• 한국습지학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.69-78
• /
• 2007

Constructed wetlands and other aquatic systems have been successfully used for waste and wastewater treatment in either temperate or tropical regions. To treat waste or wastewater in a sustainable manner, the integrated eco-engineering designs are explained in this paper with 2 case studies: (i) a combination of vertical-flow constructed wetland (CW) with plant irrigation systemfor fecal sludge management and (ii) integrated CW units with landscaping at full-scale application for domestic wastewater treatment. The pilot-scale study of fecal sludge management employed 3 vertical-flow CW units, each with a dimension of $5{\times}5{\times}0.65m$ (width ${\times}$ length ${\times}$ media depth) and planted with cattails (Typha augustifolia). At the solid loading rate of 250 kg total solids (TS)/$m^2.yr$ and a 6-day percolate impoundment, the CW system could achieve chemical oxygen demand (COD), TS and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) removal efficiencies in the range of 80 - 96%. The accumulated sludge layers of about 80 - 90 cm was found at the CW bed surface after operating the CW units for 7 years, but no clogging problem has been observed. The CW percolate was applied to 16 irrigation Sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus) plots, each with a dimension of $4.5{\times}4.5m$ ($width{\times}length$). In the study, the CW percolate were fed to the treatment plots at the application rate of 7.5 mm/day but the percolate was mixed with tap water at different ratio of 20%, 80% and 100%. Based on a 1-year data of 3-crop plantation were experimented, the contents of Zn, Mn and Cu in soil of the experimental plots were found to increase with increasing in CW percolate ratios. The highest plant biomass yield and oil content of 1,000 kg/ha and 35%, respectively, were obtained from the plots fed with 20% or 50% of the CW percolate, whereas no accumulation of heavy metals in the plant tissues (i.e. leaves, stems and flowers) of the sunflower is found. In addition to the pilot-scale and field experiments, a case study of the integrated CW systems for wastewater treatment at Phi Phi Island (a Tsunami-hit area), Krabi province, Thailand is illustrated. The $5,200-m^2$ CW systems on Phi Phi Island are not only for treatment of $400m^3/day$ wastewater from hotels, households or other domestic activities, but also incorporating public consultation in the design processes, resulting in introducing the aesthetic landscaping as well as reusing of the treated effluent for irrigating green areas on the Island.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권10호
• /
• pp.1464-1469
• /
• 2006

The present study was conducted with twenty-four Korean native (Hanwoo) steers to observe the effect of mixed oil and monensin supplementation and duration of feeding on c9,t11-CLA content in plasma and fat tissues. The steers were randomly assigned to three groups of eight animals each according to body weight. Hanwoo steers in the control group were fed the commercial concentrate for the late fattening stage. The other groups of steers were fed the same diet as control steers, but the concentrate was supplemented with high-$C_{18:2}$ oil mixture (soybean oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil) and fish oil at 6% level of concentrate (DM basis), and monensin (20 ppm). The second and third group of steers was fed the oil mixture supplemented diet with monensin for the last 10 weeks and 20 weeks, respectively, prior to being slaughtered. The oil mixture consisted of 45% soybean oil, 20% sunflower oil, 20% safflower oil and 15% fish oil. Average daily gain (p<0.049) and feed efficiency (p<0.018) of the steers fed the diet supplemented with oil mixture and monensin (OM-M) for 20 weeks were higher than those of the other groups of steers. Dressing percent, fat thickness and longissimus muscle area were not affected by the OM-M supplementation and duration of its feeding. The OM-M supplementation increased the content of total-cholesterol (p<0.0001-0.0007) and HDL-cholesterol (p<0.0001) in the plasma of steers compared to the control diet. The steers fed the OM-M diet had a higher proportion of c9,t11-CLA in plasma (p<0.048-0.044) than the control steers. Feeding the OM-M diet for 20 weeks increased the proportion of CLA in intramuscular (p<0.015), intermuscular (p<0.039) and subcutaneous (p<0.001) fat tissues compared with both steers fed the control diet and the OM-M diet for 10 weeks. Increased (p<0.007) proportion of total unsaturated fatty acids in steers fed the OM-M diet for 20 weeks compared to those in control steers was related to the increased (p<0.001) $C_{18:2}$ and decreased (p<0.001) $C_{18:0}$ proportions in subcutaneous tissue.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제31권9호
• /
• pp.1481-1490
• /
• 2018

