• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.13-21
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• 2007

This study focus on the pilot case of a scenic landscape agriculture in Go-Chang county for the innovative rural development strategy related the green tourism in Korea. The Go-Chang county in Jeon-Buk province has been progressed the diversified agricultural crops production region. The Go-Chang county is known as the famous cultural tour place that has the many historical and cultural resources (provincial natural park, traditional music, great stone cluster area, military castle walls, good tasted eel food and wine). But, today, the circumstances of global agricultural free trading situations is rapidly proliferated, it invited the depression of the agricultural incomes in rural regions in Korea. So, the Go-Chang county seeks trying to alternative development methods. The new frontier like scenic landscape agriculture is the one of the innovative strategies in this processes. The Go-Chang county selects and supports the scenic landscape agriculture for the new income production policy in connection with the green tourism. This study finds out the important components of the success of a scenic landscape agriculture for the introduction to the new frontier of peen tourism in Go-Chang county. First the scenic landscape agriculture development must be related the 4 season-ecological cultivation methods connected well-being trends. Second, it will be increased the income level of rural people by the competitive the rural green products and diversified green tourism programs which produced by the efforts of the rural people. Third, the success of scenic landscape agriculture and place marketing of rural green tourism depend on the creative community leaders.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.213-235
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to recognize the meanings of plastic language by analyzing the sign of the Graffiti depicted in western modern costumes. And the scope of this study was focused on analysing the costumes from 1980's when the Graffiti was recognized as one of the plastic arts. Graffiti was an unprofessional and covert desire of self-expression, having a close relation with our lives. It was used in diverse ways with repeating creation, development, and extinction, from expressing liveliness in Old Stone Age through describing symbolic meaning in the modern art. Graffiti means rude, humorous, or political writing and pictures on the walls of buildings. It's different from the delicate letters or pictures to inscript on the tree or rocks. Being introduced as part of Post-modernism in the 1970s, Graffiti was acknowledged as a new artistic action with the culture of hip-hop. In addition the Graffiti, the expression of sign was reflected artist's internal consciousness with boundless sign. The sign is something to transmit message from the nonverbal point of view, the oldest sign was the sign for petition or the expression of something as a primitive form. Sign can be defined as a framework of life inherited as a practice from the primitive age long past. Graffiti was cited as a concrete example of sign, theme of this paper, and general understanding on sign expression was pursued through free work which all artists present with essential and positive ways using signs, their own languages, and life style. The result of this study was summarized as follows: Since the end of the 20th century, a lot of fashion designers have represented symbolic images, such as letter and signs, as purely personal ways of expression through the western costumes. It was found that fashion designers of the Graffiti whose free work style from inherent inner consciousness might provide a basic framework to search for complex signs of modem costumes naturally understood life itself as plastic art, and sublimated human inherent desire and their inner world through their works.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.71-83
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of landscape details in representing symbolic images in memorials on the themes of war, tragedy, and the democratization movement. In considering the characteristics of memorial landscapes, the researcher divided the characteristics of landscape details into 3 analysis categories. They are the symbolic application of landscape elements, the embodiment of landscape details, and the organization of landscape details to represent symbolic images, for example, memory, mourning, reflection, healing, glory, and identity. Among details in 24 memorials designed in or after 1970. 133 symbolic details were selected including 64 items in Korea. The analysis revealed that among 30 elements used by designers for memorialization, walls, ponds, sculptures were used more often than other elements in representing the meaning of mourning, reflection, and healing that are the basic function of memorial. In regard to detail form, the designers used basic shapes like circles, squares and rectangles, horizontal and vertical lines to heighten the symbolic effect of shapes in confined form. Stone and water utilized from nature were also used as main materials because of their materiality meaning of death, eternity, life, and healing. The techniques of using lighting, fire, and sound were introduced to make details more effective. Details were organized in harmony and repetition to represent the flew of time and space in symbolic images. The study identified the following characteristics of memorial landscapes in Korea that were different from other country first, in designing memorials, most designers in Korea have been more focused on the organization of space than the details in memorials, and so, they have been neglecting to deliver symbolic image through detail design, while depending mainly on the introduction of art works. Lastly, because they introduced traditional elements which have little relation with the symbolic image needed, there have been many details which inaccurately represent symbolic meanings.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2008

