• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.429-429
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• 2002

This study examines the influence of long-range transport of dust particles and air pollutants on photochemistry of OH and NO$_3$ at Jeju Island (33.17$^{\circ}$ N, 126.10$^{\circ}$ E) during the Asian dust-storm (ADS) period in April 2001. The atmospheric concentrations of criteria pollutants (O$_3$, NO$_2$, CO) and sulfur species were measured at a ground station on Jeju Island, Korea as part of the ACE-Asia intensive operation. Three ADS events were observed during the periods of 10-12, 13-14, and 25-26 April, respectively. The concentrations of the criteria pollutants (i.e., $O_3$, NO$_2$, and SO$_2$) were not significantly different from those during the non-Asian-dust-storm (NADS) period. Average OH and NO$_3$ levels at Jeju Island during the study period (ADS and NADS) were estimated to be 4-10 $\times$ 10$^{5}$ moleculescm$^{-3}$ and 2-4 pptv, respectively. Two main sources of OH radical were the primary production from the reaction of water vapor ($H_2O$) and O(1D) radicals and the reaction of HO$_2$ with NO. CO was a dominant sink of OH during the ADS period: whereas NO$_2$ was the most important during the NADS period. for NO$_3$ radical, a reaction of NO$_2$ with $O_3$ was the most important atmospheric source; while $N_2$O$_{5}$ uptake on dust particles was the most dominant sink during the ADS period.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.310-315
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• 2019

본 연구는 시멘트 제조 시 발생하는 CBS-dust의 새로운 활용방법을 모색하고자 일련의 연구를 진행하는데, CBS-dust의 물리 및 화학적 특성 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 먼저, 물리적 성질로 밀도는 2.40g/㎤으로 시멘트보다 가볍고, pH는 12.50으로 강알칼리성이며, 입도의 경우는 시멘트보다 미세한 11.70㎛로 나타났다. 화학적 특성으로는 산화칼슘(CaO) 성분이 35.10%로 가장 많은 량을 나타내고, 산화칼륨(K₂O)이 32.43%, 염화칼륨(KCl)이 19.46% 삼산화황(SO₃)이 6.81%이며, 그 이외의 화학성분으로 SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, MgO, 기타 등이었다. 따라서, CBS-dust를 철근이 없는 혼화재를 다량 사용하는 콘크리트 2차 제품에 알칼리 활성화재로 사용한다면, 알칼리 자극제로 콘크리트의 강도증진 및 한중시공 시 초기동해 방지 등에 효과적인 활용법이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 플랜트 저널
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.32-41
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• 2021

최근 미세먼지 등 대기환경 문제가 국가적 이슈로 급부상 하고있는 추세이며 특히 석탄화력발전소에 대한 강도높은 환경규제치가 적용되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 석탄화력발전소 주요 대기오염 배출물질인 황산화물과 먼지 제거를 위한 탈황설비 성능개선 사례에 대해 소개하고 있으며 현재 운영중인 1,000 MW 발전소의 성능개선을 위한 네가지 Case Study를 수행하고 공사를 하였다. 탈황설비 흡수탑 개조를 통해 액기비를 증대시켰으며 산화공기 유량을 증대시켜 기액 반응을 촉진하였다. 또한 가스가스히터 누설률을 개선하여 최종 탈황설비 효율을 향상시켰다. 기존 설비와 조화를 고려한 성능개선 공사를 통해 2023년부터 적용될 규제치(황산화물 25ppm, 먼지 5mg/Sm³)를 만족할 것으로 예상되며 타 화력발전소에 검토 및 적용하는데 참고될 수 있다고 기대된다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.140-146
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• 2018

