• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.189-199
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• 1987

Morpho-histogenesis of fruit sculpture and dehiscence in Thespesia populnea is described. The fruit wall is differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. The epicarp is stony, rind-like, 30 to 35 layers thick and derived from outer epidermis, sub-epidermis and ground parenchyma of the ovary wall. The spherical and/of tangentially elongated, thick walled cells of epicarp are interspersed with radial bands of sclereids. The mesocarp is a product of the inner zone of ground parenchyma. At maturity 20 to 25 layers of thin walled parenchyma of mesocarp appear sinuous of disorgnized. The innermost 1 to 3 layers of ground parenchyma and sub-epidermis and inner epidermis form 35 to 40 layers thick endocarp. Due to the differentiation of fibrous tissue in the projection of median plane of carpel wall and a complete ring of fibrous zone in the endocarp, the dry capsule of Thespesia populnea dehises partially in loculicidal fashion.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1990

The epidermal tissue of Korean planaria Phagocata vivida(Ijima et Kaburaki) is composed of the simple columnar epithelium. The ventral epidermis of this animals is thinner than the dorsal epidermis and has a furrow in the median line in which dark cell is observed. The clear cells which are electron-lucent are located either side of the dark cells. Those are compactly covered with long cilia. The free surface of the latero-ventral epidermis is tightly contacted with the earth and this epidermal free surface has a great number of short cilia, and a lot of C-type of basophilic granule cell are migrated into the cytoplasm of epithelium from mesenchyme passing through the basement membrane and then this granules are put out of latero-ventral free surface. Dorsal epidermis is thickest among the whole epidermis of these animals and the rhabdite granules are more distributed in dorsal epidermis than in ventral epidermis. According to the cytochemical and ultrastructural research, composed epidermis of this planaria are divided into nine type cells, that is, ciliated columnar epithelium, dark cell, mucous cell, rhabdite-forming cell, sunk round cell, A type, B type, C type and D type of basophilic granule cell.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.107-112
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• 2000

One of the physiologically important ginseng diseases is red-colored phenomena (RCP) that is caused by accumulation of red-colored substances on the epidermis of ginseng roots. Although RCP severely deteriorates the quality of ginseng products, there has been little information on what red-colored substance is and how RCP occurs. Therefore, the heavy losses of cultivators and ginseng industry are suffering by RCP, For this reason, we have investigated with the morphochernical characteristics of RCP to find out main cause of it. The red-colored substances (RS) on the epidermis of red-colored ginseng (RCG) were examined using inverted light microscope, confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM)and furier transform infrared (FT/IR) spectrometer. Red brown substances were accumulated in the cell wall of the epidermis from early stage to late stage of RCC. Especially, cell wall of the late stage of RCG was covered with the sub-stances with 80~ 130 fm thick. Therefore, the cell wall of RCG cannot protect the ginseng root cells from the mechanical damages, bacteria and fungi. To analyse red substances of roots, RS were isolated from epidermis of RCG and extracted using various solvents. RS is strongly insoluble but it was bleached by oxidizing agents including 12% (v/v) NaOCl. Therefore, RS was Presumed to make up of high chelation power. The proriles of FT/IR spectra or both healthy ginseng (HEG) and RCG showed a significant difference at two wavelength,2857 cm$\^$-1/(C-H) and 1032 cm$\^$-1/(S=O), respectively. Furthermore, absorption peak of 2857cm$\^$-l/ appears on the only epidermis of RCG. The other peak is shown lower absorption rate on the epidermis of RCG than that of healthy ginseng. Also, FT/IR spectra of the mixture of carboxym-ethylcellulose (CMC) and iron (Fe$\^$3+/) were very similar to RCG spectrum profiles. One of a interesting fact is that the contents of phenolic compounds at the epidermis of healthy ginseng were highest. The results of these experiments sup-port the RCP was closely related with the chemical interaction between inorganic elements (Fe) of rhizosphere and organic matters (cellulose, cellobiose, cell sap, etc.) of ginseng roots.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1991

A sequential sub-cellular study of the epicarp of Nerium indicum has been performed. Outer epidermis of the ovary wall is covered externally with a thin cuticle. Cytoplasm possesses most of the cell organelles in the ovary stage itself. Outermost zone of the pericarp is the epicarp, developing from the outer epidermis. In the developing fruit, cell organelles are found with its maximum intensity. In mature fruit, the epicarp becomes multilayered due to additional development of few collenchymatous cells close to the outermost layer. Epicarpic cell possesses large central vacuole, around which a thin layer of cytoplasm is present. Number of cell organelles are considerably reduced in the mature fruit. In the ovary stage starch grains are electron transparent, while in the mature fruit it is fruit it is electron transluscent.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.453-460
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• 1982

