• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.309-314
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• 1990

A pot experiment was carried out to find the effects of chemicals and its application time on the sterility and other agronomic characters of rice. Two rice cultivars, Samgangbyeo, a Tongil type, and Chuchungbyeo, a japonica type rice were treated with maleic hydrazide (6000ppm), ethephon (6000ppm) and GA3 (10ppm) at five different growth stages. The application times of chemicals were comprised of two different stages of stem elongation and booting and panicle emerging stage. Grain sterility and panicle length were measured for panicles per pot. Culm length was measured for pot basis. MH induced complete grain sterility in rice, but caused severe plant damage (phytotoxicity) ; restricted spike emergence and drying out of plant leaves, sheath and panicles. Ethephon induced 50-60% grain sterility in rice with the least in plant damage. GA3 was not effective in inducing grain sterility in rice, but it increased culm length. The earlier application of chemicals, the higher sterility was induced. Both MH and ethephon reduced culm length and grain yield. Also observed was the varietal response in the occurrence of to chemicals Samgangbyeo showed the higher response to chemicals than Chuchungbyeo.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2013

The present study explored studies directed at elucidating the effectiveness of Korean medicine in the treatment of sterility and systematically analyzed the trends of studies on sterility. The standardization and objectification based on results for this study may contribute to the development of effective Korean medicine in reducing sterility. In the annual tendency of sterility-related clinical studies, the number of papers began to increase rapidly from 2000, and 15 papers were published from 2000 till 2011. Then, in the technical journals publishing them, The Journal of Oriental Obstetrics & Gynecology published 13 the most papers. In the institutions to which the first authors belonged, Dongguk University Hospital had 5 the most papers. In the number of test subjects was also analyzed and as the result the studies with 1~9 were the most as 10. In the study design analysis, there were 10 case reports, 5 case series and 4 before and after studies. In the analysis of intervention methods, there were 10 papers where only the Korean medicines were given, next 6 papers where the acupuncture and moxibustion were added, and 3 papers where the Korean medical therapies and other subsidiary therapies were used. In the analysis on the existence of pattern identification, there were 12 papers with the pattern identification, 6 without the pattern identification and 1 with the four constitution identification. In the IRB approval, 18 or most papers had not received the IRB approval and just 1 paper got the IRB approval. When the sterility-related clinical studies published in the Korean medical journals were surveyed, it turned out that there are no RCT studies and there is just one study with the IRB approval. And there were 6 papers without the pattern identification of Korean medicine. So, it seems necessary in the future to improve the papers in these respects for the development of Korean medicine sterility treatment with a good basis through the more systematic and accurate study method.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.185-192
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• 2004

Obesity is known as a cause of variousdisease. Sterility is one of disease related to obesity. We had experienced an Obese patient accompanied by sterility. From January. 28. 2004 to April. 30. 2004. We applied Kobonkunyangdan and Ojayounjonghuan(固木健陽丹 合 五子衍宗丸), electrolipolysis and LCD(low alorie diet), behavioral theraphy, auricular acupuncture. Through this obesity treatment during 3 months, total weight loss was 23.8kg, reduction of percent body fat was 5.5% (from 22.8 to 17.3), reduction of BMI was $7.3kg/m^2$ (from 32.6 to 25.3), increase in sperm count and sperm motility was $50{\sim}60%$, hepatic index was improved.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-71
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• 1968

