• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.384-392
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• 2023

Stomatal pore is an important physiological trait that is closely linked to photosynthesis and transpiration as carbon dioxide and water vapor move through it between the atmosphere and plants. The present study investigated stomatal traits, such as stomatal density, index and size, of herbaceous native and alien plant species living in a riparian park on the Nakdong River to understand how those traits vary and to know if successful settlement of alien plants is attributed to those traits. There was no difference in stomatal density, index and size between native and alien plants with kidney-shaped stomata, suggesting that an empty ecological niche is not an essential prerequisite for the successful settlement of alien plants. Stomatal density showed a negative correlation with leaf thickness and leaf dry weight content (LMDC), but there was no correlation with Specific leaf area (SLA). All plants with kidney-shaped stomata had amphistomatous leaves, and the density and size of dumbell-shaped stomata were lower than those of kidney-shaped stomata.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.3
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• pp.216-223
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• 2023

This study aimed to identify and compare the characteristics of Elymus humidus on common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinse Spring, CS). The seed length, width, height, and weight of E. humidus were smaller than those of the CS. In particular, the germination rate of E. humidus was substantially lower than that of CS. In the anatomical dissection of the leaf, E. humidus showed a considerably different xylem diameter of the main vascular bundle in the main vein; however, there was no difference in the phloem of the main vascular bundle compared with the xylem and phloem of the main vascular bundle in the main vein of CS, although E. humidus showed a leaf structure similar to that of CS. In addition, E. humidus had a thinner epidermis than that of CS. Regarding stomatal traits, E. humidus showed a graminoid stomata type similar to that of CS. On the adaxial and abaxial sides, the density, length, and width of the stomata in E. humidus were smaller than those in CS, whereas the distance between stomata in E. humidus was greater than that in CS. The chromosomes of E. humidus were classified as long and short based on their respective lengths. Long chromosomes were classified based on the ratio of the long arm to the short arm e.g., 1:1 or 2:1. Short chromosomes showed the same trend and some short chromosomes were microsatellites. To evaluate genetic diversity, 38 barley EST markers with polymorphisms between E. humidus and CS were selected from 236 barley EST markers.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.225-236
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• 2023

Stomatal traits such as stomata density (SD), aperture length (APL) and width (APW), guard cell length (GCL) and width (GCW), and distance between stomata (DIS) were investigated to identify correlation with agronomic traits for 35 Korean wheat cultivars. Flag leaf width (FLW) of Korean wheat cultivars was the widest in Ol-mil, and the narrowest in Keumkang. SD tended to be higher on the adaxial side than on the abaxial side in Korean wheat cultivars. SD of adaxial and abaxial sides was classified into a cultivar with a significantly different or not. In APL, 18 wheat cultivars showed significant differences according to leaf side, and APL of adaxial was longer than APL of abaxial in 13 wheat cultivars. In APW, 15 wheat cultivars showed a significant difference, and APW of abaxial was wider than APW of adaxial among them. In GCL, 14 wheat cultivars showed a significant difference, and the GCL of abaxial was longer than the GCL of adaxial in 10 wheat cultivars. In GCW, 10 wheat cultivars showed a significant difference, GCW of adaxial was wider than GCW of abaxial and in 6 wheat cultivars. FLW of adaxial and abaxial showed a negative correlation with GCL and a positive correlation with grain number per panicle. FLW of only abaxial showed a positive correlation with DIS. The SD of the adaxial showed a negative correlation with GCL, while the SD of the abaxial showed a negative correlation with APL. APL of both sides of the leaf showed a positive correlation with GCL, and APW of only abaxial showed a negative correlation with GLC. DIS of adaxial showed a negative correlation with tiller number (TN), while DIS of abaxial showed a positive correlation with GNP.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.152-162
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• 2024

