• Atmosphere
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.665-672
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• 2016

In this study, we examine future changes in the Hadley cell (HC) strength using CMIP5 climate change simulations. The current study is an extension of a previous study by Seo et al. that used all 30 available models. Here, we select 18-23 well-performing models based on their significant internal sensitivity of the interannual HC strength variation to the latitudinal temperature gradient variation. The model projections along with simple scaling analysis show that the inter-model variability in the HC strength change is a result of the inter-model spread in the meridional temperature gradient across the subtropics for both DJF and JJA, not by the tropopause height or gross static stability change. The HC strength is expected to weaken significantly during DJF, while little change is expected in the JJA HC strength. Compared to the calculations with all model members, selected model statistics increase the linear correlation between the changes in HC strength and meridional temperature gradient by 13~23%, confirming the robust sensitivity of the HC strength to the meridional temperature gradient. Two scaling equations for the selected models predict changes in HC strength better than all-member predictions. In particular, the prediction improvement in DJF is as high as 30%. The simple scaling relations successfully predict both the ensemble-mean changes and model-to-model variations in the HC strength for both seasons.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2012

Purpose : This study purposed to analyze how dynamic stabilization exercise on an unstable surface, and static stabilization exercise on muscle strength and endurance. Methods : For this study we sampled 9 people for the unstable surface dynamic stabilization exercise group, 9 for the stable surface static stabilization exercise group, and 9 for the control group. In order to examine muscle strength and endurance, we measured changes in the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) using a dynamometer before, 3 weeks after, and 6 weeks after the experiment. Results : First, with regard to change in muscle strength, flexion strength showed a significant change in interaction by time (p<0.05). Extension strength showed a significant change in interaction by time (p<0.05). Second, with regard to change in endurance, flexion endurance showed a significant change in interaction by time (p<0.05). Extension endurance showed a significant change in interaction by time (p<0.05). Conclusion : In conclusion, this study confirmed significant changes in interaction between the groups and by time with regard to changes in muscle strength and endurance. These results suggest the potential of surface dynamic stabilization exercise as a clinical intervention.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.164-177
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was done to develop a strength based I-change smoking cessation program for middle school boys and identified its effects. Methods: The study design was a nonequivalent control group pre-post test design. The participants were 97 middle school students from D city, who were in school from April 6 to September 25, 2015. The experimental group participated in the strength based I-change smoking cessation program, while the comparative group participated in a general smoking cessation program. The control group did not participate in any program. Data analyses involved $x^2$-test, Fishers' exact test, Bonferroni test, and Repeated measures ANOVA, with the IBM SPSS for Windows (version 20.0) program. Results: Compared to the comparison and control groups, the experimental group showed significant improvement in knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, behavior change. Also cotinine in urine and modeling of social influence in the experimental group significantly decreased after the strength based I-change smoking cessation program. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the strength based I-change smoking cessation program is an effective intervention for middle school boys who smoke. The findings suggest that such programs can be used at public health centers or through school health education to decrease smoking in adolescents.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.61-72
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• 1991

This study was carried out to research the strength drop of concrete in dry environment. The mixing ratio of cement-fine aggregate was 1: 1, 1 : 2, 1: 3 and 1 : 4. The curing was compared standard curing with dry curing immediately after casting. It is analysis of strength change by water-proof mixing. The curing age of cement mortar was 3days, 7days, l4days and 28days. The result obtained from this study are summarized as follows. 1. The compressive and bending strength change by increasing the curing age, dry curing mortar the increasing rate of strength was decreased than standard curing mortar. 2. The compressive and bending strength change in early curing, strength difference between standard curing mortar and dry curing motar was gradually closed by increasing the W/C. 3. The dry curing mortar was decreased than standard curing mortar in decreasing rate of compressive and bending strength by increasing the W/C. 4. The compressive strength of water-proof mortar in early curing, liquid water-proof mortar was shown high strength in dry curing than standard curing. The powder and liquid water-proof mortar have a small effect in dry environment. The liquid water-proof mortar was high strength without relation change of curing age in dry environment than standard curing. 5. The compressive strength of liquid water-proof mortar in poverty mix, dry curing was shown high strength than standard curing. 6. The bending strength was increased than compressive strength by decreasing the volume of cement in early curing. The increasing rate of bending strength was decreased to compressive stength by increasing the curing age.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.109-116
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• 2007

