum indicated that the values of the theta wave decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the left (from 17.277 to $13.854{\mu}V$) and right parietal (from 15.324 to $13.020{\mu}V$) regions compared to the other regions. During the inhalation of San-Jo-In oil, the EEG spectrum values of fast alpha, relative gamma, and spectral edge frequency increased 50% compared to those before inhalation. The values of the fast alpha wave increased significantly (p<0.05) in the left prefrontal (from 0.063 to $0.085{\mu}V$), right prefrontal (from 0.064 to $0.085{\mu}V$), and left frontal (from 0.073 to $0.100{\mu}V$) regions following inhalation of the San-Jo-In essential oil. The changes in the EEG activities following inhalation of San-Jo-In suggest that the oil can improve psychological well-being by increasing attention and relaxation.