Background: Plant species of the alpine treeline ecotone are highly sensitive to climate change and may adjust their population dynamics, and functional traits in response to changing climate. This study examined regeneration patterns and leaf traits variations in an important treeline ecotone element Rhododendron campanulatum along the elevation gradient in western Nepal to assess its potential adaptive responses to climate change. The distribution range of R. campanulatum (3,400-3,800 m above sea level [a.s.l.]) was divided into five horizontal bands, each with a 100 m elevational range. Eight plots (10 m × 10 m) were sampled in each band, resulting into a total of 40 plots. In each plot, all R. campanulatum individuals and co-occurring tree species were counted. From each elevation, R. campanulatum leaf samples were collected to determine leaf dimensions, leaf density, specific leaf area (SLA), and stomatal density (SD). Results: The density-diameter curve indicated that R. campanulatum was regenerating well, with enhanced regeneration at higher elevation (3,800 m a.s.l.) than at lower. Tree canopy cover appeared to be the major determinant of R. campanulatum regeneration, as indicated by a higher number of seedlings in treeless stands. With increasing elevation, the leaf length, width, SLA, and stomata length decreased but leaf thickness and SD increased. Conclusions: Overall, a higher regeneration and lower SLA with the high SD in the leaves at the upper limit of the species distribution suggested that R. campanulatum is well adapted at its upper distribution range with the possibility of upslope range shift as temperature increases.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.91-99
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• 2014

Leaf anatomical study of Pinus thunbergii collected from 12 different coastal regions of Korea was conducted to understand the adaptive variation on leaf traits. Basic anatomical features are typical pine needle type with fibrous epidermis, 2-3 layered hypodermis, sunken stomata, monomorphic mesophyll, and well-represented bundle sheath. The bundle sheath surrounds a couple of vascular bundle separated by parenchyma bands. On the basis of their position, the resin ducts are of three types; external, medial and internal of the bundle sheath. The total number of resin ducts in all samples varies from 4 to 12. The stomata were found on stomatal bands throughout the leaf surface. Important dissimilarities observed on P. thunburgii leaf are the number and position of resin ducts and the number of stomata rows in leaf surface.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.336-341
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate geographic variation in needle characteristics of Pinus densiflora, one of the most economically important tree species in Korea. Needles were collected from 35 natural populations and their morphological and anatomical characteristics were studied. ANOVA showed statistically significant differences among populations as well as among individuals within populations in needle length, needle width, number of stomata row, density of stomata in $0.25mm^{2}$, number of serrations in 0.5mm, and number of resin ducts. In all these traits, variance components among individuals within populations were larger than those among populations. The density of stomata in $0.25mm^{2}$ increased as the latitudes and elevations of the populations increased, while the number of serrations in 0.5mm decreased as the decrease of latitudes and elevations. The number of resin ducts was higher in inland populations than in coastal populations. The resin duct index appeared to be higher in western populations than in eastern populations. Cluster analysis based on morphological characteristics divided populations into three groups. The third group was composed of populations selected from the Taebaek mountains. The number of serrations in 0.5mm of this group was lower than that of other two groups, while the density of stomata in $0.25mm^{2}$ was higher.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.4
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• pp.387-392
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• 2007

Characteristics of needle morphology and anatomy were examined in 14 populations of Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim. and A. koreana Wilson. Additionally we studied the classification index to distinguish between the species by the method of discriminant analysis. Characteristics of needle for A. nephrolepis could be distinguished from those for A. koreana by flatten arrangement, thin and long length for needle form, many stomata row, and marginal position of resin duct Nested ANOVA showed that there were statistically significant differences among populations as well as among individuals within populations in all 9 needle traits. For the needle indices such as needle thickness, number of stomata row, and the distance between resin duct and vascular for both species, variance components among populations were larger than those among individuals within populations. The characteristics that contributed most to the separation of A. nephrolepis and A. koreana according to the discriminant analysis using stepdisc procedures were needle index and thickness of needle, needle arrangement index, distance between resin duct and vascular, and number of stomata row.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 1978

