• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.293-300
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• 1999

Garlic from 4 main growing area was analyzed for the composition related to garlic flavor. Twenty-eight volatile compounds in garlic were separated by GC and twenty five were identified by GC/MS. Total peak area was high in garlic from $S\u{o}san$, and low from $Hampy\u{o}ng$. However, no significant difference was found in total peak area of sulfur compounds for garlic from Namhae, $S\u{o}san$, and $Uis\u{o}ng$. The results of free sugars analysis showed that relatively large amount of 1-kestose, 1-nystose, and 1-F-fructosyl nystose known as fructooligosaccharide were found in garlic in addition to glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Garlic from $S\u{o}san$ contained high amount of 1-nystose and 1-F- fructosyl nystose. Total free amino acid content in garlic was in a range of $2036.1{\sim}2704.0mg%$, and it was higher in garlic from $S\u{o}san$ and $Uis\u{o}ng$. Lactic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, fumaric acid, levunic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, citric acid and pyroglutamic acid were found in garlic. Total organic acid content in garlic was $1905.7{\sim}2359.2mg$, and garlic from $Hampy\u{o}ng$ had relatively low organic acid contents.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.94-102
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• 2013

Characteristics of rubber mixture were evaluated in order to find the optimum mixing conditions of compounds containing silica and silane at various temperatures. With different mixing temperatures of 105, 120, 130, 140 and $160^{\circ}C$, the viscosity of the compound mixed at $105^{\circ}C$ showed a very high viscosity value. Compounds mixed the temperature range from at $120^{\circ}C$ to $140^{\circ}C$ showed lower viscosity than the compound mixed at $105^{\circ}C$. However, the difference was found to be small in those temperature ranges. On the contrary, at the mixing temperature of $160^{\circ}C$, the viscosity of compound increased again. Through the physical and dynamic observations, it was verified that at the mixing temperature below $120^{\circ}C$ only insufficient silica-silane reaction has been obtained. In addition, with the elevated mixing temperature of $160^{\circ}C$, Cross-linking occurred during mixing by the sulfur contained in coupling agent. In the temperature ranges from $120^{\circ}C$ to $140^{\circ}C$, because of the fast coupling reaction at higher temperature, it was thought to be more advantageous during reaction even though the trend of viscosity and dynamic mechanical property was not clear.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.330-339
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• 1983

The CNDO/2 and STO-3G calculations were performed on nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur compounds in order to examine the effect of interactions between two nonbonding (n) orbitals in the same molecule separated by N intervening $\sigma$ bonds based on the PMO approach. Calculated basis level energies, energy splittings, and interaction energy changes for both chain and cyclic model compounds were qualitatively compared with the corresponding predictions derived from perturbational formalism for n-n orbital interactions and successfully explained in terms of the derived energy expressions. In general, through-space interaction term could be neglected in the N and O systems. And the calculated results were explained simply by through-bond interaction term. As a result, through-bond interaction placed n- below n+ for odd systems and n+ below n- for even systems. Also energy splittings in odd systems were larger than those in even systems. However, in the cases of cis-ethylene diamine and o-phenylene diamine(conformer VI in Table 4), through-space interaction term was found to be substantial and the opposing effects of through-space and through-bonds interactions were observed. Finally it was found that the interactions between two n orbitals on S atoms always had some contribution of the destabilizing through-space interaction term. This result was consistent with the fact that the lone pair lobes of third elements were larger in size than those of the second period elements.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1337-1343
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• 2003

Diabetes mellitus has been known to be a state of increased oxidative stress. Free radical formation and lipid peroxidation are accelerated in this metabolic disorder. Buchu (Allium tuberosum Rottler) contains lots of antioxidative nutrients such as chlorophyll, vitamin C, $\beta$-carotene, phenolic compounds and sulfur compounds. To investigate the protective effects of buchu, 10% lyophilized buchu diet was fed to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats for 14 weeks and lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, contents of reactive oxygen species, activities of antioxidative enzymes and contents of accumulated lipofuscin were measured as indicators of oxidative stress. Hepatic MDA and carbonyl contents tended to decrease in 10% buchu diet group compared with control group. Dietary buchu significantly suppressed lipid and protein oxidation in the skin of rats (p<0.05). Contents of hepatic hydroxyl radicals, which exert the highest toxicity among the reactive oxygen species, were significantly decreased in rats fed 10% buchu diet (P<0.05). Activities of antioxidative enzyme, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, tended to increase in liver and skin of rats fed 10% buchu diet, while hepatic catalase activity was significantly increased in buchu group compared with control group. Buchu supplementation significantly inhibited the accumulation of lipofuscin, an end-product of lipid peroxidation reactions induced by reactive oxygen radicals, in eye tissues compared with control diet (p<0.001). In conclusion, buchu supplementation diminished the oxidative stress, so dietary buchu could help to attenuate diabetes complications.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2001