코이어 더스트와 수피를 동일한 비율로 혼합한 상토로 '싼타' 딸기를 수경재배할 때 기비로 혼합된 유황의 처리수준 차이가 토양용액의 중탄산 농도, pH, 식물체의 생육 및 무기원소 흡수량에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 본 연구를 수행하였다. 혼합상토 조제시 유황분말을 0, 0.23, 0.45, 0.90 및 $1.80g{\cdot}L^{-1}$으로 조절하여 혼합하였고, 작물 재배 중에는 중탄산 농도를 $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$으로 조절한 Hoagland 용액을 관비하였다. 식물체의 생육조사 및 무기원소 함량 분석은 양액처리 140일 후에, 근권부의 화학성 분석은 매 2주 간격으로 수행하였다. 유황의 시비수준이 증가할수록 모주의 전반적인 생장이 우수하였다. 엽록소 함량을 제외한 모주의 생장조사 항목에서 무처리구가 가장 저조하였고, $0.45g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 이상의 세 처리구 간에서 통계적인 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 유황 처리수준이 높아질수록 런너 발생 및 자묘의 생장 역시 우수해지는 경향을 보였다. 런너 길이, 모주당 발생한 자묘수 및 1번 자묘의 생체중은 $0.45g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 보다 낮은 유황처리구보다 0.90과 $1.80g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리구가 우수하였지만 두 처리 간에는 통계적인 차이가 없었다. 유황 0과 $0.23g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 처리구는 토양용액의 중탄산 농도와 pH가 지속적으로 상승한 반면 $0.90g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 이상 처리구에서 다소 낮아지는 경향이었다. 토양용액 내 K과 $PO_4$의 농도는 0.90과 $1.80g{\cdot}L^{-1}$가 다른 처리구보다 낮았으며, Ca과 Mg의 농도는 처리구 간에 차이가 없었다. 유황 무처리구에서 분석한 무기원소 함량이 가장 적었으며, 유황 처리수준이 높아질수록 증가하였다. 이상의 결과, 코이어 더스트와 수피 혼합상토(5:5, v/v)에서 '싼타' 딸기를 수경재배할 때 양액의 중탄산 피해를 방지하고 식물 생육을 촉진시키기 위해서는 유황을 $0.90g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 이상 기비처리하는 것이 효과적이라 판단하였다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.1-26
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• 2009