The purpose of present study is to analyze the genetic variation of natural stand of Pinus densiflora. In 1975 following after the selection of 1974, twenty trees from each of three natural populations of the species were selected and their open-pollinated seeds were collected, and the locations and conditions of the populations ate presented in table 1, 2 and figure 1. Some morphological traits of the populations were already detailed in our second report of this series, in which Myong-Ju and Ul-Jin populations were regarded to be superior phenotypically to suweon population. The morphological traits of cone, seed and seed-wing, and also the growth performances and needle characters of the seedling were observed in the present study according to the previous methods. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The meteorological data obtained by averaging the records of 30 year period (1931~1960) measured from the nearest meteorological stations to each population are shown in fig.2, 3, 4. The distributional patterns of investigated climate factors are generally considered to be similar among the locations. However, the precipitation density during growing season and the air temperature during dormant season on Suweon area, population 6, were quite different from those of the other areas. 2. The measurements of fresh cone weight, length, diameter and cone index, i.e., length to diameter ratio are presented in table 7. As shown in table 7, all these traits except for cone diameter seem to be highly significant in population differences and family differences within population. 3. The morphological traits of seed and seed-wing are detailed in table 8, 9, and highly significant differences are recognized among the populations and the families within population in seed-wing length, seed-wing index, seed weight, seed-length and seed index but not among the populations in the other observed traits. The values of correlation coefficient between the characters of cone and seed are given in table 10 and the positive significant correlations can be observed in the most parts of the compared traits. 4. Significant statistical differences among populations and families within population are observed in the growth performances of 1-0 and 1-1 seedling height of these progenies. But the differences in root collar diameter are shown only among families within population. As shown in table 13, the most parts of correlations are not significant statistically between the growth performances of seedling and the seed characters. 5. The number of stomata row on both sides of needle and the serration density were measured in the seedlings from each of the families of the three populations. As shown in table 15, statistical differences are considered to be significant among the populations and among the families within population in serration density but not among the populations in stomata row on both sides of the needle. The results differ from those of the third report of this series. Even if one of the reason seems to be the diversity of selected populations, it could not be confirmed definitely. The correlations between progenies and parents are not generally observed in the investigated traits of needle as shown in table 16.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.70-74
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• 1978

The aims of this study was to elucidate the correlation between cotyledon numbers and seedling growth and some other traits of Pinus koraiensis. The results are summurized as follows; 1. A highly significant correlations between numbers of coty ledons and juvenile needles was found but no significances between cotyledon numbers and juvenile needle length, width and stomata row numbers. 2. The accessory resin canals did not begin to appear before June but began to appear only small numbers of seedling after July. It was observed that the number of accessory resin canals of juvenile leaves at various growing stages were not related with the number of cotyledons. 3. In the case of adult leaves, there was a significant difference in the number of leaves and the number of cotyledons, but no significant difference between the number of cotyledons and needle length, needle width and stomata row. 4. There were significant differences in the number of cotyledons and top height growth, and root caliper growth among individuals and due to ages. 5. Seedlings with more than 12 cotyledons showed better growth than those with 9 to 11 cotyledons.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.20-30
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• 1979

The purpose of present study is to analyze the genetic variation of natural stand of Pinus densiflora. In 1976 following after the seletion of 1974 and 1975, twenty trees from each of three natural populations of the species were selected and seeds were collected, and the locations and conditions of populations are presented in table 1, 2 and figure 1. Some morphological traits of the populations were already detailed in our fifth report of this series. The morphological traits of cone, seed and seed-wing, and also the growth performances and needle characters of the seedling were observed in the present study according to the previous methods. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The meteorological data obtained by averaging the records of 30 year period(1931~1960) measured from the nearest meteorological station to each population are shown in fig. 2, 3, 4. The distributional patterns of investigated climate factors are generally considered to be similar among the locations. However, the precipitation density during growing season and the air temperature during dormant season on Samchuk area (Pop. 9) were quite different from those of the other areas. 2. The measurements of fresh cone weight, length, diameter and cone index (i.e.: length to diameter ratio) are presented in table 7. As shown in table 7, all these traits except for cone diameter seem to be not significant in population and to be highly significant in family differences within population. 3. The morohological traits of seed and seed-wing are detailed in table 8, 9, and highly significant differences are recognized among the populations and the families within population in seed weight, seed length, seed thickness but not among the populations in the other observed traits. The values of correlation between the characteristics of cone and seed are presented in table 12. As shown, the correlation between cone length and seed wing length, between seed wing width and seed width were significantly positive in population 8 and 9 but in population 7. The positive correlations between seed length and seed width were calculated in all populations studied 4. Significant statistical differences among populations and families within population are observed in the growth performances of 1-0 seedling height of these progenies. But the differences in 1-1 seedling height and root collar diameter are shown only among familes within population. As shown in table 13, the most parts of correlations are not significant statistically between the growth performances of seedling and the seed characters. 5. As shown in table 15, statistical differences are considered to be significant among the populations in stomata row on both sides of the needle but not in serration density. The correlations between progenies and parents are not generally observed in the investigated traits of needle as shown in table 16.