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to determine the net energy (NE) content of full-fat rice bran (FFRB), corn germ meal (CGM), corn gluten feed (CGF), solvent-extracted peanut meal (PNM), and dehulled sunflower meal (SFM) fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry or published prediction equations. Methods: Twelve growing barrows with an average initial body weight (BW) of $32.4{\pm}3.3kg$ were allotted to a replicated $3{\times}6$ Youden square design with 3 successive periods and 6 diets. During each period, pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 16 d, which included 7 days for adaptation. On d 8, the pigs were transferred to the respiration chambers and fed one of the 6 diets at 2.0 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/$kg\;BW^{0.6}/d$. Total feces and urine were collected and daily heat production was measured from d 9 to d 13. On d 14 and d15, pigs were fed at their maintenance energy requirement level. On the last day pigs were fasted and fasting heat production was measured. Results: The NE of FFRB, CGM, CGF, PNM, and SFM measured by indirect calorimetry method was 12.33, 8.75, 7.51, 10.79, and 6.49 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), respectively. The NE/ME ratios ranged from 67.2% (SFM) to 78.5% (CGF). The NE values for the 5 ingredients calculated according to the prediction equations were 12.22, 8.55, 6.79, 10.51, and 6.17 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Conclusion: The NE values were the highest for FFRB and PNM and the lowest in the corn co-products and SFM. The average NE of the 5 ingredients measured by indirect calorimetry method in the current study was greater than values predicted from NE prediction equations (0.32 MJ/kg DM).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권8호
• /
• pp.1179-1189
• /
• 2006

This experiment was designed to examine the effects of supplemental vitamin D on laying performance, metabolic profile and egg quality of hens fed diets containing different fat sources and levels. Lohman strains (n = 480) were assigned to one of 10 diets: basal diet (BD), BD plus 2.5 and 5.0% sunflower oil (SO) or tallow (T) at vitamin D provided $1{\times}$ and $3{\times}$ of the current recommendation. The experiment lasted from week 30 to 44 of age. Each diet was tested in 12 replicate cages of 4 hens. Production, metabolism, and egg quality data were subjected to three-way ANOVA. Both fats decreased feed intake (FI) as compared to BD. Increasing SO and T levels linearly decreased and quadratically increased FI, respectively. The dietary factors did not affect egg production (EP) and egg weight. Vitamin D supplementation increased and decreased EP when diets contained SO and T, respectively. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) for hens fed SO was lower than for hens fed T. However, increasing T level improved FCE, whereas increasing SO level worsened FCR. Vitamin D supplementation increased serum vitamin D and glucose concentrations. Vitamin D supplementation also caused a decrease and an increase in serum vitamin D concentration when diets contained SO and T, respectively. Serum glucose concentration for hens fed SO was lower than hens fed T. Increasing fat level linearly increased serum triglyceride and VLDL concentrations, regardless of the fat type. Increasing SO level linearly decreased serum cholesterol concentration. Vitamin D supplementation did not alter lipid metabolites. The dietary factors did not affect serum total protein, Ca, and P concentrations. As compared with BD, feeding SO decreased dry tibia and ash weights more than feeding T. Vitamin D supplementation tended to increase dry tibia weight and decrease tibia ash weight. Eggshell strength and thickness, yolk and albumen indexes, and Haugh unit were not responsive to the dietary factors. Eggshell strength quadratically increased with increasing T level. Yolk color for hens fed SO was lower than for hens fed T. The dietary factors did not affect most of yolk fatty acids. Increasing SO level quadratically decreased yolk $C_{18:2}$ concentration. Vitamin D supplementation increased and decreased yolk $C_{18:2}$ concentration when diets contained SO and T, respectively. In conclusion, increasing fat level improved laying performance without altering metabolic profile and egg quality. Vitamin D supplementation had minor alteration effects on laying performance, metabolic profile, and egg quality in response to fat feeding.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제41권6호
• /
• pp.709-717
• /
• 2008

