• Proceeding of KASS Symposium
• /
• 2005.05a
• /
• pp.3-51
• /
• 2005

Optimization methods are presented for design of shells and spatial structures. The effectiveness of using optimization techniques are demonstrated by the following examples: 1. Shape design of ribbed shells. 2. Shape design of membrane structures. 3. Optimization of single-layer spatial truss against buckling. 4. Application of heuristic methods to optimization of space frames. The readers may first see the numerical results to find that is possible by optimization. In the appendix, overview of structural optimization in architectural design is presented, and effectiveness of optimization is demonstrated by small examples. Each chapter is a part of a published paper, or translation from a Japanese article. So there might be some difficulties for understanding the details: inconsistency of the story, etc., which the author hope not to lead to major difficulties for understanding the concepts and results.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.58-66
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study is to understand the structure and biomechanics of the skeletal muscle. The skeletal muscle takes 40 to 45% of the whole body. Stable posture requires a balance of muscle. However, when the muscle strength is unbalanced, movement initiates. The power generated by the muscle is a primary means to adjust the equilibrium of posture and movement. The structural unit of the skeletal muscle is a long cylindrical type muscle fiber which contains hundreds of nucleus. The thickness of muscle fiber is about $10-100{\mu}m$, and its length is about 1-50cm. Muscle fiber is composed of myofibril that is covered with plasma membrane which is called sarcolemma. In understanding the movement of human body, it is important to comprehend the movement of bone and joint and the tension of muscle. Understanding the structure and biomechanics of muscle also provides basic information on clinical treatment of patients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
• /
• 2005.10a
• /
• pp.171-175
• /
• 2005

The Principle of space composition in modern architecture is thought about functionalism that based on function and program but the present age attempt that escapes form of former space composition. The present age brings fast development than former ages, so we need the space which has correct flexibility on New Age for escaping in existing structural formality. Specially, the space that boundary of existing plate, column and wall is crumbled as becoming possible technological support with social backgrounds. What this study saying is the analysis about the relation between the concept of topology and the consecutive space composition. Therefore, there is the purpose understanding a characteristic of continuity of the plate through the topological concept and understanding the roll in interior space.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.171-186
• /
• 2002

Static and dynamic penetration tests of reinforced concrete (RC) slab specimens are described and discussed. The experimental study was aimed at a better understanding of mechanisms that are involved in dynamic penetration, through their identification in static tests, and by establishing their relative influence in similar dynamic cases. The RC specimens were $80{\times}80-cm$ square plates, and they were made of 30 MPa concrete. The non-deforming steel penetrator was a 50-mm diameter steel rod with a conical nose of 1.5 aspect ratio. Impact penetration tests were carried out with an air gun, which launched the projectiles at velocities of up to 300 m/sec. The static tests were conducted using a closed loop displacement control actuator, where the penetrator was pushed at a constant rate of displacement into the specimen. The static tests reveal important mechanisms that govern the penetration process and therefore contribute to a better understanding of RC barriers resistance to non-deforming projectiles impact.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.19
• /
• pp.25-38
• /
• 2010

The "Name" is not only representative of a person but also a cultural heritage containing national cultures. Therefore, we can easily find some cultural value from the square inch sized seal texts. This article is a comprehensive study of the characteristics of names appeared on the seals in the Warring States Period. In the Warring States Period, single name is generally used for naming and this style can be divided into 13 categories. Except unavoidable cases, such as using the name of place, the name of person or the reason of physical characteristics, using double name is very rare and this style can be categorized by 8 kinds. In result, using double name is defined as a fringe method of naming in the Warring States Period. In addition, we can find a big difference between the names of Warring States Period and those of Post-Qin and Han Dynasties in the structural aspects. In conclusion, understanding of the characteristics of names from the Warring States Period can be a great help to better understanding of ancient books and unearthed documents.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.322-336
• /
• 2022

South Korea is in the limelight in the past decades as Korean universities races for internationalization. As the number of students studying abroad tremendously increasing, there has been a growing need for higher education institutions to understand international working students' life satisfaction and sense of belonging. The aim of this research is to outline which determinants affects life satisfaction as mediated by sense of belonging. With the samples size of 102 respondents, the proposed research model was examined using structural equation modeling (SEM) and SPSS. Results show that all determinants (Recognition, Quality of Education, Experienced Difficulties in Public Service and Understanding Korean Language) were positively significant toward Sense of Belonging. Likewise sense of belonging holds the positive indirect significant effects of the four determinants to life satisfaction.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.201-210
• /
• 2023

