• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2005

The structural differences between healthy and diseasedpanicle necks caused by Pyricularia oryzae were observed using electron-microscope. In the diseased panicle neck, the infection hyphae of the rice blast pathogen grew through the sclerenchymatous fiber tissue and reached to the central internal lacuna. Since the pathogen grew through the sclerenchymatous fiber tissues, the vascular bundle composed with xylem and phloem had been destroyed and finally the nutrients from the leaf and stem were not able to be transported into the grains. Infection of panicle base by the blast pathogen until 20 days after heading caused more than 50% of yield loss in both Jinmibyeo and Chucheongbyeo. There was a positive correlation between incidence of the panicle blast and rice yield losses. The regression equations between incidence of the panicle blast and yield losses were y= -3.61+496.7 ($R^2$=0.70) in Jinmibyeoand y=-3.93+520.2 ($R^2$=0.82) in Juanbyeo. The panicleblast caused deterioration of grain quality. Healthy grain rate was reduced by increase of panicle blast infection.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.495-501
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• 2013

In the present study, a BLDC motor for a pump in which a neodymium PM is replaced with a Ferrite PM has been developed in preparation for the cost increase and to ensure the stability of the resource supply. One of the currently used motors for pumps is a BLDC motor having an interior PM wherein a rare-earth PM is adopted. However, a BLDC motor for a pump is designed to have large airgap because of the use of a waterproof insulator according to its structural characteristics, and therefore, a SPM structure is suitable. Hence, an SPM BLDC motor in which a Ferrite PM is used is designed. Nevertheless, the use of Ferrite instead of rare-earth materials causes a deterioration in the performance of the electric motor, such as a decrease in the BEMF and the maximum power of the motor and the irreversible demagnetization of the PM. In order to mitigate such disadvantages, an optimized design of the BLDC motor is developed by changing each design parameter and by improving the electromagnetism structure.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.371-399
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• 2006

The theoretical background and capabilities of the developed program, SAR-CWF, for stochastic analysis of 3D reinforced-concrete shear wall-frame structures subject to seismic excitations is presented. Incremental stiffness and strength properties of system members are modeled by extended Roufaiel-Meyer hysteretic relation for bending while shear deformations for walls by Origin-Oriented hysteretic model. For the critical height of shear-walls, division to sub-elements is performed. Different yield capacities with respect to positive and negative bending, finite extensions of plastic hinges and P-${\delta}$ effects are considered while strength deterioration is controlled by accumulated hysteretic energy. Simulated strong motions are obtained from a Gaussian white-noise filtered through Kanai-Tajimi filter. Dynamic equations of motion for the system are formed according to constitutive and compatibility relations and then inserted into equivalent It$\hat{o}$-Stratonovich stochastic differential equations. A system reduction scheme based on the series expansion of eigen-modes of the undamaged structure is implemented. Time histories of seismic response statistics are obtained by utilizing the computer programs developed for different types of structures.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

Retrofitting is an alteration of existing member or component of the structure. In civil engineering point of view, it is called strengthening of the old structure. Deterioration of structures may be due to aging, corrosion, failure of joints, earthquake forces, increase in service loads, etc. Such structures need urgent repair, retrofitting and strengthening to avoid collapse, cracking and loss in strength or deflection. Advanced techniques are required to be developed for the repair of structural components to replace conventional techniques. This paper focuses exclusively on torsional behaviour of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams and retrofitted RC beams wrapped with aramid fiber. Beams were retrofitted with aramid fiber by full wrapping and in the form of 150 mm wide strips at a spacing of 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm respectively using epoxy resin and hardener. A total 15 numbers of RC beams of 150 mm×300 mm×1300 mm in size were cast, 3 beams are tested as control specimens, and 12 beams are tested for torsion up to the failure and then retrofitted with aramid fiber. Experimental results are validated with the help of data obtained by finite element analysis using ANSYS. The full wrapping configuration of aramid fiber regains 105% strength after retrofitting. With the increase in spacing of fabric material, torsional strength reduces to 82% with about 45% saving in material.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.423-432
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• 2020

Hydraulic conductivity is one of the engineering properties of soil. This study focusses on the influence of cement content on the hydraulic conductivity of cemented sand, which is investigated based on the results from numerical analysis and laboratory testing. For numerical analysis the cemented samples were scanned using X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) while laboratory testing was carried out using a triaxial setup. Numerical analysis enables us to simulate flow through the sample and provides insight to the microstructure. It quantifies the pore volume, proportion of interconnected voids and pore size distribution in both cemented and uncemented samples, which could be computed only through empirical equations in case of laboratory testing. With reduction in global voids, the interconnecting voids within the samples also reduce with cement content. Gamma cumulative distribution function is used to predict the percentage of voids lesser than a given pore volume. Finally, the results obtained from both numerical analysis and laboratory testing are compared.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2016