Mechanical properties and their adhesion behavior with zinc- and brass-plated steel cords of natural rubber/acrylonitrile-butadiene blend compounds were investigated as a function of blend ratio. The Mooney viscosity and stress relaxation time were found to be lowered with increasing NBR content. Tensile modulus generally increased with increasing NBR content. Tensile stress at break stayed constant up to about 40 phr and showed minimum at $50{\sim}60 phr$, and thereafter increased with increasing NBR content. Strain at break decreased linearly below 50 phr, and above the level it showed nearly constant value. Based on the abrupt drops in elastic modulus and tan ${\delta}$ peak, the glass transition temperature of NR and NBR were found to be -55 and $-10^{\circ}C$, respectively. In the case of NR/NBR blend compounds, two distinct transition points were observed and each transition position was not affected by NBR level indicating an incompatible nature of NR/NBR blend system. The pullout force and rubber coverage decreased to the level of about 40% to that of pure m compound, when the 50 phr of NR was replaced by NBR. However, the pure NBR compound showed the comparable adhesion performance with NR(${\sim}90%$). The sulfur concentration was found to become lower with the increased NBR content at the adhesion interface based on the Auger spectrometer results, representing a lack of adhesion layer formation, and this was explained for a possible cause of low adhesion performance with adding NBR.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.321-327
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• 2014

This paper introduces the physicochemical characteristics of garlic shoots investigated in the 8 areas of Namhae, Gohyeon-myeon (GHM), Nam-myeon (NM), Samdong-myeon (SDM), Namhae-eup (NHE), Seo-myeon (SM), Seolcheon-myeon (SCM), Idong-myeon (IDM) and Changsoen-myeon (CSM). The moisture was $80.15{\pm}0.37{\sim}83.87{\pm}0.15g/100g$. The crude protein and lipid were $1.59{\pm}0.02{\sim}2.25{\pm}0.09g/100g$ and $0.35{\pm}0.01{\sim}0.48{\pm}0.03g/100g$, respectively. Ash was $0.65{\pm}0.03{\sim}0.71{\pm}0.03g/100g$. In addition, the total levels of phenol and flavonoid were searched as $33.02{\pm}1.78{\sim}58.41{\pm}1.08mg/100g$ and $11.60{\pm}3.36{\sim}23.95{\pm}2.04mg/100g$, respectively. The garlic shoots in IDM, where the highest total chlorophyll level detected as $170.58{\pm}1.04{\mu}g/g$ and in CSM, where the lowest total chlorophyll level investigated as $116.65{\pm}0.00{\mu}g/g$, were unveiled. The mineral elements (S, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Mn and Zn) were analyzed by ICP-OES, and K was the most highly contained mineral with $7257.0{\pm}87.9{\sim}10070.0{\pm}9.7mg/kg$. Significant feature of garlic shoots in IDM and NHE was that the total amounts of mineral were relatively higher than other regions as 21,143.5 mg/kg and 20,581.2 mg/kg, respectively. The cultivating regions were revealed as the one of important matters with the level of allicin ($78.03{\pm}6.15{\sim}203.43{\pm}18.47mg/kg$). In particular, the level of allicin of garlic raised in SDM ($203.43{\pm}18.47mg/kg$) was approximately 2.2~2.6 times higher than those in CSM ($92.86{\pm}8.70mg/kg$) and SCM ($78.03{\pm}6.15mg/kg$). The sulfur compounds content of diallyl trisulde was remarkably higher, especially the garlic shoots in IDM with $830.62{\pm}14.69{\sim}1281.10{\pm}27.71mg/kg$.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

A total of 20 agricultural organic materials including inorganic compounds, plant oils and plant extracts were used in the study for assessing the control efficacy on pepper diseases. Among inorganic compounds, only copper hydroxide showed inhibitory effect on both Phytophthora capsici causing Phytophthora blight and Colletotrichum acutatum causing anthracnose. Phosphorous acid inhibited the growth of P. capsici on PDA, and Sulfur/quicklime had it on that of C. acutatum. Plant essential oil, rosemary oil, and rapeseed oil among plant oils and plant extract of Japanese apricot/ginkgo nut inhibited the mycelial growth of the two pathogens. In the screening using pepper plant seedlings, the control efficacy on Phytophthora blight in 6-leaf stage of seedling was superior to that in 4-leaf stage of seedling. A protective effect on Phytophthora blight was displayed by copper hydroxide, sulfur/quicklime, water soluble calcium, phosphorous acid, plant essential oil, and cloves extract. When C. acutatum was inoculated by the non-wound method, copper hydroxide and rapeseed oil showed excellent protective activities with control values of 91.3% and 82.6%, respectively. However, copper hydroxide did not show any activity, when C. acutatum was inoculated after wounding pepper fruits. All organic materials never showed the curative effect on Phytophthora blight and anthracnose in pepper seedling assay and fruit assay.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.375-381
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• 2021