Commercial space, the types of which have been increasingly various and changing rapidly, has been generating new marketing concepts for space. Especially as the environmentally friendly lifestyle spreads around, the component of natural landscape such as plant, stone, or water has been used as an important part in space design, freshly imprinting the brand image beyond the idea of simple interior property. By combining commercial space design with 'the component of the natural landscape', we can improve the brand image, create the newness in the space, lead customers to stay longer in the space, and reinforce the decorative effect. The parts of the commercial space to which we can apply the element of natural landscape are facades, walls, floors, and show windows. Various examples of real application are found according to the areas of business and goods displayed. This thesis attempts to maximize the effect of commercial space by examining and analyzing various instances of space and provide the ways of applying the space that contains an aesthetic value. For the research, 60 articles, theses, reports that have the keyword related to interior landscape and marketing strategy in commercial space were used as references. From the references, 70 cases were selected and analyzed to find landscape application patterns. Also, 4 store cases that landscape application have been the key to their success were selected for the survey. In doing this, I presented the readers with the packaging technique which improves brand image, the effect of stage direction which helps sensitive communication with users, the application as interior structure and the effect of an object that is useful to aesthetic effect in the commercial space. Finally, I endeavored to provide possible problems to be produced when applying the natural element in the commercial space and matters to be attended to in the management.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.25-38
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• 2020

For the purpose of recording Folk House Garden, this study was to review the historical value, location, space composition, Placememnt of the Building, garden composition, and management status of Folk House Garden designated as a cultural asset in Jeolla-do and to promote continuous maintenance and preservation in the future and enhance its value. The results of the study are as follows. First, most of them have been influenced by the trend of the times, such as the creation of a modern private garden and the spread of agricultural and commercial development through the garden components influenced by the royal, Japanese, and Western styles. Second, there are differences in the spatial composition of private households and the way they handle sponsorship, depending on the geographical location. When the geographical features were divided into flat and sloping areas, private houses located on flat land were divided into walls, walls were placed around the support area, and flower systems and stone blocks were created. The private houses located on the slope were divided into two to three tiers of space, and the wooden plant, flower bed, and stone bed were naturally connected to the background forest without creating a wall at the rear hill. Third, the size of the house and the elements of the garden have been partially destroyed, damaged, and changed, and if there is a lack of records of the change process, there is a limit to the drawing floor plan. There were many buildings and garden components that were lost or damaged due to changes in the trend and demand of the times, and some of them without records had to rely on the memory of owners and managers. Fourth, the species in Warm Temperate Zone, which reflects the climatic characteristics of Jeolla-do, was produced, and many of the exotic species, not traditional ones, were introduced. Fifth, fine-grained tree management standards are needed to prepare for changes in spatial function and plant species considering modern convenience.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.12-24