대표적 오염 방사능 핵종인 세슘(cesium)으로 오염된 수계를 정화하기위하여 해바라기(Sunflower; Helianthus annuus L.)와 강낭콩(Bean; Phaseolus vulgaris var.)을 이용한 뿌리여과(rhizofiltration) 실내 실험을 실시하였다. 해바라기의 경우 뿌리여 과실험 24시간 내에 세슘의 98%를 제거하였으며, 강낭콩은 99%의 제거율을 나타내어 친환경적이며 녹색 정화방법인 뿌리여과법이 세슘으로 오염된 수계 정화에 매우 효과적으로 적용 할 수 있음을 제시하였다. 수용액의 pH에 따른 뿌리여과법의 세슘 제거 실험 결과, 두 식물 모두에서 오염수의 pH가 $5{\sim}9$인 경우 98%이상의 제거효율을 나타내었다. 뿌리여과법 실험 후 식물에 농축된 세슘량을 부위별로 측정한 결과, 수용액으로부터 식물로 이동한 총 세슘의 80% 이상이 뿌리에 농축되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 대규모 오염 현장에서 뿌리여과법을 적용 시, 농축이 심한 뿌리 부분만을 후 처리함으로써 비용과 시간을 절감할 수 있음을 의미한다. 뿌리여과법 적용 후 식물 뿌리 표면의 SEM이미지와 EDS성분 분석 결과, 수용액 내 세슘은 먼저 뿌리 표면에 이온상으로 흡착한 후 서서히 뿌리 내부로 흡수되는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.138-146
• /
• 1974

체중(體重) $47g{\sim}60g$되는 이유직후(離乳直後)의 흰쥐(Splague Dowley) 수컷 60마리를 사용(使用)하여 식이중(食餌中) 단백급원(蛋白給源)을 바꾸어 탈지유(脫脂乳), 대두박(大豆粕), 참깨박(粕), 채종박(菜種粕), 해바라기씨박(粕), 면실박(棉實粕)을 각각 24주간(週間) 투여(投與)하는 동안, 체중(體重)의 변화(變化), 장기중량(臟器重量) 변화(變化), 혈청(血淸) 및 간(肝) 조직내(組織內) 구성지질중(構成脂質中) Cholesterol, Phospholipid, Triglyceride를 정량(定量) 비교(比較) 관찰하였다. 1) 각종(各種) 유종실박중(油種實粕中) 단백질(蛋白質)은 대두박(大豆粕)과 혼용(混用)함으로써 기(其) 질적(質的)인 향상(向上)을 엿볼수 있었으며, 특(特)히 참깨박(粕)과 해바라기씨박(粕)은 식용(食用)으로서 권장할 수 있다고 사료(思料)된다. 2) 채종박(菜種粕)과 면실박(綿實粕) 같이 이미 독성성분(毒性成分)의 함유(含有)가 문제(問題)된 박(粕)에 있어서도, 실험동물(實驗動物)의 혈청(血淸) 및 간(肝) 조직내(組織內) 지방성분(脂肪成分) 함량(含量) 변화(變化)로 보아, 독성작용(毒性作用)은 인정(認定)할 수 없었으며, 이후 더 많은 검토(檢討)가 필요(必要)하다고 사료(思料)된다.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.47-54
• /
• 2011

This paper presents exploratory research on consumer awareness and attitudesabout organic food, for which consumer demand continues to increase the paper also assesses consumers' organic food distribution channel preferences. By conducting a literature review, a case study has been carried out in order to glean customer behavior, market condition and typesof distribution channels, and development of specialty stores for organic foods. The early research indicates that consumer awareness and customer attitudes toward organic food are mostly positive however, organic food's high price, as well as a lack of organic food stores, cause a negative effect on consumers' purchase intention. Secondly, the U.S. organic food retail channel consists of such mainstream supermarket/grocery stores and leading natural and organic food supermarket chains as Whole Foods, Trader Joe's, and Sunflower Farmers Market. For the current retail distribution of organic food in Korea, off-line stores are composed of direct management stores and franchise chains. Most of the organic food retail distribution operates through the Internet shopping mall, and are commonly located at retail distribution centers as multi-channel, shop-in-shop stores. Moreover, unlike in the U.S., association and consumers' cooperatives (Co-Ops), and such other member-direct retail stores as Hansallim, iCOOP, Nature Dream,and online shopping malls, are all active in Korea. Thirdly, as a result of an analysis of the present state of the organic food retail channel, as well as building a case for organic food specialty stores, the distinctive featuresand rapid growth of such unique organic food stores as Whole Foods Market, or Trader Joe's successful downsizing strategies, as well as Sunflower Farmers Market low-price approach, show steady industry growth. Moreover, as a result of a case studyof such domestic representative organic food specialty stores as "Olga" and "Chorokmaeul," a similar management style to the United States' "Whole Foods Market" and "Trader Joe's," respectively, can be seen. Similar to the U.S. market, Korean organic food markets should also implement active retail distribution opportunities, allowing consumers to select from various diverse and differentiated choices. In order to accomplish this goal, it is necessary to prepare such measures as sustaining reasonable prices, securing various suppliers for unique products,and improving consumer trust through advertisement strategies that are suitable for each company's branding processes.