This study investigated the physicochemical properties and chemosensory characteristics of radish samples. Brix results in Matdong-radish showed the highest value (1.5±0.1%), and Mansahyungtong-radish showed the lowest. In terms of salinity, Mansahyungtong-radish had the highest value (1.2±0.1%), and there were no significant differences among samples except Mansahyungtong-radish. In pH analysis, Cheongjunggowon-radish had the highest value at 6.69±0.02. The pH in Mansahyungtong-radish showed the lowest value at 6.10±0.01. In the electronic tongue, sourness was high in the Seoho-radish (8.2), and saltiness was high in the Matdong-radish (8.1). Umami was high in the Seoho-radish (8.3), and sweetness was high in the Matdong-radish (8.1). In the electronic nose, sulfur-containing compounds were high in all the samples. Methanethiol, which represented the odor description of cabbage, garlic, and sulfurous, was abundant in sulfur-containing compounds. Multivariate analysis using physicochemical and chemosensory properties can be used as a database for the food industry.

• Clean Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 2019

Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) has received much attention in recent years because refractory sulfur compounds such as dibenzothiophenes can be oxidized selectively to their corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones, and these products can be removed by extraction and adsorption. In this work, The oxidative desulfurization of marine diesel fuel was performed in a batch reactor with hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) in the presence of various supported heteropoly acid catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, XRF, XPS and nitrogen adsorption isotherm techniques. Based on the sulfur removal efficiency of promising silica supported heteropoly acid catalysts, the ranking of catalytic activity was: $30\;H_3PW_{12}/SiO_2$ > $30\;H_3PMo_{12}/SiO_2$ > $30\;H_4SiW_{12}/SiO_2$, which appears to be related with their intrinsic acid strength. The $30\;H_3PW_{12}/SiO_2$ catalyst showed the highest initial sulfur removal efficiency of about 66% under reaction conditions of $30^{\circ}C$, $0.025g\;mL^{-1}$ (cat./oil), 1 h reaction time. However, through the recycle test of the $H_3PW_{12}/SiO_2$ catalyst, significant deactivation was observed, which was attributed to the elution of the active component $H_3PW_{12}$. By introducing cesium cation ($Cs^+$) into the $H_3PW_{12}/SiO_2$ catalyst, the stability of the catalyst was improved with changing the solubility, and the $Cs^+$ ion exchanged catalyst could be recycled for at least five times without severe elution.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 1969

The study on physico-chemical characteristics of the acid sulfate soil present in Kimhae plain was carried out with 28 surface and subsoils from lower and higher produtive area and two representative profile samples from the areas reclaimed a few decades ago and around 10 years ago respectively. 1. There are no differences in soil texture between lower and higher productive soils being mostly silty clay loam and silty clay. 2. Very significant differences in pH, degree of base saturation and extractable aluminium content are observed; lower pH, lower degree of base saturation and higher aluminium in the lower productive soils and subsoils. The pH and degree of base saturation of these soils are extremely low whereas aluminium content is very high compared to ordinary paddy soil. 3. Cation exchange capacity of these soils are slightly higher than ordinary paddy soils. In higher productive soils, exchangeable calcium and magnesium are of same order, whereas in lower productive soils magnesium content is appreciably higher than calcium. 4. Though the soil is derived from marine and estuarine sediment, the soluble salt content is not high. There are only few lower productive surface soils and subsoils having Ec values of the saturation extracts higher than 4 mmhos but lower than 9 mmhos/cm. 5. Organic matter content of these soils is a bit higher compared to ordinary paddy soils, but, nitrogen content is comparatively low. C/N ratio of these soils is around 12. 6. Sulfur content is considerably higher but oxidizable sulfur is found to be very low. Total sulfur is generally high in subsoils and lower productive soils. 7. Active iron and available silica are slightly higher than ordinary paddy soils but easily reducible manganese is very low. Almost no differences are also observed between lower and higher productive soils. 8. Available phosphorus content is extremely low in particular, regardless of higher or lower productive soils. 9. The two representative profiles from the area of earlier reclamation and recent one show that samples from earlier reclaimed area contain less amount of free acids, sulfur compounds, toxic aluminium and soluble salts etc. than the other. This indicate greater leaching and possible addition of lime for a longer period of time. 10. From the results obtained, it can be concluded the higher productivity of group I soils is due to the greater leaching and neutralisation of acidity by liming materials, It can also be concluded that the productivity of both types can be increased by addition of liming materials and improvement of drainage facilities.