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of the water system on the location, spatial structure, and construction method of Hongju-eupseong, centering on Hongjumok-eupchi. During the Joseon Dynasty, the water system in Hongjumok-eupchi is composed of artificially constructed Seong-an Runnel and ponds based on a branch-shaped natural waterways flowing from south to north and west to east. Compiling the results of various literature records, excavations and analysis of map data, it can be seen that the water system has an important influence on the construction of Hongju-seong. Firstly, Hongju-seong from the Goryeo Dynasty to the late Joseon Dynasty is located using a circular shape of topographical structure and a small erosion basin formed on the inner side of the Hongseongcheon and Wolgyecheon streams without significant change in location. In particular, Wolgyecheon and Hongseongcheon are natural moats, which are harmonized with Sohyangcheon and riverside topographical structures, affecting the location and construction method of Hongju-seong, water related facilities, and the spatial structure of eupseong. It is understood that location characteristic of Hongju-seong reflects the urban location structure harmonized with waterways in ancient China and Korea. Secondly in harmony with the water system and topographic structure of Hongju-seong, it is an important factor in deciding the land use of the town, the arrangement of the town hall facilities and inducing various non-subsidiary measures such as the establishment of embankment forest with a secret function and the closure of the south gate. In addition, artificial drainage facilities such as Seongan runnel and ponds are being actively introduced from early on to protect the walls or towns from flooding of Wolgyecheon. Especially there were typical methods for protecting the walls from water damage such as the Joseon Dynasty stone castle structure that was integrated with saturn(soil wall) in the Goryeo Dynasty, retreating wall in the northern gate area in the late Joseon Dynasty, and the method of constructing wall using korean tile and stone floors between reinforced soil layers in the western and northern wall.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.254-269
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to propose guidance for wall renewal that is appropriate for an ancient city wall through application of advanced research and theories in wall design. It is a streetscape improvement project which forms part of the "Ancient City Image Finding Project". Study methods consist of advanced research classification, wall design theory contemplation, and analysis of the significance of designated ancient city areas and the "Ancient City Image Finding Project" status. Based on these methods, case study candidates were selected, case status and problems were identified, and improvement proposals were analyzed by comparing various features. Advanced wall research was classified into six categories including analysis of wall characteristics; wall design principle applications; wall structure, color, shape, and application; modern reinterpretation; palace walls; and house, temple, and village walls. The wall is an element of the streetscape improvement component of the "Ancient City Image Finding Project", with the characteristic of providing preceding experience in visual and cognitive awareness than interior structure. Case candidates for ancient city wall improvement are based on the composition distribution of the special conservation district in each ancient city as well as the conservation promotion district. Ultimately, the surrounding village of Gongju-si Geumseong-Dong Songsanri-gil, adjacent to the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong, was selected as the candidate. The "Ancient City Image Finding Project" of the surrounding village of Gongju-si Geumseong-Dong Songsanri-gil began with new Hanok construction. However, wall maintenance did not begin concurrently with that new Hanok construction. Support and maintenance took place afterwards as an exterior maintenance project for roadside structures. If the Hanok and wall were evaluated and constructed at the same time, the wall would have been built in unison with the size and design of the Hanok. The layout of the main building and wall of the Hanok is deemed to be a structure that is closed tightly because of its spatial proximity and tall height. Songsan-ri-gil's wall design should create a calm, subtle, and peaceful atmosphere with shapes, colors, and materials that express ancient city characteristics, but it is in an awkward position due to its sharpness and narrowness. The cause of the problem at Gongju-si Geumseong-dong Songsanri-gil, the case candidate, is that it is lacking significantly in terms of the aesthetic factors that traditional walls should possess. First, aesthetic consciousness seems to have disappeared during the selection and application process of the wall's natural materials. Second, the level of completion in design and harmony is absent. Maintenance guidance after analyzing the cause of problems in ancient city wall maintenance at Gongju-si Geumseong-dong Songsanri-gil, the subject area of research, is as follows: First, the Hanok design and layout of the wall and main gate should be reviewed simultaneously. Second, the one-sided use of natural stone wall in the Hanok wall design should be reexamined. Third, a permanent system to coordinate the opinions of citizens and experts during the planning and design phases should be employed. Fourth and finally, the Hanok's individuality shall be collectivized and its value as a cultural asset representing the identity of the community shall be increased.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.351-364
