• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.3
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• pp.92-98
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• 1985

The experiments were conducted to investigate the activity changes of peroxidase, existence of isoenzyme and the changes of reserved substances in tomato under subatmospheric pressure storage condition. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Soluble fraction showed the highest peroxidase activity and followed by cell wall fraction, mitochondria fraction and ribosome fraction in that order. 2. Peroxidase activity was decreased during the ripening and senescence period in tomato. Especially, peroxidase activity in tomato was higher at a room temperature ($25^{\circ}C$) than at a low temperature ($15^{\circ}C$). The decreasing inclination was similar in both treatment. The peroxidase activity was higher in 380 Torr, than in 570 Torr. 3. At least, two isoperoxidases(Soluble or solubilized) were identified from different extraction procedures. Three of four isoenzymes were recognized from a vertical slab of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 4. The changes of components in tomato under SAP were generally affected by temperature and pressure. Especially, quality of tomato stored at a low temperature ($15^{\circ}C$) and SAP (380 Torr.) was best during storage.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2006.03a
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• pp.341-343
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• 2006

The current spectral shape matching method (SSMM), developed by Ahn and Shanmugam (2004), relies on the assumption that the path radiance resulting from scattered photons due to air molecules and aerosols and possibly direct-reflected light from the air-sea interface is spatially homogeneous over the sub-scene of interest, enabling the retrieval of water-leaving radiances ($L_w$) from the satellite ocean color image data. This assumption remains valid for the clear atmospheric conditions, but when the distribution of aerosol loadings varies dramatically the above postulation of spatial homogeneity will be violated. In this study, we present the second version of SSMM which will take into account the horizontal variations of aerosol loading in the correction of atmospheric effects in SeaWiFS ocean color image data. The new version includes models for the correction of the effects of aerosols and Raleigh particles and a method fur computation of diffuse transmittance ($t_{os}$) as similar to SeaWiFS. We tested this method over the different optical environments and compared its effectiveness with the results of standard atmospheric correction (SAC) algorithm (Gordon and Wang, 1994) and those from in-situ observations. Findings revealed that the SAC algorithm appeared to distort the spectral shape of water-leaving radiance spectra in suspended sediments (SS) and algal bloom dominated-areas and frequently yielded underestimated or often negative values in the lower green and blue part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Retrieval of water-leaving radiances in coastal waters with very high sediments, for instance = > 8g $m^{-3}$, was not possible with the SAC algorithm. As the current SAC algorithm does not include models for the Asian aerosols, the water-leaving radiances over the aerosol-dominated areas could not be retrieved from the image and large errors often resulted from an inappropriate extrapolation of the estimated aerosol radiance from two IR bands to visible spectrum. In contrast to the above results, the new SSMM enabled accurate retrieval of water-leaving radiances in a various range of turbid waters with SS concentrations from 1 to 100 g $m^{-3}$ that closely matched with those from the in-situ observations. Regardless of the spectral band, the RMS error deviation was minimum of 0.003 and maximum of 0.46, in contrast with those of 0.26 and 0.81, respectively, for SAC algorithm. The new SSMM also remove all aerosol effects excluding areas for which the signal-to-noise ratio is much lower than the water signal.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.98-127
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to provide basic materials needed to enhance quality of organizational life by identifying the improvements of labor union management in the perspective of hospital organization management. The subjects of this study were 510 employees in 1 University Hospital and 3 General Hospitals in Metro Capital including Seoul. Materials were collected from administrators, nurses and medical technicians in target hospitals from April 26 to May 7, 2004 through survey questionnaires. The main results of this study were as follows: First, From the results of multiple regression analysis to identify major influencing factors of labor union commitment level, In University hospitals, males than females, and those who had senior officer posts in labor union showed higher positive correlation with the attitude of their colleagues. In general hospitals, those who had served in Union for shorter period showed higher commitment in union. Second, When looking into the major influencing factors on the level of commitment in labor union according to their jobs, male administrators showed higher positive correlation in the level of commitment in labor union and the relationship with union. Among nurses, those who had lower education level, those who had higher job satisfaction, those who had higher emotional attachment to their job, those who had better relationship with union and better satisfaction in union showed higher commitment level. In medical technicians, those who had higher emotional attachment to their job showed higher commitment level. To summarize study results, the level of commitment in labor union depends on job satisfaction, managers' attitudes, emotional attachment to their jobs, union satisfaction factors, their colleagues attitudes toward union and thee atmosphere of employer-employee relationship. Therefore hospital managers should have democratic and flexible attitudes toward labor union. Additionally, as job satisfaction is important determinant in union commitment, hospital managers should have countermeasures to enhance the job satisfaction level of hospital employees. Moreover, as managerial factors of the principal of hospital influence union commitment directly, the attitudes of hospital managers toward union and transparency of hospital management should be improved.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.393-404
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to identity scientific models included in the Earth domain of the $10^{th}$ grade science textbooks. Three earth science-related chapters in each of 11 trade books were analyzed. A framework was developed and used to classify a scientific model from three different perspectives: medium of representation, method of representation, and mobility of a model. Results showed that the science textbooks utilized domain-specific models in which the nature of sub-areas of earth science was embedded. That is, the unit of 'Change of the Earth' included many iconic models that represented the inaccessible inner structure of the earth and the movement of the tectonic plates. These were also two-dimensional pictorial and static models. In the chapter of 'Atmosphere and Oceans', symbolic and diagrammatic models were dominant in use, which included weather maps and contour line graphs of sea surface temperature and salinity. The unit of 'Solar System and Galaxies' showed the highly frequent use of iconic and analogical models for the large-scale celestial objects and their movements. Implications for earth science education and relevant research were discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.95-107
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of social skill training on the class cohesiveness of Elementary School students. The experimental group received 12 times of the social skills training for 6 week period. And each training session which lasted for 40 minutes took place twice a week. A total of 59 5th grade students in randomly selected two classes of D Elementary School in N. Gyongsang participated in this study. They were divided into the two groups, again at random; an experimental group(N=30, Male=18, Female=12) and a control group(N=29, Male=15, Female=14). In this study, the class cohesiveness performance test reorganized into 20 items for the level of elementary students by Shin-suk Gang, was applied, after complemented. And, the collected data were analysed through SPSS 14.0. T-test was applied to find out the difference of the average between the experimental group and the control group and the average difference in the pre-and post-test of the experimental group alone, and to see whether the control group and the experimental group are homogeneous. The research design of this study is pre-and post-test control group design. The result of this study is as follows: The result of Independent t-test and Paried t-test on the cohesiveness score and sub-factor scores tells us that the experimental group which received the social skills training showed better achievement that deserves our attention compared to the control group. This result suggests that student's class cohesiveness(class atmosphere, mutual trust, morale, a sense of unity, communication) is positively affected by the social skill training. Accordingly, social skill training which develops class cohesiveness can be an effective strategy for elementary school students to make them more intimate and cooperative with their classmates.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2008