To clarify the breeding behavior of the hybrids between tropical and temperate area rice varieties, investigations were made on heading days and grain sterility. In this study, crosses were made in half way diallel involving 7 varieties: 2 photoperied sensitive Indicas, 2 less sensitive intermediate Indicas, 1 Ponlai Japonica and 2 high temperature sensitive Japonicas. The parents and $F_1$s were grown under 10 hours and 14 hours daylength controlled conditions at both IRRI(International Rice Research Institute, N$14^{\circ}$17') and Suwon(N$37^{\circ}$16'). F2s with their parents were grown at IRRI in the short day season, and at Suwon under natural conditions. Fa lines with their parents were grown at Suwon under natural conditions. Observations were made for heading days and sterility. The results are summarized as follow; 1. Heading days : 1. For the $F_1$s, earliness showed dominance or overdominance to lateness under the 10 hours condition, and dominance or partial dominance under the 14 hours conditions, at both IRRI and Suwon. 2. For the $F_2$s grown at IRRI during the shortday season earliness appeared to be dominant over lateness and segregation was not distinct and continuous. In the early season culture of $F_2$s at Suwon earliness showed partial dominance or was intermediate. In the proper season culture of $F_2$s lateness showed partial dominance or was intermediate. 3. In the combinations between late parental varieties which do not head at Suwon, transgressive segregants bearing effective panicles were obtained. 4. The crosses of parental varieties having long basic vegetative growth duration showed bigger variance in heading days, and significant correlation was found between of parental varieties and the mean coefficient of variance for parental arrays. 5. The means of heading days of F2 populations were significantly correlated with those of $F_1$ or mid-parents. The means of F 8 lines were also highly correlated with the means of $F_2$s, but, the means of $F_3$ lines grown at Suwon and of their parental $F_2$ individual, grown at IRRI were not correlated. 6. A faint heritability was calculated from the regression of $F_3$ lines grown at Suwon on the $F_2$ individuals grown at IRRI for most combinations, especially in the combinations involving shortday sensitive varieties. This implies low efficiency for the selection of heading days of $F_2$ individuals at IRRI to be grown in lines at Suwon. 7. No significant reciprocal effects were measured for $F_1$ and $F_2$ mean heading days. 8. Partitioning the observed photoperiod sensitivity. into two components, parental array mean md the deviation from this array mean, the parental photoperiod sensitivity contributing to the hybrids was measured in terms of general and specific combining ability for photoperiod sensitivity. 9. The photoperiod sensitivity of $F_1$s was higher than that of the parents, and it decreased as the generation progressed in most combinations of tested varieties. 10. The response of heading days to difference of temperature was weaker for $F_1$ hybrids than for the parents. The differences of temperature responses between the longday and shortday treatments were specific for the variety. 2. Sterility : 1. The $F_1$ sterility was specific for the combinations and not correlated to the parental sterility. The sterility of $F_1$s grown under the 10 hours condition was higher than of those grown under 14 hours. These results were the same at both locations, IRRI and Suwon. 2. The high sterile combinations in $F_1$ showed high sterility in $F_2$. The combinations between a high photoperiod sensitive variety and a high temperature sensitive variety showed high sterility and wider variance. 3. The mean sterility of $F_2$s was lower than of $F_1$s and the mean of $F_3$ lines was lower than of $F_2$s. Sterility decreased as the generation progressed, and the differences of $F_3$ sterility of different combinations were not significant. 4. A faint correlation between grain sterility and pollen sterility was observed in $F_2$ populations. 5. No significant reciprocal effects were measured in $F_1$ and $F_2$ sterility. 6. Following Griffing's method, specific combining ability effects were higher than general combining ability effects, especially in the combinations between highly photoperiod sensitive varieties and highly temperature sensitive varieties. 7. No distinct correlations were found between $F_2$ individual sterility grown at IRRI and $F_3$ line sterility grown at Suwon. 8. No distinct correlations were observed between heading days and sterility of $F_2$ individuals.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.12
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• pp.7-14
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• 1972

Four treatment leveles(check 500, 1, 000 2, 000ppm) of Ethrel were applied to barley and wheat grown in greenhouse and fields at three stages (preboot, boot, afterboot) of growth in orderd to induce male sterility and to evaluate possibility of practical $F_1$-hybrid-seed production as gametocide. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The shortening plant height, especially the first internode length. spike length and decreasing 1, 000 seeds weight and induction of male sterility, were observed with all Ethrel theatments. The earier the stage of spraying at the boot and the higher concentration of Ethrel, the greater effects were observed. 2. The most practical level of inducing male sterility occurred ranging from 1, 000-2, 000ppm applied at all stages, while with increasing maturity, greater concentration of Ethrel were required to induce the same level of male sterility. .3. Great differences for male sterility per spike in bagged and unbagged spikes were shown with all treatments indicated ovary receptiveness, and that out-crossing has taken place, 4. Ethrel treatment induced more practicable extent of male sterility in barley than wheat. This results indicated that $F_1$-hybrid-seed production in barley with gametocide appears feasible if high combining ability lines were selected for increased out-crossing ratio. 5. There seemed to be no indication of additive surfactant influence on the Ehrel action in the present studies, and showed an interest on further studies on this matter.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.180-190
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• 2004

Objectives : To present criteria for acupuncture standardization, which will improve quality of acupuncture and secure safety, through studies of the biocompatibility of acupuncture materials. Methods : Acupuncture needles distributed in Korea were studied. Intracutaneous reaction tests and sterility tests were executed to study the biocompatibility of acupuncture. Results & Conclusions : All 4 kinds of acupuncture needles distributed in Korea were found suitable for medical use, through intracutaneous reaction tests and sterility tests. However, the medical instrument standards of the Korea Food and Drug Administration lack criteria concerning intracutaneous reaction tests and sterility tests. The criteria for these tests should be standardized in order to secure the biocompatibility of acupuncture needles.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.163-170
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• 2008