We conclude the following with air pollution data measured from city measurement net administered and managed in Gwangju for the last 7 years from January in 2001 to December in 2007. In addition, some major statistics governed by Gwangju city and data administered by Gwangju as national official statistics obtained by estimating the amount of national air pollutant emission from National Institute of Environmental Research were used. The results are as follows ; 1. The distribution by main managements of air emission factory is the following ; Gwangju City Hall(67.8%) > Gwangsan District Office(13.6%) > Buk District Office(9.8%) > Seo District Office(5.5%) > Nam District Office(3.0%) > Dong District Office(0.3%) and the distribution by districts of air emission factory ; Buk District(32.8%) > Gwangsan District(22.4%) > Seo District(21.8%) > Nam District(14.9%) > Dong District(8.1%). That by types(Year 2004~2007 average) is also following ; Type 5(45.2%) > Type 4(40.7%) > Type 3(8.6%) > Type 2(3.2%) > Type 1(2.2%) and the most of them are small size of factory, Type 4 and 5. 2. The distribution by districts of the number of car registrations is the following ; Buk District(32.8%) > Gwangsan District(22.4%) > Seo District(21.8%) > Nam District(14.9%) > Dong District(8.1%) and the distribution by use of car fuel in 2001 ; Gasoline(56.3%) > Diesel(30.3%) > LPG(13.4%) > etc.(0.2%). In 2007, there was no ranking change ; Gasoline(47.8%) > Diesel(35.6%) > LPG(16.2%) >etc.(0.4%). The number of gasoline cars increased slightly, but that of diesel and LPG cars increased remarkably. 3. The distribution by items of the amount of air pollutant emission in Gwangju is the following; CO(36.7%) > NOx(32.7%) > VOC(26.7%) > SOx(2.3%) > PM-10(1.5%). The amount of CO and NOx, which are generally generated from cars, is very large percentage among them. 4. The distribution by mean of air pollutant emission(SOx, NOx, CO, VOC, PM-10) of each county for 5 years(2001~2005) is the following ; Buk District(31.0%) > Gwangsan District(28.2%) > Seo District(20.4%) > Nam District(12.5%) > Dong District(7.9%). The amount of air pollutant emission in Buk District, which has the most population, car registrations, and air pollutant emission businesses, was the highest. On the other hand, that of air pollutant emission in Dong District, which has the least population, car registrations, and air pollutant emission businesses, was the least. 5. The average rates of SOx for 5 years(2001~2005) in Gwangju is the following ; Non industrial combustion(59.5%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(20.4%) > Road transportation(11.4%) > Non-road transportation(3.8%) > Waste disposal(3.7%) > Production process(1.1%). And the distribution of average amount of SOx emission of each county is shown as Gwangsan District(33.3%) > Buk District(28.0%) > Seo District(19.3%) > Nam District(10.2%) > Dong District(9.1%). 6. The distribution of the amount of NOx emission in Gwangju is shown as Road transportation(59.1%) > Non-road transportation(18.9%) > Non industrial combustion(13.3%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(6.9%) > Waste disposal(1.6%) > Production process(0.1%). And the distribution of the amount of NOx emission from each county is the following ; Buk District(30.7%) > Gwangsan District(28.8%) > Seo District(20.5%) > Nam District(12.2%) > Dong District(7.8%). 7. The distribution of the amount of carbon monoxide emission in Gwangju is shown as Road transportation(82.0%) > Non industrial combustion(10.6%) > Non-road transportation(5.4%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(1.7%) > Waste disposal(0.3%). And the distribution of the amount of carbon monoxide emission from each county is the following ; Buk District(33.0%) > Seo District(22.3%) > Gwangsan District(21.3%) > Nam District(14.3%) > Dong District(9.1%). 8. The distribution of the amount of Volatile Organic Compound emission in Gwangju is shown as Solvent utilization(69.5%) > Road transportation(19.8%) > Energy storage & transport(4.4%) > Non-road transportation(2.8%) > Waste disposal(2.4%) > Non industrial combustion(0.5%) > Production process(0.4%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(0.3%). And the distribution of the amount of Volatile Organic Compound emission from each county is the following ; Gwangsan District(36.8%) > Buk District(28.7%) > Seo District(17.8%) > Nam District(10.4%) > Dong District(6.3%). 9. The distribution of the amount of minute dust emission in Gwangju is shown as Road transportation(76.7%) > Non-road transportation(16.3%) > Non industrial combustion(6.1%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(0.7%) > Waste disposal(0.2%) > Production process(0.1%). And the distribution of the amount of minute dust emission from each county is the following ; Buk District(32.8%) > Gwangsan District(26.0%) > Seo District(19.5%) > Nam District(13.2%) > Dong District(8.5%). 10. According to the major source of emission of each items, that of oxides of sulfur is Non industrial combustion, heating of residence, business and agriculture and stockbreeding. And that of NOx, carbon monoxide, minute dust is Road transportation, emission of cars and two-wheeled vehicles. Also, that of VOC is Solvent utilization emission facilities due to Solvent utilization. 11. The concentration of sulfurous acid gas has been 0.004ppm since 2001 and there has not been no concentration change year by year. It is considered that the use of sulfurous acid gas is now reaching to the stabilization stage. This is found by the facts that the use of fuel is steadily changing from solid or liquid fuel to low sulfur liquid fuel containing very little amount of sulfur element or gas, so that nearly no change in concentration has been shown regularly. 12. Concerning changes of the concentration of throughout time, the concentration of NO has been shown relatively higher than that of $NO_2$ between 6AM~1PM and the concentration of $NO_2$ higher during the other time. The concentration of NOx(NO, $NO_2$) has been relatively high during weekday evenings. This result shows that there is correlation between the concentration of NOx and car traffics as we can see the Road transportation which accounts for 59.1% among the amount of NOx emission. 13. 49.1~61.2% of PM-10 shows PM-2.5 concerning the relationship between PM-10 and PM-2.5 and PM-2.5 among dust accounts for 45.4%~44.5% of PM-10 during March and April which is the lowest rates. This proves that particles of yellow sand that are bigger than the size $2.5\;{\mu}m$ are sent more than those that are smaller from China. This result shows that particles smaller than $2.5\;{\mu}m$ among dust exist much during July~August and December~January and 76.7% of minute dust is proved to be road transportation in Gwangju.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.706-714
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• 2020