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• 2021

Purpose: Fire load analysis was conducted to secure basic data for evaluating fire risk of educational facilities. In order to calculate the fire load through a preliminary survey, basic data related to the fire load of school facilities were collected. Method: The basic data were the definition and types of fire loads, combustion heat data for the calculation of fire loads. The fire load was evaluated by multiplying the combustion heat by the weight of the combustibles in the compartment when calculating the fire load. Result: As for the fixed combustible materials of A-elementary school, the floor was mainly made of wood, in consideration of emotion and safety in the classroom, music room, and school office, and the rest of the compartments were made of stone. The ceiling and walls were made of gypsum board and concrete, so they were not combustible. The typical inflammable items in each room were desks, chairs, and lockers in the classroom, and the laboratory equipment box and experimental tool box were the main components in the science room, and books, bookshelves, and reading equipment occupied a large proportion in the library room. Conclusion: 'The fire loads of A-elementary' schools according to the combustibles loaded were in the order of library, computer room, English learning room, teacher's office, general classroom, science hall, and music room.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.626-637
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• 2021

The tomb complex of the royal family from the period of the Ungjin Baekje Kingdom (475 to 538 AD) in Gongju, Korea, contains the tomb of King Muryeong and other royal tombs. After the excavation of the tomb of King Muryeong in 1971, these tombs were opened up to the public, without the establishment of systems for their safety, conservation and management. The tombs have consequently experienced rapid environmental changes and suffered various damages. In this study, specific vulnerable parts inside the tombs were selected for deviation analysis using 3D scanning, and 3D image models were constructed on this basis. Progressive displacement was identified in tomb No. 5, and basic data for future investigations was acquired from tomb No. 6 and the tomb of King Muryeong. In the deviation analysis for the southern plastered wall of tomb No. 5, the damage was not found to exceed the ranges of ±18 mm and ±2 mm. However, the lintel stone was found to be sagging by 0.32 mm on average, and the distance between the walls to have increased by 0.36 mm on average. Direct water seepage occurring in tomb No. 5 is considered to be increasing the damage within the tomb, such as the dropping and sagging of the lintel. The 3D image models constructed in this study will play an important role as baseline data for future research, and can be used to discuss a secure conservation scheme for the tombs through cross-validation with precise measurement monitoring.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.289-300
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• 2022

In the 6^th and 7^th centuries, 5 iron artifacts excavated form the Baekje Stone Tomb in Guryong-ri site, Ungcheon, Boryeong, were studied. The sample were metal microscopic observation, SEM-EDS analysis and Raman micro-spectroscopy analysis were conducted to understand the metallurgical characteristics. The microstructure observation showed the presence of ferrite and pearlite throughout, and differences in carbon content existed depending on the direction. Non-metallic inclusions were in the form of long lines, and most of them were wüstite, fayalite. It is indicated that the artifacts were forge welded using hypoeutectoid steel, with signs of carburizing and decarburizing processes. Some crystals with high P₂O₅, TiO₂, CaO content were identified as sarcopside, ulvöspinel, and perovskite, respectively, through Raman spectroscopy. A comparison of the results with previous studies on the sites of Bujang-ri site in Seosan and Bongseon-ri site in Seocheon, which are adjacent sites in the coastal area, revealed that, while heat treatment technology was available, the artifacts were not heat-treated considering the purpose for use for these artifacts. The chemical composition of the non-metallic inclusions P₂O₅, TiO₂, CaO were plotted in proportions to SiO₂ and compared with adjacent sites. Considering that the P₂O₅/SiO₂ ratio was widely distributed, the refining technology was not uniform. In addition, the TiO₂/SiO₂ ratio was found to be higher than that of other sites, meaning that a titanium-containing ore was used to manufacture the artifacts, unlike in surrounding sites, but it is not detected in all artifacts, so it may have been affected by various factors such as furnace walls in addition to raw materials. Although slag formers were used, considering the CaO/SiO₂ ratio and the (Al₂O₃/SiO₂)/(CaO/SiO₂) ratio, which appear to be similar to the surrounding sites, but it is possible that CaO containing raw ore was used because it is also affected by the components of raw ore. As a result of the study, it is highly likely that ore different from that of the surrounding sites was used for production, but a more comprehensive comparative study with the surrounding sites is needed in the future.