Enhanced machine reliability has dramatically reduced the rate and number of railway accidents but for further reduction human error should be considered together that accounts for about 20% of the accidents. Therefore, the objective of this study was to suggest a new taxonomy of performance shaping factors (PSFs) that could be utilized to identify the causes of a human error associated with railway accidents. Four categories of human factor, task factor, environment factor, and organization factor and 14 sub-categories of physical state, psychological state, knowledge/experience/ability, information/communication, regulation/procedure, specific character of task, infrastructure, device/MMI, working environment, external environment, education, direction/management, system/atmosphere, and welfare/opportunity along with 131 specific factors was suggested by carefully reviewing 8 representative published taxonomy of Casualty Analysis Methodology for Maritime Operations (CASMET), Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM), Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), Integrated Safety Investigation Methodology (ISIM), Korea-Human Performance Enhancement System (K-HPES), Rail safety and Standards Board (RSSB), $TapRoot^{(R)}$, and Technique for Retrospective and Predictive Analysis of Cognitive Errors (TRACEr). Then these were applied to the case of the railway accident occurred between Komo and Kyungsan stations in 2003 for verification. Both cause decision chart and why-because tree were developed and modified to aid the analyst to find causal factors from the suggested taxonomy. The taxonomy was well suited so that eight causes were found to explain the driver's error in the accident. The taxonomy of PSFs suggested in this study could cover from latent factors to direct causes of human errors related with railway accidents with systematic categorization.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.183-199
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of mother's perfectionism and parenting beliefs on her preschooler's social competence. The participants were 277 mothers residing in Daejeon, Korea. Basic descriptive statistics, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression were used for statistical treatment. The results were as follows: First, a mother's perfectionism and parenting beliefs did not differ according to her educational level. One factor of perfectionism, 'holding high standards', alone showed significant difference between highschool graduates and graduate school graduates, the latter's scores being higher than the former's. There were no significant differences in preschooler's social competence by sex or age. However, a few sex and age differences were found in sub-factors of social competence. Girls scored higher than boys on 'showing affection', and 5 year olds scored lower on 'showing affection' and higher on 'leadership' than 3 years olds. Second, a mother's perfectionism and parenting beliefs were able to explain 22.8% of variance in preschooler's social competence, the former showing more predictive power than the latter. Each of the two factors of maternal perfectionism affected five factors of preschooler's social competence in a different manner. 'Holding high standards' of perfectionism positively influenced preschooler's social competence factors such as 'social capability', 'leadership', and 'showing affection', whereas maternal 'fear of failure' had a negative impact on 'showing affection', 'disturbing'(reversed), and 'instability'(reversed). These results were discussed in relation with changes in social atmosphere and value systems, changes in child-rearing behaviors, or the construct and concept of perfectionism itself, It was suggested that these results be utilized in developing parent education programs for preschoolers lacking social competence.

