• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2004

Till now, Korean spelling proofreading system has corrected words of a sentence from the relationship of a collocation or the grammatical information of the sentence. In this paper, we propose a system that corrects a word using the relationship among the sememes in a single sentence and substitutes an apt word for a word of the sentence that has the meaningful mistake by a mistyping. The proposed system makes several sentences that are able to communicate with each sememe. The substantives forms meaning tree according to the meaning of the word and the predicate of a sentence defines the meaningful relationship between a substantives of the subject and the object. After this system compares and analyzes the relationship of meaning, it corrects the mistyping of a word in a single sentence that includes an error. If the system finds out the semantic error by the mistyping, it applies the spelling proofreading method that proposed in this paper.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.449-454
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• 1998

It is well known that new tissue or blood vessel is grown into a porous calcium phosphate ceramics used as a bone graft substitute due to their excellent biocompatibility. In this study, the most chemically stable porous $\beta$-crystalline form in various forms of calcium metaphosphate, Ca(PO$_3$)$_2$is prepared by the controlled thermolysis of monocalcium phosphate, Ca(H$_2$PO$_4$)$_2$.The diameter of cylindrical pores formed during cooling was controlled by a holding time at the melting point of a monocalcium phosphate and by the change of a crystallization temperature, to obtain the most appropriate size (about 200$\mu$m) of pores for the application of bone substitutes and matricuts. It was observed that the increasing holding time at the melting point of monocalcium phosphate results in the decreases of cylindrical pore sizes.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1383-1392
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• 2019

Adversarial attack, which geneartes adversarial data to make target model misclassify the input data, is able to confuse real life applications of classification models and cause severe damage to the classification system. An Black-box adversarial attack learns a substitute model, which have similar decision boundary to the target model, and then generates adversarial data with the substitute model. Jacobian-based data augmentation is used to synthesize the training data to learn substitutes, but has a drawback that the data synthesized by the augmentation get distorted more and more as the training loop proceeds. We suggest data augmentation with 'decay factor' to alleviate this problem. The result shows that attack success rate of our method is higher(around 8.5%) than the existing method.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.459-465
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, Chemical antiseptics have become great problems for health and environmental, so that developing of new substitutes for chemical antiseptics is more and more important. Natural product is a kind of environment-friendly additive that could be used as antiseptic in food industry. Thuja orientalis cv Aurea Nana is a gymnospermous plant of the family Cupressaceae, native to northwestern China and widely naturalised elsewhere in Korea and Japan. This study was aimed to investigate the antibacterial potential of various organic extracts from T. orientalis cones against some food-borne and food-spoilage bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS: Hexane extract (HE), chloroform extract (CE), ethyl acetate extract (EAE) and methanol extract (ME) were obtained from female cones of T. orientalis. The antibacterial activities of various extracts were tested by standard agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against five gram-positive and six gram-negative bacteria. Cell viability and morphology change of L. monocytogenes ATCC 10943 treated with hexane extract were also observed. The various extracts displayed remarkable antibacterial effects against all the gram-positive bacteria but did not show any effect against the gram-negative bacteria. Hexane extract has the highest inhibitory effect on cell viability of L. monocytogenes ATCC 10943. SEM observation also demonstrated the damaging effect of the hexane extract on the morphology of L. monocytogenes ATCC 10943 at the minimum inhibitory concentration. CONCLUSION(s): The tested gram-positive bacteria were significantly inhibited by organic extracts of T. orientalis cone. Hexane extract was the most potent against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 10943, as evidenced by the lowest MIC level and the complete inhibition of cell viability within shortest exposure time, along with SEM observation.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.87-92
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• 2010

This study set up 25, 35% for silica fume, SFFB's 2 level and water-combination material ratio, silica fume 10% for substitution ratio, and 4 level of SFFB 5, 10, 15(%) in order to compare and analyze the quality characteristic of ultra high strength concrete according to the substitution ratio of silica fume free binder (SFFB) that can be utilized as a substitute material for silica fume. As a result of an experimentation, the lower water-combination material ratio was, the higher addition ratio of high performance water-reducing agent for securing target liquidity increased, and it indicated the tendency that addition ratio of high performance water-reducing agent decreases because of material characteristic that SFFB has a lower absorptiveness than silica fume. The best strength was shown when SFFB substitution ratio is 10% at compressive strength and when substitution ratio is 15% at tensile strength, and it was indicated that at autogenous shrinkage contraction decreases compared to Plain(SF) regardless of substitution ratio of W/B and SFFB.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.4 no.7
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• pp.798-807
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• 1994

