• 제목/요약/키워드: strain penetration

검색결과 147건 처리시간 0.021초

Comprehensive Proteome Analysis of the Excretory/Secretory Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii

  • Lee, Won-Kyu;Ahn, Hye-Jin;Baek, Je-Hyun;Lee, Chong-Heon;Yu, Yeon Gyu;Nam, Ho-Woo
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제35권10호
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    • pp.3071-3076
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    • 2014
  • Proteomic analyses of the excretory/secretory proteins from the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii have been performed to understand their functions in the host-parasite interaction. A total of 34 proteins were identified from LC/MS/MS analysis and their abundance was estimated by spectral counting methods. Among them, 8 species of micronemal proteins (MICs), 2 species of rhoptry proteins (ROPs), and 6 species of dense granular proteins (GRAs) were confirmed. Besides these, 18 species of protein were newly identified, and their cellular functions were estimated from sequence analysis. The three most abundant of the 34 identified extractor/secretory proteins-GRA1, GRA7 and GRA2-were confirmed to be highly expressed in T. gondii using the spectral count method. This phenomenon is another demonstration of the importance of GRA proteins for the penetration and survival of T. gondii.

Penetration of HEp-2 and Chinese Hamster Ovary Epithelial Cells by Escherichia coli Harbouring the Invasion-Conferring Genomic Region from Salmonella typhimurium

  • Park, Jeong-Uck;Hwang, Sang-Gu;Moon, Ja-Young;Cho, Yoon-Kweon;Kim, Dong-Wan;Jeong, Yong-Kee;Rhee, Kwang-Ho
    • Journal of Microbiology
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    • 제38권4호
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    • pp.270-274
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    • 2000
  • Pathogenic Salmonella typhimurium can invade the intestinal epithelium and cause a wide range of diseases including gastroenteritis and bacteremia in human and animals. To identify the genes involved in the infection, the invasion determinant was obtained from S. typhimurium 82/6915 and was subcloned into pGEM-7Z. A subclone DHl (pSV6235) invaded HEp-2 and Chinese hamster ovary epithelial cells and contained a 4.4 kb fragment of S. typhimurium genomic region. Compared with the host strain E. coli DHl, the subclone DHl (pSV6235) invaded cultured HEp-2 and Chinese hamster ovary cells at least 75- and 68-fold higher, respectively. The invasion rate of E. coli DHl for the cells significantly increased by harbouring the genomic region derived from pathogenic S. typhimurium 82/6915.

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Numerical procedures for extreme impulsive loading on high strength concrete structures

  • Danielson, Kent T.;Adley, Mark D.;O'Daniel, James L.
    • Computers and Concrete
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    • 제7권2호
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    • pp.159-167
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    • 2010
  • This paper demonstrates numerical techniques for complex large-scale modeling with microplane constitutive theories for reinforced high strength concrete, which for these applications, is defined to be around the 7000 psi (48 MPa) strength as frequently found in protective structural design. Applications involve highly impulsive loads, such as an explosive detonation or impact-penetration event. These capabilities were implemented into the authors' finite element code, ParaAble and the PRONTO 3D code from Sandia National Laboratories. All materials are explicitly modeled with eight-noded hexahedral elements. The concrete is modeled with a microplane constitutive theory, the reinforcing steel is modeled with the Johnson-Cook model, and the high explosive material is modeled with a JWL equation of state and a programmed burn model. Damage evolution, which can be used for erosion of elements and/or for post-analysis examination of damage, is extracted from the microplane predictions and computed by a modified Holmquist-Johnson-Cook approach that relates damage to levels of inelastic strain increment and pressure. Computation is performed with MPI on parallel processors. Several practical analyses demonstrate that large-scale analyses of this type can be reasonably run on large parallel computing systems.

