• Korean Security Journal
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• no.49
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• pp.11-36
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• 2016

The prior studies have well established the factors of correctional staff's stress at work. However, it is not clearly identified gender-specific factors influencing female correctional officers' level of stress. Thus, this study aims to examine factors particularly influencing female correctional officers' stress, such as child-rearing and work conflict, overwork bounden, and strains from male-oriented organizational culture. This current data utilized a set of survey data drawn from female correctional officers from 124 prisons located in different regions in this nation. Finally, a total of 172 female correctional officers's survey data was used for the analysis. A set of multivariate analyses reveal that security staff role, satisfaction for life, positive perception toward correctional officers' leadership in prison decreased the risk of stress among female correctional officers. Regarding work-job conflicts variables, child-rearing and work conflict and strains from male-oriented organizational culture were significantly associated with female correctional officers' stress. Yet, the direction of the two variables were different. For female officers, child-rearing and work conflict was not a risk factor for stress in that i decreased the level of stress. But the variable of strains from male-oriented organizational culture was a risk factor for female officers' stress level. Further suggestions for the future studies, discussion on contributions of the current study and policy implications were discussed in the last part of this article.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.767-780
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• 2009

This study investigates the standard, duration period and excess mortality of extreme heat using the standardized daily mortality data from 1991 to 2004, establishing a standard threshold Criteria for Heat Health Watch Warning System in Korea. It ultimately aims to provide the guidance in building up Heat Health Watch Warning System for Korea by suggesting the standard to quantify thermal stress from heat. The standard threshold Criteria for Heat Health Watch Warning System for Seoul metropolitan city takes into account both daily maximum temperature and daily maximum heat index(HI) and consists of four phases; caution, extreme caution, danger, and extreme danger. Extreme caution phase and danger phase are used as the advisory and warning of extreme heat, respectively. Since the nationwide distribution of the frequency of extreme heat day and the excess mortality rate shows little difference across regions, the standard threshold Criteria for Heat Health Watch Warning System for Seoul metropolitan city can be used for other regions.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.167-177
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• 1996

To investigate the source-receptor relationships aerosol model has been used to simulate the distribution behavior of the yellow sand. Data for meteorological fields were obtained by Meso-scale Analysis and Prediction Model System/Seoul National University (MAPMS/SNU) for five days (10-14 April 1988). To obtain the distributions of concentration of yellow sand,the aerosol model has been modified to allow quantifications of relative concentration distributions of yellow sand. Source regions of yellow sand were delineated by soil maps of China and emission rate as a function of wind stress(Westphal et al., 1987). Using 3-dimensional wind fields the backward trajectories from 3 receptor grids at the layer of .sigma. =0.95, 0.9, 0.85, 0.8 were calculated. In order to facilitate quantitative assessment of source-receptor relationships, it was assumed that the perturbations in along-trajectory and cross-trajectory proceed linearly with time, in accord with Gaussian distribution characteristics. On the basis of this assumption, the probability fields were calculated from every grid point with source strength 1. Using these probability fields and emission retes, the potential contributions of upstream sources along the trajectories were estimated. The results of this study indicate that the application of trajectory modeling is useful in investigating the quantitative relationship between source and receptor regions.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2002

Seasonal variation in global transport calculated from an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) has been assessed through the comparison with observational estimates. The OGCM based on the GFDL MOM1.1 has honzontal grid interval of 10 and 21 verticle levels, and was integrated for 31 years forced by climatological wind stress, freshwater flux, and heat flux with restoring. General features of the world ocean circulation are well reproduced, which include the western boundary currents such as the Kuroshio and the Agulhas Current, the Equatorial Current system, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and the Weddell Sea gyres. Also well resolved is the remarkable seasonal variation in the depth-integrated flows in the northern Indian Ocean due to the monsoonal wind. Monthly variation is found to be dominant in the transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current through the Drake Passage in accordance with observational estimates. It has been shown that the mid-latitude depth-integrated flows obey the Sverdrup relation, except for some regions such as continental shelf regions where the interaction between stratification and bottom topography is critical.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2011

Three-dimensional finite element analyses have been performed to improve the durability of bulkhead. To keep pace with design changes and concentrate on regions of interest, SUBMODEL technique in ABAQUS was used for analysis. An analysis was conducted with following load cases: 1) Cap press-fit, 2) Bearing crush, 3) Bolt assembly, 4) Hot assembly, 5) Firing load, 6) Alternating firing load, 7) 2nd hot assembly. Fatigue analysis was done using commercial software FEMFAT and fatigue factors at the interested regions such as bolt tip area, counter bore, breathing hole, honing clearance were calculated and compared to aid design validation. Finite element modeling in the area of thread engagement used a simple constraint equations. Increasing bolt length, to a minimum of 39 mm above joint face gives a better fatigue resistance to the bulkhead. Breathing hole helps not only circulate the air in the crankcase but also fatigue resistance of bulkhead by relieving the stress at the critical locations.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.585-590
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• 2001