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with a higher incidence of biliary/vasculobiliary injuries than open cholecystectomy. Anatomical misperception is the most common underlying mechanism of such injuries. Although a number of strategies have been described to prevent these injuries, critical view of safety method of structural identification seems to be the most effective preventive measure. The critical view of safety can be achieved in the majority of cases during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It is highly recommended by various guidelines. However, its poor understanding and low adoption rates among practicing surgeons have been global problems. Educational intervention and increasing awareness about the critical view of safety can increase its penetration in routine surgical practice. In this article, a technique of achieving critical view of safety during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is described with the aim to enhance its understanding among general surgery trainees and practicing general surgeons.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.123-134
• /
• 1993

A rapid progress has been made over last decade in the state-of-the-art earthquake structura1 engineering towards a better understanding of both the earthqauke ground motion and structural response. These efforts seek to ensure that there will be no serious injury or loss of life in the event of earthquake, and that structures can be built at minimum cost. The design of structures in general, concrete structures in particular, to resist strong ground input motions is not a simple matter, and analytical models for such structures must be developed from a design perspective that accounts for the complexities of the structural responses. The primary obj ective of earthquake structural engineering research is to ensure the safety of structures by understanding and improving a design methodology. Ideally, this would require the development of an analytical model related to a design methodology that ensures a ductile performance. For the accurate assessment of the adequacy of analytically developed model, experiments conducted to study the inplane inelastic cyclic behavior of structures should verify the analytical approach. The fundamental goal of this paper is to present and demonstrate experimentally verified analytical methods that provide the adequate degree of safety and confidience in the behavior of reinforced concrete structural components. This study further attempts to extend the developed modeling techruque for use by practicing structural engineers for both the analysis and design.Plication of the relaxed diaphragm through left thoracotomy was done and result was excellent as seen on Fig. 5. Cause of eventration of the left hemidiaphragm was due to paralysis of the left phrenic nerve which was tested during thoracotomy.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.159-169
• /
• 2011

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) have ice binding affinity, depress freezing temperature and inhibit ice recystallization which protect cellular membranes in polar organisms. Recent structural studies of antifreeze proteins have significantly expanded our understanding of the structure-function relationship and ice crystal growth inhibition. Although AFPs (Type I-IV AFP from fish, insect AFP and Plant AFP) have completely different fold and no sequence homology, they share a common feature of their surface area for ice binding property. The conserved ice-binding sites are relatively flat and hydrophobic. For example, Type I AFP has an amphipathic, single ${\alpha}$-helix and has regularly spaced Thr-Ala residues which make direct interaction with oxygen atoms of ice crystals. Unlike Type I AFP, Type II and III AFP are compact globular proteins that contain a flat ice-binding patch on the surface. Type II and Type III AFP show a remarkable structural similarity with the sugar binding lectin protein and C-terminal domain of sialic acid synthase, respectively. Type IV is assumed to form a four-helix bundle which has sequence similarity with apolipoprotein. The results of our modeling suggest an ice-binding induced structural change of Type IV AFP. Insect AFP has ${\beta}$-helical structure with a regular array of Thr-X-Thr motif. Threonine residues of each Thr-X-Thr motif fit well into the ice crystal lattice and provide a good surface-surface complementarity. This review focuses on the structural characteristics and details of the ice-binding mechanism of antifreeze proteins.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.419-457
• /
• 2011

This study aims at understanding the characteristics of global economic models, which are widely used for climate change policy analysis. A literature review study was conducted in order to derive general features of top-down models such as CGE and bottom-up/hybrid models such as GTEM. Furthermore, a structural analysis was carried out by applying parameter and structural components from other models to a particular model to observe the potential differences in outcomes. Literature review shows that bottom-up or hybrid models generally have higher level of reduction potentials than top-down models in the long run. This contradicts the conclusion presented by IPCC, and raises the need for more rigorous investigation through structural analysis. Structural analysis of EPPA model indicates that the structural component of the energy sector in a particular model is the most influential factor in predicting baseline emissions and reduction potentials. This includes the structure among energy, capital, and labor inputs, and the substitution elasticities within the energy bundle. Technology bundle can establish the conclusions from literature review, and change in Armington elasticities do not significantly affect the outcome in aggregate.