알루미늄 6061의 고속 충격 거동 특성 연구 (High-Velocity Impact Behavior Characteristics of Aluminum 6061)

  • 변선우;안상현;백준우;이수용;노진호;정일영
    • 한국항공우주학회지
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    • 제50권7호
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    • pp.465-470
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    • 2022
  • 본 논문은 알루미늄 6061의 고속 충격 해석과 고속 충격 시험 결과를 비교 검증하여 금속 재료의 고속 충격에 의한 거동 특성을 연구하였다. 고속 충격 해석을 위해 만능재료시험기를 이용한 준정적 시험과 Hopkinson bar를 이용한 동적 시험을 통해 Huh-Kang 모델과 Johnson-Cook 파손 모델의 계수를 구했다. LS-DYNA 프로그램 해석을 이용하여 관통 속도와 형상을 결과로 예측했고 고속 충격 시험기를 이용한 시험 결과와 비교하였다. 이를 바탕으로 항공기 가스터빈 엔진 블레이드 컨테인먼트 평가 연구에 적용하고자 한다.

소성인장변형 몇 아연도금된 Fe-Mn-C계 TWIP 강의 전기화학적 수소투과거동 (Electrochemical Hydrogen Permeation Behaviors of Pre-Strained Fe-Mn-C TWIP Steel With or Without Zn Coating)

  • 김성진
    • Corrosion Science and Technology
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.297-303
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    • 2023
  • This study aimed to evaluate hydrogen permeation behaviors of pre-strained twinning-induced plasticity steel with or without Zn coating using electrochemical permeation technique. In contrast to un-strained and 30% strained samples, permeation current density was measured in the 60% strained sample. Tensile pre-straining at 60% involved microstructural modifications, including a high level of dislocation density and stacking fault with a semi-coherent twin boundary, which might provide a high diffusion path for hydrogen atoms. However, reproducibility of measurements of hydrogen permeation current was low due to non-uniform deformation and localized stress concentration. On the other hand, the permeation current was not measured in pre-strained TWIP steel with Zn coating. Instead, numerous blisters with some cracks were observed on the surface of the coating layer. In locally damaged Zn coating under tensile straining, hydrogen atoms could relatively easily permeate through the coating layer. However, they were trapped at the interface between the coating layer and the substrate, which might delay hydrogen penetration into the steel substrate.

Multiscale simulations for estimating mechanical properties of ion irradiated 308 based on microstructural features

  • Dong-Hyeon Kwak ;Jae Min Sim;Yoon-Suk Chang ;Byeong Seo Kong ;Changheui Jang
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제55권8호
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    • pp.2823-2834
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    • 2023
  • Austenitic stainless steel welds (ASSWs) of nuclear components undergo aging-related degradations caused by high temperature and neutron radiation. Since irradiation leads to the change of material characteristics, relevant quantification is important for long-term operation, but limitations exist. Although ion irradiation is utilized to emulate neutron irradiation, its penetration depth is too shallow to measure bulk properties. In this study, a systematic approach was suggested to estimate mechanical properties of ion irradiated 308 ASSW. First of all, weld specimens were irradiated by 2 MeV proton to 1 and 10 dpa. Microstructure evolutions due to irradiation in δ-ferrite and austenite phases were characterized and micropillar compression tests were performed. In succession, dislocation density based stress-strain (S-S) relationships and quantification models of irradiation defects were adopted to define phases in finite element analyses. Resultant microscopic S-S curves were compared to verify material parameters. Finally, macroscopic behaviors were calculated by multiscale simulations using real microstructure based representative volume element (RVE). Validity of the approach was verified for the unirradiated specimens such that the estimated S-S curves and 0.2% offset yield strengths (YSs) which was 363.14 MPa were in 10% agreement with test. For irradiated specimens, the estimated YS were 917.41 MPa in 9% agreement.