• 산업식품공학
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.211-215
• /
• 2009

시중에 유통되고 있는 33종류의 식용유지를 대상으로 하여 benzo[$\alpha$]pyrene의 함량을 모니터링한 결과 압착올리브유 0.5-1.4 $\mu$g/kg, 혼합올리브유 0.6-1.0 $\mu$g/kg, 참기름 0.9-1.3 $\mu$g/kg, 대두유 0.6-3.3 $\mu$g/kg, 옥수수유 0.5-1.1 $\mu$g/kg, 해바라기유 1.2, 1.7 $\mu$g/kg, 홍화유 1.0, 2.1 $\mu$g/kg, 유지가공품 1.0, 1.4 $\mu$g/kg 수준으로 검출되었다. 대부분의 시료에는 benzo[$\alpha$]pyrene 기준치인 2.0 $\mu$g/kg를 초과하지 않았지만, 미국산 대두유와 미국산 홍화유에서 각각 3.3 $\mu$g/kg, 2.1 $\mu$g/kg로 두 종류에서 기준치 이상 검출되었다. Benzo[$\alpha$]pyrene은 식용유지로 제조되기 이전에 원재료가 오염되었거나, 가공공정, 환경으로부터 노출되는 등 노출경로는 다양하다. 정제과정인 deodorizing 과정이나, bleaching 과정에 의해서 benzo[$\alpha$]pyrene의 함량이 감소되며, 압착올리브유와 혼합올리브유의 실험결과에서 정제올리브유가 혼합되어 있는 혼합올리브유의 benzo[$\alpha$]pyrene의 함량이 낮게 나타났음을 확인할 수 있었다. Benzo[$\alpha$]pyrene의 함량은 연기성분에서도 영향을 받을 수 있으므로 원재료를 건조시키거나, 볶는 과정에서 밀폐된 상태로 진행하는 것보다 개방된 상태에서 진행하는 것이 benzo[$\alpha$]pyrene의 생성을 억제할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.456-460
• /
• 2005

To enforce the maximum residue limit for residual hexane (0.005 g/kg) in commercially available Korean vegetable oil, convenient and accurate quantification methods were investigated. Using dual surrogate standards, pentane and heptane were dissolved in ethanol, and then added to hexane-tree sunflower oil for setting up the calibration curve. Gas Chromatograph-Flame Ionization Detector with a porous layer open tubular column, indicated good chromatographic separation of hexane from other inhibiting matrix components. The lowest calibration level was $0.5\;{\mu}g/g$, not exceeding a relative standard deviation of 10% (RSD%), and 1.0\;{\mu}g/g$ not exceeding a deviation of 22% RSD% using heptane as an internal standard for the Static headspace analysis by using a headspace auto-sampler and manual injection, respectively. The residual hexane was detected in nine of the samples among 87 vegetable oil samples purchased on the local market.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.58-84
• /
• 2017

This article aims at demonstrating location specific approach for agricultural technology promotion and adoption in improving the livelihood of the small farmers in the haor basin and coastal belt of Bangladesh. Innovative technologies that have potentials are initially screened by ex-ante investigation and instrumented by the business model canvas, which is used as a bottom-up approach for sustainability of the adoption of proposed technology innovations. Village-level extension farmers, sub-district extension officers and farmers' cooperative are the unique and central features to the business models and forward linkages. Extension service, power tiller, low-lift pump, sunflower, shallow tube well, quality seed, forward linkage for farmed duck eggs, live ducks and open catch fish etc. are the suggested potential technology innovations for the small farmers. The technology adoption business model can be reinvented for different locations within or beyond the country considering the local agricultural problems and prospects for greater sustainability.