The present study examined mechanical properties according to the change of outer circumference in the friction welding of A2024-T4 stock, which is used much as aircraft structure, truck wheel, stainless materials and A2024-T4 stock with 10 hollow at the center. Welding conditions were fixed at RPM 2,000rpm, friction pressure of 50MPa, friction time of 1.5sec, upset pressure of 120MPa and upset time of 2.0 seconds. From the result of this study were drawn conclusions as follows : According to the result of a tensile strength test, the solid shaft showed linear increase of tensile strength with the change of outer circumference, the hollow shaft showed maximum tensile stength when the length (L) was 2mm and decrease of tensile strength with the change of outer circumference, hardness appeared to increase and then decrease for welding interface, and it showed maximum hardness 155Hv at L=5mm of the solid shaft. Bending strength increased linearly far change of the distance (L) of outer circumference in the solid shaft and then decreased linearly in the hollow shaft. the result of examining tissue, the tissue grew finer around the welding interface and divided the basic material and the welding surface.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.283-291
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to measure and compare tensile and shear strength for 4 types of new direct-bonding brackets and same brackets after recycling and to evaluate the change of bracket slot width after recycling. Four types of new direct-bond brackets were bonded to recently extracted human premolar teeth and the tensile and shear strength was measured by Universal Testing Machine. The brackets were recycled by chemical process and the tensile and shear test was repeated. To evaluate the change of the bracket slot width, slot width was measured by the Topcon Universal Measuring Microscope before and after recycling. Following results were obtained: 1. There was no satistically significant difference between the tensile and shear strength of recycled brackets and those of new brackets. 2. In both new and recycled brackets, the tensile and shear strength of perforated base bracket was lower than those of photoetched, foilmesh and contou-lok mesh base brackets. (P<0.01) 3. There was no statistically significant difference in bonding strengths of control group bonded only once and two times. 4. There was no statistically significant difference in the change of the bracket slow width after recycling process. 5. Of the failure, the combination type (58%) in the tensile strength and the tooth adhesive interface (65%) in the shear strength was the most common type.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.408-415
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• 1996

This study is aimed to define the behavior of the girder ledge of precast girder-beam joint in rame type precast concrete construction method. The variable of this study is followed : 1) The change of the maximum shear strength depended on the transformation of concrete compressive strength 2) The change of the behavior of ledge depended on the transformation of shear-span ratio 3) The change of maximum shear strength and ductility by the type of reinforcement. The results of this study show the behavior of ledge is affected by shear-span ratio and the maximum shear strength is depended on the concrete compressive strength, reinforcement ratio and effective section area. In addition, through the investigation of the established study, the results of this study suggest the shear friction formula of Raths.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2017.11a
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• pp.137-138
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• 2017

Generally, a lot of reinforcements are used in nuclear power plant concrete structures in order to improve the structural safety, but it may cause several potential problems due to the overcrowded reinforcement, such as the degradation of concrete quality, the construction delay and the increase of construction cost. In order to resolve these problems, structural test researches and code change studies on using high-strength reinforcement (Gr.80) in unclear power plant structures are under way, and there is good progress in code change of ASM BPVC.III.2 and ACI 349. This purpose of this study is to review the code change status ASM BPVC.III.2, ACI 349 under way to use the high-strength reinforcement in nuclear power plant structures. Also I will introduce the design optimization of NPP structures with high-strength reinforcements in order to maximize the effect and minimize the problem when using the high-strength reinforcements in NPP structures.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.12 no.3 s.29
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• pp.31-41
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• 1998

Single fiber fragmentation technique was used to evaluate the change of interfacial properties by degradation of fiber tensile strength in the fiber reinforced composites. The influences of fiber tensile strength on the interfacial properties have been evaluated by the fragmentation specimens(weak fiber samples) of glass fiber/epoxy resin that was made using the pre-degraded glass fiber in distilled water at $80^{circ}C$ for specified periods. The effects of the immersion time on the interfacial properties in the distilled water at $80^{circ}C$ also have been evaluated by the fragmentation specimens(original fiber samples) of glass fiber/epoxy resin that was made using the received glass fiber. As the result, the tensile strength of glass fiber was decreased with the increasing of the treatment time in the distilled water at $80^{circ}C$ and the interfacial shear strength was independent of the change of the glass fiber strength in the single fiber fragmentation test. But in the durability test using the single fiber fragmentation specimen, interfacial shear strength decreased with the increasing of the immersion time in distilled water ar $80^{circ}C$. And it turned out that the evaluating of interfacial shear strength using original fiber tensile strength was valuable in the durability test for the water environment by the single fiber fragmentation technique.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.41-47
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• 2009

The purpose of this study, during the lifting task was researching the difference and a relationship between the ground reaction force and the grip strength by change of position. After grip strength has measured in symmetry position and asymmetry position at 45cm and 75cm of height of hand, ground reaction force was measured by same attitude lifting wooden box. We analyzed the difference of grip strength and ground reaction force in each position change. The results of grip strength, the grip strength of both hand were significant difference that in study subject symmetry and asymmetry position (p<0.01). The results of symmetry lifting task, the study subjects was significant difference of the ground reaction force difference by height (p<0.05). Asymmetry lifting task was significant difference of ground reaction force difference by direction of rotation was changed (p<0.01). The result of it will rotate with non-dominant hand side of lifting tasks from height 75cm where it easily maintains a balance possibility and decreasing the load of the hand. Therefore, from the workshop in the work people, it will be between the height 75cm and non-dominant hand side of trunk rotatory direction in the lifting tasks. Future study is necessary researched about the change of grip strength when the height of the hand is higher, and the difference of the ground reaction force when the change of weight.