수중용접한 국산 SM41A-2강판의 편진반복 인장하중하의 피로강도특성에 관한 연구 (Study on tension-tension fatigue strength properties of underwater welded joints of SM41A-2 Plate-to-Plate)

  • 오세규;박주성;한상덕
    • Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.71-81
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    • 1987
  • Nowadays, the high development of industrial technique demands the optimal design of marine structures to be welded under the water, because the underwater welding of the ship hull and marine structures can decrease manpower and cost of production. However there is not available at present any report on fatigue behavior about underwater welded joints. In this paper under tention- tension repeated fatigue stress with frequency of 10 cycles per second by local controlled system, the fatigue strength properties of underwater welded joints of SM41A-2 Plate-to-Plate of 10 mm thickness were experimentally examined. The results obtained were as follows : 1) The fatigue strength of underwater welded joints of SM41A-2 was peaked at the heat input of about 1, 400 joule/mm(180 A, 36 V), while, at the heat input of more than about 1, 100 joule/mm (160 A, 33 V) that of the underwater welds at the higher than cycle of life rather than the lower cycle was higher than that of the base metal but lower than that of the atmosphere welds on account of both cooling and notch effects. 2) The fatigue limit of underwater welds increased with an increase of heat input resulting in a peak of that at the heat input of about 1, 400 joule/mm and then decreased gradually. 3) The fatigue strength at N cycles was peaked between the heat input of about 1, 400 and 1, 700 joule/mm where the strain was rapidly increased. 4) It was confirmed that the optimal zone of heat input condition for obtaining the underwater welds fatigue strength higher than that of the base metal exists, and if out of this zone, the fatigue strength of the underwater welds was lower than that of the base metal because of lack weld penetration, inclusion of slag, voids, etc. 5) By the fatigue test, the underwater welds fractured brittly without visual deformation, so the strain was remarkably less than of the atmosphere welds. 6) The fatigue life factor was peaked at the heat input of about 1, 600 joule/mm (200 A, 36 V) at which the mean strain is a little higher than that of the base metal but quite lower than those of the atmosphere welds, resulting in good underwater welds because both fatigue strength and ductility of the underwater welds are higher than those of the base metal at such heat input.

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평판재하시험, 흙강성측정기 및 동적콘관입시험기를 이용한 노상토의 탄성계수 비교 (Comparison of Elastic Moduli of Subgrade Soils Using Plate Loading Test, Soil Stiffness Gauge and Dynamic Cone Penetrometer)

  • 김규선
    • 한국지반공학회논문집
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    • 제31권3호
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    • pp.63-72
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    • 2015
  • 본 연구는 노상토의 다짐특성 평가를 위해 특성이 다른 세 가지 강성측정 시험법으로 측정한 탄성계수의 상관관계 및 연관성에 대해 논의하였다. 미소변형률(${\approx}0.001%$) 범위의 흙강성측정기(SSG), 중변형률(${\approx}0.01{\sim}0.1%$) 범위의 정적 평판재하시험(PLT), 관입저항을 이용하는 동적콘관입시험기(DCP)가 탄성계수 측정에 이용되었다. 변형률 범위가 다른 시험방법에 의해 측정한 탄성계수를 실무에 적용하기 위해서는, 각각의 측정치에 대한 상관관계 및 연관성에 대해 사전에 파악되어야 한다. 국내 외 여러 조건의 노상토에 대해서 세 가지 방법을 이용하여 측정한 탄성계수($E_{SSG}$, $E_{PLT}$, $E_{DCP}$)를 비교 분석한 결과에 따르면, 흙의 종류 및 응력 조건에 따라 각 방법에 의해 측정된 탄성계수가 상이한 결과를 나타내었다. 전체 수집된 데이터 중 시멘트 처리토를 제외한 일반적인 노상토를 대상으로 한 상관성 분석결과, 정적 탄성계수($E_{PLT}$)는 동적 탄성계수($E_{SSG}$) 대비 60~80%의 크기를 나타나는 것으로 평가되었다. 시멘트 처리토와 같은 특이 토질은 정적 탄성계수($E_{PLT}$) 측정 시 구속압의 영향을 크게 받기 때문에, 다른 일반 토질과 상관관계 비교시 응력보정을 수행하여야 한다. 또한, 동적콘관입시험 결과를 이용하여 탄성계수($E_{DCP}$) 예측 시, 200MPa 이내의 범위에서 탄성계수 데이터가 좀더 신뢰도 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다.