The number of industrial structures that must be demolished due to functional and structural deterioration has been increased. There is an increasing application of explosive demolition or explosive demolition combined with mechanical demolition to minimize temporal and spatial environmental hazardous factors created during the process of demolition. In this case study, to demolish the turbine foundation structure, which is a large-section reinforced concrete structure, the parital explosive demolition thchnique was conducted. As a result of the partial explosive demolition, the overall crushing of the blasting sections of beam-column joints structure with haunched beams and second-floor columns about the turbine foundation was satifactory, and the explosive demolition was completed without causing any damage to surrounding facilities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.129-139
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• 2005

In this paper, the behaviors of tunnel damaged by fire, the diagnostic techniques for evaluating tunnel stability are presented. Also two fireproof construction methods are recommended. Three tunnels damaged by fire were analyzed to evaluate the structural stability. From the these analyzed, it is recommended that surface checking, rebound number of concrete by Schmidt Hammer, and carbonation of concrete are essential to evaluate the engineering properties of concrete in tunnel structure damaged by fire. On the basis of case studies of tunnel fire collected by ITA, the change of concrete and steel strengths by fire are explained, and numerical analysis, which was performed on culvert and circle tunnel, shows that distribution of temperature in the tunnel is dependant upon tunnel shape. Two fireproof construction methods using panel and punching metal are introduced to protect the tunnel by fire.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.51-57
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• 2007

As a shot sleeve in die casting plays a critical role in delivering molten metal to a die cavity, any disruption to its function in the injection stage results in deterioration of the quality of final castings. To guarantee a smooth operation of a shot sleeve, its structural stability should be maintained. Despite the simple geometry, design of shot sleeve is based on individual engineer's experience and no agreement on the design is present. In this study, we newly propose a systematic methodology to determine a minimum wall thickness of a shot sleeve to prevent yielding or plastic deformation. Analytical calculations incorporating numerical analysis produce a rational design rule for minimum thickness of a shot sleeve subject to metal intensification pressure and geometric die constraint. To validate the proposed design guideline, authors present real data on a collection of actual shot sleeves. Upon checking their conformity to the new design rule, we discovered a strong correlation between the design of wall thickness and premature failures.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.623-643
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• 2013

Concrete filled steel tubular members (CFST) become a popular choice for modern building construction due to their numerous structural benefits and at the same time aging of those structures and member deterioration are often reported. Therefore, actions like implement of new materials and strengthening techniques become essential to combat this problem. The application of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) with concrete structures has been widely reported whereas researches related to strengthening of steel structures using fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) have been limited. The main objective of this study is to experimentally investigate the suitability of CFRP to strengthening of CFST members under flexure. There were three wrapping schemes such as Full wrapping at the bottom (fibre bonded throughout entire length of beam), U-wrapping (fibre bonded at the bottom throughout entire length and extended upto neutral axis) and Partial wrapping (fibre bonded in between loading points at the bottom) introduced. Beams strengthened by U-wrapping exhibited more enhancements in moment carrying capacity and stiffness compared to the beams strengthened by other wrapping schemes. The beams of partial wrapping exhibited delamination of fibre and were failed even before attaining the ultimate load of control beam. The test results showed that the presence of CFRP in the outer limits was significantly enhanced the moment carrying capacity and stiffness of the beam. Also, a non linear finite element model was developed using the software ANSYS 12.0 to validate the analytical results such as load-deformation and the corresponding failure modes.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.693-700
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• 2017

Concrete cover cracking due to the corrosion of steel reinforcing bars is one of the main causes of deterioration in Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures. The oxidation level of the bars causes varying levels of expansion. The rebar expansions could lead to through-thickness cracking of the concrete cover, where depending on the cracking characteristics, the service life of the structures would be affected. In this paper, the effect of geometrical and material parameters, i.e., concrete cover thickness, reinforcing bar diameter, and concrete tensile strength, on the required pressure for concrete cover cracking due to corrosion has been investigated through detailed numerical simulations. ABAQUS finite element software is employed as a modeling platform where the concrete cracking is simulated by means of eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM). The accuracy of the numerical simulations is verified by comparing the numerical results with experimental data obtained from the literature. Using a previously proposed empirical equation and the numerical model, the time from corrosion initiation to the cover cracking is predicted and then compared to the respective experimental data. Finally, a parametric study is undertaken to determine the optimum ratio of the rebar diameter to the reinforcing bars spacing in order to avoid concrete cover delamination.