전 세계 90 %의 인구가 WHO의 연평균 미세먼지 노출 기준(10 ㎍/㎥)을 초과한 공기를 흡입하고 있다. 전 세계적으로 육상뿐만 아니라 해양에서 발생하는 질소산화물에 대한 규제를 통해 2차 오염물질, 초미세먼지 저감에 대해 노력하고 있으며 국내에서는 선박에서 미세먼지 발생의 주요한 원인인 황 함유량 저감과 환경친화적 선박의 개발 및 보급 등을 통해 깨끗한 해양환경 조성을 위한 노력을 하고 있다. 디젤엔진 유해 배출가스 저감을 위한 기술 중 압력 손실이 적고 높은 집진 효율 및 NOx의 제거와 유지 관리의 장점이 많은 전기 집진기의 수요와 중요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 총톤수 999톤급 선박의 2,427 kW 선박용 디젤엔진의 미세먼지 저감을 목적으로 개발된 전기 집진기를 예지보전단계에서 고장모드영향분석을 통해 장비 품질을 높여 선박 내에서의 내구연한을 높이고자 위험 우선순위 도출하였다. 위험 우선순위는 고장모드 241(poor dust capture efficiency)이 RPN 180으로 가장 높았다. Collecting electrode에서 가장 많은 고위험 고장모드를 검출하여 집중관리 부품으로 관리해야 할 필요가 있었으며 원인으로 진동과 핀 풀림으로 인한 유격 불량이 가장 많이 검출되었다. 핀 풀림 역시 근본적으로는 선체 또는 장비에서 발생하는 진동이 원인이 되어 발생할 수 있는 사항이기 때문에 핀 풀림이 발생하는 개소에 보완이 필요하겠다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1972

During the period from June 1st 1971 to November 30 th 1971, studies on air pollution were made in Kwangju city. The city was divided into 6 areas; the downtown area, the semi-downtown area, the heavy traffic area, the commercial area, the residential area, the park area, 13 surveying sites were selected each representing the characteristics of the area. The Measurement methods which were used are described below. Sulfur oxides were measured by $PbO_2$ cylinder method, sulfur dioxides ($SO_2$) and carbon monoxide (CO) by the MSA & Kitakwa detector, dustfall by the Deposit gauge method, and the noise levels by the Kanomax soundlevel meter. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The mean value of sulfur oxides in Kwangju city was $1.16mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$, ranging from $0.45mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$ to $3.10mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$. 2. The mean values of sulfur oxides according to its specific area in the city were $1.45mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$ in heavy traffic area, 1.36 in downtown area, 1.23 in semi-downtown area, 1.11 in commercial area, 0.96 in residential area, and 1.07 in park area, respectively. 3. The average concentration of sulfur dioxide was 0.063 ppm from 2 to 5 P.M in Kwangju city. 4. The average concentrations of sulfur dioxides according to its specific area, from 2 to 5 P.M, in the city were 0.084 ppm in heavy traffic area & downtown area, 0.067 in commercial area, 0.053 in semi-downtown area, 0.052 in residential area, and 0.036 in park area. 5. The average concentration of carbon monoxide was 22.3 ppm from 2 to 5 P.M, in Kwangju city. 6. The average concentrations of carbon monoxide according to its specific area, from 2 to 5 P.M, in the city were 27.0 ppm in downtown area, 26.3 in semi-downtown area, 23.0 in heavy traffic area, 21.7 in commercial area, 20.0 in residential arera, and 17.6 in park area. 7. The mean value of dusifall in Kwangju city was $29.28ton/km^2/month$, ranging from $9.85ton/km^2/month$ to $66.34ton/km^2/month$. 8. The mean values of dustfall according to its specific area in the city were $50.37ton/km^2/month$ in semi-downtown area, 42.76 in heavy traffic area, 34.67 in downtown area, 17.77 in commercial area, 14.40 in park area, and 14.76 in residential area. 9. The mean values of the soluble dust in Kwangju city was $10.23ton/Km^2/month$ and that of the insoluble dust was $19.05ton/Km^2/month$. 10. The mean value of noise level in Kwangju city was 62 phon, ranging from 37 phon to 88 phon. 11. The mean values of noise level according to its specific area in the city were 76 phon in heavy traffic area, 67 in semi-downtown area, 64 in downtown area, 59 in commercial area, 52 in part area, and 50 in residential area.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2012