초고성능 섬유보강 콘크리트(UHPFRC)의 재료 특성 및 예측모델: (I) 응결 및 수축 특성과 인장거동 평가 (Properties and Prediction Model for Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC): (I) Evaluation of Setting and Shrinkage Characteristics and Tensile Behavior)

  • 류두열;박정준;김성욱;윤영수
    • 대한토목학회논문집
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    • 제32권5A호
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    • pp.307-315
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    • 2012
  • 최근 국내에서도 압축강도 180 MPa, 인장강도 10 MPa 이상의 초고성능 섬유보강 콘크리트(Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete, UHPFRC)가 개발되었다. 그러나 UHPFRC는 물-결합재비가 낮고 다량의 고분말 혼화재료를 혼입하며, 굵은 골재를 사용하지 않기 때문에 초기 재령에서의 자기수축이 크고, 표면이 급격히 건조하는 등 기존의 일반 콘크리트(Normal Concrete, NC) 및 고성능 콘크리트(High Performance Concrete, HPC)와는 다른 재료적 특성을 보인다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 UHPFRC에 적합한 재료 실험 방법과 규정을 제안하고 극 초기 재령에서의 강도 특성을 평가하기 위하여 응결 및 수축, 인장 실험을 수행하였다. 응결 실험 결과 파라핀 오일을 UHPFRC의 모르타르 표면에 적용할 경우 표면에서의 급격한 건조현상을 효율적으로 억제할 수 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 시멘트와 배합수의 수화반응을 지연 또는 촉진 시키지 않는 것으로 나타나 응결 실험 시 표면건조 방지제로 적합한 것으로 판단되었다. 또한, 링-테스트를 수행하여 내부 강재 링의 온도와 변형률의 경향이 달라지는 시점을 수축 응력 발현 시점으로 정의하였으며, 이를 응결 실험과 비교하여 본 결과 응결침에 걸리는 관입 저항력이 약 1.5 MPa일 때 수축 응력이 발현되는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 초결 및 종결보다 약 0.6시간, 2.1시간 빠른 것이며, 상기 시점을 UHPFRC의 자기수축 측정 시점(time-zero)으로 규정하였다. 마지막으로, 본 연구에서는 극 초기 재령 인장강도 측정 장비를 제작하여 초결시점에서부터 UHPFRC의 인장강도와 탄성계수를 측정하였으며, 이를 고려한 UHPFRC의 인장강도 및 탄성계수 예측식을 제안하였다.

교면포장용 폴리설파이드 에폭시재료의 실내물성 평가 (Laboratory Evaluation of Polysulfide Epoxy Overlay Material for Bridge Deck)

  • 김준형;서영찬
    • 한국도로학회논문집
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.159-166
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    • 2011
  • 본 논문은 에폭시 계열의 폴리머 콘크리트 교면포장 공법의 국내 적용 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 교면포장용 폴리설파이드 에폭시 재료에 대한 물리 역학적 특성을 평가하기 위하여 수행하였다. 강도특성을 평가하기 위하여 압축강도, 휨강도, 접착강도 시험을 수행하였으며 내구특성 평가를 위하여 염소이온침투시험, 동결융해저항성시험, 자외선영향 평가를 실시하였다. 시험결과 압축강도, 휨강도, 접착강도 등은 미국콘크리트협회에서 제시하는 기준을 만족하는 것으로 평가되었다. 그러나 다양한 시험온도에서의 강도 시험결과에서 에폭시 재료가 온도 의존성이 큰 것으로 나타나 향후 국내 적용시 이에 대한 고려가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 휨강도 시험을 통한 처짐에 대한 추종성은 기존 아스팔트 교면포장에 비해 우수한 것으로 평가되었다. 또한 염소이온침투 저항성, 동결융해 저항성 등에 대해서도 우수한 성질을 가진 것으로 평가되었다. 에폭시 슬러리 혼합물에 대한 자외선 영향 평가에서는 강도 증가와 파괴시 변형률 감소가 나타났으나 자외선 노출 후에도 기존 아크릴계 폴리머 콘크리트보다 처짐에 대한 추종성이 양호한 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 폴리설파이드 에폭시 재료가 교면포장 공법으로 사용하기에 적절한 물리적 특성을 가지고 있다고 판단된다.