The hemodynamic characteristics were compared using commercial CFD code for the stenosed coronary and abdominal arteries. Numerical calculations were carried out in the axisymmetric arteries over the stenotic diameter ratios ranging from 0.25 to 0.875 (6 cases) employing the typical physiological flow conditions. In case of the coronary artery, there was only one recirculation zone observed distal to the stenosis throat during the major portion of the period. However, in case of the abdominal aorta, there were complex recirculation regions found proximal and distal to stenosis throat. For both models, the wall shear stresses(WSS) increased sharply in the converging stenosis, reaching a peak just upstream of the throat, and became negative or low values in the post-stenotic recirculation region. As the results, the oscillatory shear index(OSI) was abruptly increased at the stenosis throat. For the coronary stenosis model, the second peak in the OSI was observed distal to the stenosis. The distance between the first peak and the second peak was increased as the degree of the stenosis was raised. On the orther hand, the abdominal stenosis model showed a complex oscillatory behavior in the OSI index and did not showed such a strong second peak. As the degree of stenosis was increased, recirculation regions of the both arteries were extended much longer and flow pattern became more complex.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.57-70
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• 2008

The focus of this study was finding out the relations among resilience of children separated from parents, child rearing factors and socio-emotional adjustment in Korean and Yanbian Korean-Chinese regions. Subjects were elementary school $5{\sim}6$ graders separated from their parents(184 in Korea and 81 in Yanbian). Data analysis was by Pearson's r, F-test and t-test. Resilience of Korean-Chinese children was higher than that of Korean children. Caregivers' child rearing behavioral factor than other child rearing factors was significant for children's resilience, and especially for Korean children, caregivers' child rearing psychological factor -efficacy and stress variables- were meaningful. Socio-emotional adjustment was significantly different between resilience high and low groups in both regions. Implications are that regional differences, caregivers' psychological and behavioral child rearing factors should be considered in supporting the development of children's resilience and socio-emotional adjustment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 2019

Purpose: This case study was done to describe the health survey conducted by a community health practitioner. Methods: The community health survey was carried out from April 16 to May 31, 2018 with face to face interviews done by 48 trained senior nursing students. Results: Compared with other regions, rates for chronic disease prevalence, chewing discomfort, falls, and depression were higher than those of the relevant district/the relevant city, and the whole country. It is encouraging that the treatment rate for hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, and walking practice rate were higher than those other regions. Those who participated in village events had low stress, and those who participated in health promotion programs had a higher quality of life. Conclusion: The community health practitioner in the public health center post needs to operate health promotion programs continuously. Programs including chronic disease management, fall prevention, depression control, and oral health management should be emphasized, and ways to increase social participation, including participation in village events should be developed.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.803-815
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• 1997

It is well understood that concentrated forces applied in the plane of a beam or panel (such as a wall or slab) lead to splitting forces developing within a disturbed region forming beyond the bearing zone. In a linearly elastic material the length of the disturbed region is approximately equal to the depth of the member. In concrete structures, however, the length of the disturbed region is a function of the orthotropic properties of the concrete-steel composite. In the detailing of steel reinforcement within the disturbed regions two limit states must be satisfied; strength and serviceability (in this case the serviceability requirement being acceptable crack widths). If the design requires large redistribution of stresses, the member may perform poorly at service and/or overload. In this paper the results of a plane stress finite element investigation of concentrated loads on reinforced concrete panels are presented. Two cases are examined (i) panels loaded concentrically, and (ii) panels loaded eccentrically. The numerical investigation suggests that the bursting force distribution is substantially different from that calculated using elastic design methods currently used in some codes of practice. The optimum solution for a uniformly reinforced bursting region was found to be with the reinforcement distributed from approximately 0.2 times the effective depth of the member ($0.2D_e$) to between $1.2D_e$ and $1.6D_e$. Strut and tie models based on the finite element analyses are proposed herein.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.957-981
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• 2015

Earthquakes occur as a cluster in many regions around the world where complex fault systems exist. The repeated shaking usually induces accumulative damage to affected structures. Damage accumulation in structural systems increases their level of degradation in stiffness and also reduces their strength. Many existing analytical tools of modeling RC structures lack the salient damage features that account for stiffness and strength degradation resulting from repeated earthquake loading. Therefore, these tools are inadequate to study the response of structures in regions prone to multiple earthquakes hazard. The objective of this paper is twofold: (a) develop a tool that contains appropriate damage features for the numerical analysis of RC structures subjected to more than one earthquake; and (b) conduct a parametric study that investigates the effects of multiple earthquakes on the response of RC moment resisting frame systems. For this purpose, macroscopic constitutive models of concrete and steel materials that contain the aforementioned damage features and are capable of accurately capturing materials degrading behavior, are selected and implemented into fiber-based finite element software. Furthermore, finite element models that utilize the implemented concrete and steel stress-strain hysteresis are developed. The models are then subjected to selected sets of earthquake sequences. The results presented in this study clearly indicate that the response of degrading structural systems is appreciably influenced by strong-motion sequences in a manner that cannot be predicted from simple analysis. It also confirms that the effects of multiple earthquakes on earthquake safety can be very considerable.