• Proceedings of the Korea Crystallographic Association Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.5-6
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• 2002

The new spectrometer for X-ray Induced Electron Emission Spectroscopy (XIEES) .has been recently developed in KRISS in collaboration with PTI (Russia). The spectrometer allows to perform research using the XAFS, SXAFS, XANES techniques (D.C.Koningsberger and R.Prins, 1988) as well as the number of techniques from XIEES field(L.A.Bakaleinikov et all, 1992). The experiments may be carried out with registration of transmitted through the sample x-rays (to investigate bulk samples) or/and total electron yield (TEY) from the sample surface that gives the high (down to several atomic mono-layers in soft x-ray region) near surface sensitivity. The combination of these methods together give the possibility to obtain a quantitative information on elemental composition, chemical state, atomic structure for powder samples and solids, including non-crystalline materials (the long range order is not required). The optical design of spectrometer is made according to Johannesson true focusing schematics and presented on the Fig.1. Five stepping motors are used to maintain the focusing condition during the photon energy scan (crystal angle, crystal position along rail, sample goniometer rail angle, sample goniometer position along rail and sample goniometer angle relatively of rail). All movements can be done independently and simultaneously that speeds up the setting of photon energy and allows the using of crystals with different Rowland radil. At present six curved crystals with different d-values and one flat synthetic multilayer are installed on revolver-type monochromator. This arrangement allows the wide range of x-rays from 100 eV up to 25 keV to be obtained. Another 4 stepping motors set exit slit width, sample angle, channeltron position and x-ray detector position. The differential pumping allows to unite vacuum chambers of spectrometer and x-ray generator avoiding the absorption of soft x-rays on Be foil of a window and in atmosphere. Another feature of vacuum system is separation of walls of vacuum chamber (which are deformed by the atmospheric pressure) from optical elements of spectrometer. This warrantees that the optical elements are precisely positioned. The detecting system of the spectrometer consists of two proportional counters, one scintillating detector and one channeltron detector. First proportional counter can be used as I/sub 0/-detector in transmission mode or by measuring the fluorescence from exit slit edge. The last installation can be used to measure the reference data (that is necessary in XANES measurements), in this case the reference sample is installed on slit knife edge. The second proportional counter measures the intensity of x-rays transmitted through the sample. The scintillating detector is used in the same way but on the air for the hard x-rays and for alignment purposes. Total electron yield from the sample is measured by channeltron. The spectrometer is fully controlled by special software that gives the high flexibility and reliability in carrying out of the experiments. Fig.2 and fig.3 present the typical XAFS spectra measured with spectrometer.

• Atmosphere
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.113-141
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• 2021

The impacts of ice clouds on the energy budget of the Earth and their representation in climate models have been identified as important and unsolved problems. Ice clouds consist almost exclusively of non-spherical ice crystals with various shapes and sizes. To determine the influences of ice clouds on solar and infrared radiation as required for remote sensing retrievals and numerical models, knowledge of scattering and microphysical properties of ice crystals is required. A conventional method for representing the radiative properties of ice clouds in satellite retrieval algorithms and numerical models is to combine measured microphysical properties of ice crystals from field campaigns and pre-calculated single-scattering libraries of different shapes and sizes of ice crystals, which depend heavily on microphysical and scattering properties of ice crystals. However, large discrepancies between theoretical calculations and observations of the radiative properties of ice clouds have been reported. Electron microscopy images of ice crystals grown in laboratories and captured by balloons show varying degrees of complex morphologies in sub-micron (e.g., surface roughness) and super-micron (e.g., inhomogeneous internal and external structures) scales that may cause these discrepancies. In this study, the current idealized models representing morphologies of ice crystals and the corresponding numerical methods (e.g., geometric optics, discrete dipole approximation, T-matrix, etc.) to calculate the single-scattering properties of ice crystals are reviewed. Current problems and difficulties in the calculations of the single-scattering properties of atmospheric ice crystals are addressed in terms of cloud microphysics. Future directions to develop physically consistent ice-crystal models are also discussed.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.183-212
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• 2020

GL(Girls' Love), which deals with romance between women, is considered a small, minor culture in the sub-culture market. Nevertheless, recent 'reboot feminism' in the voice of women in the epic that appears to be the central protagonist is increased, and interest in naturally glIncreasing. It encourages those who declare "post BL" to consume GLs featuring female characters instead of male characters. In an atmosphere where female creators consume female dictionaries who write women's stories and argue that they should expand the scope of their female counterparts, "Her Simcheong," a webtoon that won the 2018 Our Comics Award, explores the possibility of female epic through rewriting myths. Gender norms given to women, such as filial piety and nirvana, all get new names in . A good daughter is a liar, and a good wife has a woman she loves. Besides Simcheong, hit-and-run mothers, Jang Seung-sang's wife and Jang Seung-sang's daughter-in-law also focus on female characters' stories, highlighting solidarity among women to survive in a male-dominated society. In this process, solidarity among women naturally leads to GL imagination. Her Simcheong describes direct sexual contact, such as kissing and hugging among women, as beautiful illustrations, and shows romance between women in a manless world. While solidarity among women is always regarded as 'undangerous' friendship or girlish sensibility, the romance between women in breaks the cultural rules of women's growth novel and women's trade. This reveals the inconsistency of the conspiratorial male solidarity, which has been trading women around hegemony.