This paper is focused on the comprehensive and detailed interpretation for the chemical transformation of individual Asian dust (hereafter called "AD") particles during long-range transport from source regions to receptor area. A multi-stage particle sampler was operated at a ground-based site in Taean, Korea directly exposed to the outflow of air masses from China during AD period in April 2003. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses for size-classified individual particles were carried out by a microbeam X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method and a microbeam Particle Induced X-ray Emission (micro-PIXE), respectively. Among major characteristic elements, the elemental masses of soil derived components, sulfur, and chloride varied as a function of particle size showing the monomodal maximum with a steeply increasing at 3.3-4.7 ${\mu}m$ particle size. Although the details on chemical composition of AD particle collected on a straight line from source area to our ground-based site are needed, a large amount of Cl coexisted in and/or on AD particles suggests that AD particles collected in the present study might be actively engaged in chemical transformation by sea-salt and other Cl containing pollutants emitted from the China's domestic sources. Through the statistical analyses it was possible to classify individual AD particles into six distinct groups. The internally mixed AD particles with Cl, which has various sources (e.g., sea-salt, coal combustion origin HCl, gaseous HCl derived from the adsorption of acids to sea-salt, and Cl containing man-made particles) were thoroughly fractionated by the elemental spectra drivened by the double detector system of micro-PIXE.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2011

Haze phenomena were analyzed to assess the impact of long range transport process on the air quality of Seoul and Busan. We statistically classified haze days observed in both Seoul and Busan into two types of haze cases: stagnant case and long-range transport case, and analyzed the air pollutant levels comparatively for each of the two cases for the period of 2000~2007. The results showed that the long-range transport haze case occurs less frequently with the occurrence frequency of 35.5% than stagnant case with the occurrence frequency of 64.5%. During the observed all haze days, all pollutants have high concentration in comparison with those under other meteorological conditions (Rain, Mist, Dust, Clear, Rain+Mist) except for only $PM_{10}$ of Dust case where its level shows highest among total 6 categorized conditions. The long range transport haze case shows similar levels of $PM_{10}$ and $NO_2$, but higher $SO_2$ and lower $O_3$ compared with stagnant haze cases, suggesting the importance of sulfur chemistry for long range transport haze case and local photochemistry for stagnant haze case. In addition, by employing the NOAA/HYSPLIT-4 backward trajectory model, we subdivided the long range transport haze cases into two different sources: urban anthropogenic high emission areas of central China, and natural emission sources over north China and/or Mongolia. The former long range transport haze case shows higher occurrence (with Seoul 70% and Busan 85%) than the latter haze case (with Seoul 30% and Busan <10%). This is also implying that the long haze phenomena occurred over Korea have been influenced by not only the anthropogenic emissions but also the natural dust emissions. These both emission sources can be good contributors in calculating the source-receptor relationship over Korean atmospheric environment.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.217-225
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• 2003

Samples of size-fractionated PM10 (airborne particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than $10\mu\textrm{m}$) were collected at an urban site in Jeju city from May to September 2002. The mass concentration and chemical composition of the samples were measured. The data sets were then applied to the CMB receptor model to estimate the source contribution of PM10 in Jeju area. The average PM10 mass concentration was 28.80$\mu\textrm{g}/m^3$ ($24.6~33.49\mu\textrm{g}/m^3$), and the FP (fine particle with aerodynamic diameter less than $2.l\mu\textrm{m}$ fraction in PM10 was approximately 8% higher than the CP (coarse particle with aerodynamic diameter greater than $2.l\mu\textrm{m}$ and less than $10\mu\textrm{m}$ fraction in PM10. The CP composition was obviously different from the FP composition, that is, the most abundant water soluble species was nitrate ion in the FP, but sulfate ion in the CP. Also sulfur was the most dominant element in the FP, however, sodium was that in the CP. From CMB receptor model results, it was found that road dust was the largest contributor to the CP mass concentration (45% of the CP) and ammonium nitrate, domestic boiler, and marine aerosol were major sources to the CP mass. However, the secondary aerosol was the most significant contributor to the FP mass concentration (45% of the FP). In this study, it was suggested that the contributions of soil dust and gasoline vehicle became very low due to collinearity with road dust and diesel vehicle, respectively.