In order to investigate the effect of $AgNO_3$ pretreatment on reducing $SO_2$ injury in leaves of Forsythia koreana, changes of pH, chlorophyll content, peroxidase activity, sulfur content, and stomatal behaviour in leaves were examined. 1. $AgNO_3$ sprayed at 200 ppm or above increased black spot development in lower epidermis of leaves. But pretreatment with 100 ppm $AgNO_3$ significantly reduced de foliation and visible injury rate of leaves exposed to $SO_2$. 2. $AgNO_3$ pretreatment prevented lowering pH and decreasing chlorophyll content induced by $SO_2$ injury in leaves. But both $AgNO_3$ pretreatment and $SO_2$ exposure increased peroxidase activity in leaves. 3. $AgNO_3$ pretreatment did not affect reducing $SO_2$ absorption and stomatal opening in leaves exposed to $SO_2$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 2017

Effects of different soil water conditions on fruit characteristics were investigated in 5-year-old 'Nero' black chokeberry trees (Aronia melanocarpa). Three kinds of drought stresses, including low water deficit, severe water deficit, and very severe water deficit, due to decline of soil water decreased the fruit quality of weight of 10 berries, soluble solid content, and anthocyanin, compared with the control (consistent water supply) during the harvest period. After longer drought stress, supply of soil water could induce berry cracking because cell size of epidermis of fruits contracted, whereas cell size of sub-epidermis and flesh expanded. Thus periodic water supply using water supply facility is needed for yield and quality of 'Nero' black chokeberry fruits.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2012

This study was conducted to elucidate the cause of micro-cracking in the exocarp of 'Jinmi' peach (Prunus persica). through the microscopic observation of fruit skin development in 4 varieties such as 'Jinmi', 'Kanoiwa Hakuto', 'Kawanakajima Hakuto', and 'Yumyeong'. Micro-cracking was noted in 59.1% of 'Jinmi', 30.6% of 'Kanoiwa Hakuto', 21.5% 'Kawanakajima Hakuto' and 6.4% of 'Yumyeong', respectively. The development of intercellular spaces, which increased rapidly with the fruit development, was easily observed at 69 days after full bloom. Histological studies revealed that the number of outer epiderm cell layers of 'Jinmi' was smaller than that of the other three cultivars, and thinner than the 'Kawanakajima Hakuto' and 'Yumyeong'. Moreover, 'Jinmi' exhibited smaller and flatter shapes in the sub-epidermal cell layer than those of the 'Kawanakajima Hakuto' and 'Yumyeong' at harvest season. Therefore, these results suggest that micro-cracking of 'Jinmi' fruit skin was due to poor-developed outer epidermis and well-developed intercellular spaces just under exocarp as compared with other varieties.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.307-317
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• 2020

The barrier structure of the skin's epidermis is a key structure to prevent the loss of water inside the body and the invasion of foreign substances, and is composed of keratinocytes and intercellular lipids. At this time, the intercellular lipids of the skin barrier has the strongest structure when packed in an orthorhombic structure. However, it is damaged by various external causes and changes to a hexagonal structure. This change in physical structure can be analyzed non-invasively by analyzing the signal of the CH₂-CH₂ scissoring band of lipids using FT-IR. In this study, SDS was treated on porcine skin to construct a skin barrier damage model, and the degree of change in packing structure was quantified by analyzing FT-IR signals. We then judged whether the barrier of the damage model was recovered according to the treatment of the cosmetic formulation. From these results, an indirect method of measuring the water evaporation of the skin barrier to date can be supplemented. In addition, physical changes in the structure of the skin barrier can be utilized in a direct and efficient manner to identify the function and verify the formulation of various materials.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 1988