The detection, characterization and use of quantitative traits loci, QTL, have significant potential to improve the efficiency of selective breeding of species. Therefore, a population with 59 advanced backcross lines($BC_2F_5$), derived from a cross between IR64 and Tarome molaei, were studied in Tonekabon Rice Research Station of Iran in order to map QTLs for panicle length, number of grain per panicle, and panicle grain sterility in rice. The parental screening wtih 235 SSR markers in agarose and polyacrylamide gels revealed 114 markers with clear polymorphic bands. To search for QTLs associated with panicle length, number of grain per panicle, and panicle grain sterility, we constructed a genetic linkage map using 114 microsatellite markers. Positive and negative transgressive segregations were observed in $BC_2F_5$ lines for all traits. Using multiple interval mapping(MIM), a total of 20 putative QTLs were detected, of which eight were for panicle length, three for number of grains, and nine for panicle grain sterility. The maximum number of QTLs were mapped on chromosomes 1 and 2 with eight QTLs. These QTL markers could possible be utilized for marker-assisted selection.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2008

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), one of the most important traits in crop breeding, has been used for commercial seed production by $F_1$ hybrid cultivars of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). To develop reliable molecular markers for allelic selection of the Restorer-of-fertility (Rf) gene, which is known to be a major determinant of pollen fertility restoration in peppers, a sequence of approximately 10 kb flanking an RAPD fragment closely linked to the Rf locus was obtained by genome walking. A homology search revealed that this sequence contained an LTR retrotransposon and a non-LTR LINE-like retrotransposon. Sequencing of this Rf-linked region to search for polymorphisms between a dominant and recessive allele revealed 98% nucleotide sequence identity between them. A third polymorphic haplotype of the Rf-linked sequence, which has 94-96% nucleotide sequence identity with the two previously isolated haplotypes, was identified among a large number of breeding lines. Utilizing polymorphic sequences in the haplotypes, PCR markers were developed for selection of particular haplotypes and used to examine the distribution of the haplotypes in diverse breeding lines, cultivars, and C. annuum germplasms. Surprisingly, the third haplotype was the predominant type in C. annuum germplasms, while its frequency in $F_1$ hybrid cultivars was relatively low. Meanwhile, analysis of breeding lines whose Rf allele genotypes and male-sterility phenotypes were already known revealed that the third haplotype was mainly present in exotic breeding lines that cause unstable male-sterility when combined with sterile cytoplasms.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.418-422
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• 2012

Eleven hot pepper accessions collected in Vietnam showed stable resistance to bacterial wilt as well-known resistance sources, MC4 and MC5, in repeated inoculation tests with different Ralstonia solanacearum isolates conducted from 2004 to 2010. Seven of these accessions (specifically KC981, KC1006, KC1021, KC1027, KC1045, KC1050, and KC1055) resulted in stable male sterile F1 plants in the crosses with a cytoplasmically male sterile (CMS) Chilseong (CMS-A, Srfrf ), and therefore, they were maintainers (CMS-B) with a genotype of Nrfrf. The rest (KC980, KC995, KC999, and KC1009) produced stable male fertile F1 plants in the crosses, and therefore, were restorers (CMS-C) with a genotype of N(S)RfRf. Therefore, the maintainer and restorer sources of resistance may be used in preference in breeding maternal (CMS and their maintainers) and paternal parents (restorers) for resistance to bacterial wilt, respectively, in the hybrid breeding system utilizing cytoplasmic male sterility.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.470-472
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• 1999

When the type and ratio of male-sterile plants in $F_1$ hybrids collected from several seed companies were investigated, there were differences in the male-sterile type depending upon region, seed company and variety group. The differences were inferred due to the easiness in breeding of maintainer line among the variety groups. American seed companies mainly used petaloid type male sterility with Imperater group varieties. European companies used brown anther type male sterility mainly with Nantes group but some companies used petaloid type also in varieties that were different from Nantes group. Asian companies (Japan, Korea) used both types with Chantaney and Kuroda group varieties, but one type was mainly used depending on individual seed company. Only one type of male-sterility in one variety was observed and the results were agreed well with other's results that male-sterility type was determined by cytoplasm factor. Some breeding lines were backcrossed to both types of cytoplasm (Sa, Sp) for maintainer line selection. We could select 15 maintainer lines from 20 lines in petaloid cytoplasm (Sp) and 3 from 4 lines in brown cytoplasm (Sa). In petaloid cytoplasm, maintainer lines can be selected at considerably high frequency. But in brown anther cytoplasm, the used materials are too restricted to tell general frequency maintainer lines.