The increase in the resistance of $BaTio_{3}$ with addition of Ca is attributed to the formation ofthe acceptor impurity by $CaCa^{2+}$" which substitutes Ti4+. However, some authors suggested that $Ca^{2+}$ can not substitute $Ti^{4+}$ because of its larger ionic radius. In this work, the existence of acceptor by Ca hasbeen studied through the high temperature equilibrium electrical conductivity of $BaTiO_{3}$ codoped with Caand Nb, where Ba/(Ti+Ca+Nb) was kept equal to unity. It was measured at $1000^{\circ}C$, and the oxygenpartial pressure was controlled between $10^{-15}$ ~ 1 atm. Changing the amount of added Ca and Nbresulted in the compensation effect between donor and acceptor, i.e., Nb was compensated by the acceptor.And through the defect chemical interpretation of the measured data, it was concluded that Ti canbe substitued with Ca. The existence of such acceptor was reaffirmated by ICTS(Isotherma1 CapacitanceTransient Spectroscopy) measurements.oscopy) measurements.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.725-730
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• 2005

In the development of biomaterials as a substitute of hard tissues, the biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of the biomaterial are considered to be one of the most significant considerations. These biological properties of a material can be greatly improved by the modification of the surface properties by the depositing calcium phosphate thin films on the material since calcium phosphate films possess similar chemical compositions to hard tissues. The success of a material as a biomaterial will be determined by the interaction of the surface of the material with the adhesion molecules which induce cellular adhesion and biological responses of the adherent cells. Depending on the adsorption mechanisms and adsorbed conformation of the adhesion molecules on the surface of the biomaterial, cellular responses, such as adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells, can be promoted or restricted. It has been reported that materials of which surfaces were modified with thin films of calcium phosphate appeared to be more osteoconductive. Rapid formations of bone nodule in addition to higher differentiations of osteoblast have been observed on the calcium phosphate thin films.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.315-325
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• 2004

This study was conducted to develop the standard breakfast menu for those weak groups having insufficient breakfast intake. The following three target groups are classified as: 16-19 years old high school male student, 20-29 years old female who have job or college students, 20-29 years old male or female who have job (double income family). While developing menus for each target groups, we applied several basic guidelines for meal planning as follows: Nutrient intake level was set to $\graction one-Third$ of RDA, while the energy level to $\fraction one-quarter $ of RDAs. Most Sequent meal pattern of Koreans was adapted; Suitabilities of appropriate serving size and cost for middle-income families were considered; Domestic foods and ingredients were used. We developed 24 menus summed by 2 menus for each season and three target groups. When evaluating the menus, most of the breakfast menus were sufficient of nutrients as a meal for the subjects. Three food groups such as grain/starch group, meat/fish/egg/bean group, vegetable/fruit group were included in all menus. Even though milk/dairy products group was not excluded for some menus, other calcium substitutes like anchovies were used. Oil/nut/sugar group was used to a minimum. The average number of foods for each menu was 12.8, which ranged from 10 to 17 depending on the menus. The average weight of the menus including soup was 822 g, 633 g and 730 g for each target group, respectively. The average price of the menu ranged from 2,000 to 3,500 won per person. The above results could be applied at home as well as foodservice institutes and furthermore could offer information for developing breakfast-substituting food products.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.581-594
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• 2017

Bisphenol A(BPA), known as a typical endocrine disruptor, has been used commercially and widely for plastics and epoxy resins. BPA-based plastic is used extensively for the production of water bottles, food containers, CDs, DVDs, and panels that can be applied in construction. Epoxy resins containing BPA are used for coatings on the insides of water pipes, food cans, and thermal papers that are used in sales receipts. As its estrogenic effects and other adverse health effects have published, BPA has been regulated in many countries, and there have been efforts made to replace BPA. Other bisphenols substitutes such as bisphenol S(BPS) and bisphenol F(BPF) have been used. Currently, BPS- and BPF-based products labeled BPA-free products have been widely consumed. Because of structural similarities with BPA, however, these alternatives also show endocrine disruption effects like BPA, and many studies on adverse health effects of these alternatives are being reported. In this review, we describe the adverse health effects of bisphenols and the current status of regulation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.3176-3182
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• 2014

In the early 1920s Japan, a new concept of architecture emerged abruptly. Comprised of six new college graduates, Japanese Secessionist Architects, so called Bunriha Kenchikukai, proclaimed that they reject any historical baggage that Japan had so far inherited, and decided to build a brand new way for modern Japanese architecture. Their modernism differed from eclectic measurement done by earlier generations. For them, contemporary modern Japanese architecture was only copious to historic monuments of Western civilization. Bunriha architects' statement not only advocates an escape from nationalist historicism and Westernization, but also intends to resolve the dilemma in that it substitutes a technical syncretism inherent in all avant-garde movements. This paper intends to elucidate that Japanese Secessionist architecture is greatly indebted to German Expressionist architecture in terms of its formal language and avant-garde utopian idealism.