The species of the slug used in the experiment is Limax flavus L. For identifying the chemical characteristics of the epidermis, granules and mucus-producing cell of this animal is examined with methylene blue-basic fuchsin double stain and PAS-alcian blue reagent. For the ultrastructural research of the epidermal free surface, the epitheial cell and the parenchymal cell are used with scanning electron microscope and transmission elec-tron microscope respectively. I . Epidermal tissue The epidermal tissue of the slug is observed being divided into the dorsal and the ventral side(toot pad) respectively. 1) Dorsal epidermal tissue The dorsal epidermis of the slug is constituted with the simple columnar epithelium and the microvilli are compacted on the epidermal free surface. Two different types of the secretory granules of the neutral and the acid mucus are observed between the epithelial cells, and the neutral mucous granules are highest electron-dense but the acid mucous granules are observed to be electron-lucent. 2) Foot epidermal tissue The Foot epidermis is formed with the taller simple columnar epithelium than the dorsal epidermis and these cells have both a large number of the microvilli and a few number of the large villi. The secretory granules of three different types, which are acid, neutral and mixed mucous granule of two different types are observed between the epithelial cells. The neutral mucous granules are highest electron dense but the acid mucous granules are observed to be electron-lucent. II . Mucous granule-producing cell and mucus-producing cells Seven different types of the granules-producing cell and the mucus-producing cells are observed between the parenchyma. 1) A-type of acid mucous granule-producing cell The electron-lucent granules are largely occupied in the cytoplasm of these cells and then the granules are surrounded by irregular membrane. These electron-lucent granules exhibit alcianophilia with PAS-alcian blue reaction, so these granules are certified to be acid mucopolysaccharide. 2) B-type of acid mucus-producing cell The nucleus and the cytoplasm of these cells are pushed by the acid mucus of the electron-lucent toward the cell membrane. This mucus has been confirmed to be the acid mucopolysaccharide with PAS-alcian blue reagent. 3) A-type of neutral mucous granule-producing cell These cells contain the electron-dense round granules with approximately $1{\mu}m$ in diameter, which exhibit strongly PAS-positive reaction. These granules are confirmed to be the neutral mucoplysaccharide. 4) B-type of neutral mucous granule-producing cell These cells contain two different types of electron dense granules and electron-lucent granules; The former exhibits to be strongly PAS-positive and the latter to have alcianophilia reaction respectively. 5) C-type of neutral mucus-producing cell These cells are similar to the shape and the size of the B-type of mucus-producing cell but these two different types of cells are stained with reversing properties to each other. The mucus of the C-type cell that electron-lucent is largely occupied in the cytoplasm that exhibits strongly PAS-positive reaction. 6) D-type of neutral mucous granule-producing cell These cells contain round granules about $1{\mu}m$ in size which are observed to be medium electron-dense granules and those granules are stained brightly red with PAS-weak positive reaction. The granules are certified to be neutral mucopolysaccharide. 7) E-type of neutral mucous granule-producing cell These cells are similar to the shape and the size of the D-type of neutral mucous granule-producing cell. These cells contain a large number of granules with about $1{\mu}m$ in diameter showing electron-lucent and then granules are seen to be PAS-weak positive reaction. III. Parenchyma The clear cell and dark cell are found in the parenchyma of the Limax flavus L. 1) Clear cell These cells are round formed and the nucleus of the cells are larger than cytoplasm. These cells which have the electron-lucent cytosol possess poorly developed organelles. 2) Dark cell These cells are found to be dark cells due to high electron-density, which exhibit strongly methylene-blue reaction from double stain of methylene blue-basic fuchsin.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.321-332
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• 1997

The dermal papilla is known to playa major role in influencing the form and dynamics of the hair follicle, which probably involves regulatory substances crossing the basal lamina. But little is known about the junctions between the dermal papilla and the surrounding epithelial cells of the hair bulb, or between the connective tissue and the epithelial cells on the outside of the hair follicle. This study was performed to identify the ultrastructural differences between dermoepidermal junction of the skin and connective tissue-epithelial junctions on the outside of the hair follicle and around the dermal papilla of normal anagen hair follicles in the human fetal scalp skin. Electron microscopic findings of dermoepidermal junction in scalp skin showed that basal lamina was very irregular and undulated, and it contained many attachment plaques of hemidesmosomes with sub-basal dense plates, tonofilaments, and anchoring filaments. Also invaginations of plasma membrane of basal keratinocytes were seen. There were clear differences both on the outside of the follicle and around the dermal papilla as compared with similar junction in the skin. In particular, neither hemidesmosomes nor tonofilaments, as seen in dermoepidermal junction, were observed in the dermal papilla. Also attachment plaque, sub-basal dense plate and anchoring filaments were not observed at the junction on the outside of the follicle and the dermal papilla. There were some differences between connective tissue-epithelial junctions on the outside of the hair follicle and around the dermal papilla, ie, smoothness of basal lamina and orthogonal arrangement of collagen fibers were seen in the outside of hair follicle, but not in the dermal papilla. These results indicate that the mechanical connection between the hair follicle and the connective tissue component is much weaker than that between the corresponding components in skin, and it reflects the dynamic processes during the anagen phase of the hair follicle compared to the relatively permanent state of the epidermis.