• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2017

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to evaluate different types of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) testing for characterizing the road cavity detection. The impulse and step-frequency-type GPR tests were conducted on a full-scale testbed with an artificial void installation. After analyzing the response signals of GPR tests for detecting the road cavity, the characteristics of each GPR response was evaluated for a suitable selection of GPR tests. METHODS : Two different types of GPR tests were performed to estimate the limitation and accuracy for detecting the cavities underneath the asphalt pavement. The GPR signal responses were obtained from the testbed with different cavity sizes and depths. The detection limitation was identified by a signal penetration depth at a given cavity for impulse and step-frequency-type GPR testing. The unique signal characteristics was also observed at cavity sections. RESULTS : The impulse-type GPR detected the 500-mm length of cavity at a depth of 1.0 m, and the step-frequency-type GPR detected the cavity up to 1.5 m. This indicates that the detection capacity of the step-frequency type is better than the impulse type. The step-frequency GPR testing also can reflect the howling phenomena that can more accurately determine the cavity. CONCLUSIONS :It is found from this study that the step-frequency GPR testing is more suitable for the road cavity detection of asphalt pavement. The use of step-frequency GPR testing shows a distinct image at the cavity occurrences.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.78-84
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• 2003

The changes of microstructure and hardness of TLP bonds of directionally solidified Ni base superalloy, GTD-111, with variation of homogenizing and aging treatment were investigated. The specimens were bonded at 1403K for 7.2ks using different insert metals such as MBF-50, MBF-80 and MBF-90 and they were homogenized at 1393K with various holding time. At center of bonded interlayer homogenized for hold time 30h, the contents of aluminum and titanium were approximately 90% and 95% of base metal, respectively. In this study, aging was performed at three different kinds : one step aging ; 1113K $\times$ 16h, two step aging ; 1113K $\times$ 10h ⇒ 1103K $\times$ 10h, three step aging ; 1113K $\times$ 10h ⇒ 1103K $\times$ 8h ⇒ 922K $\times$ 24h. ${\gamma}$' volume fraction and hardness of joints were high in the sequence of one step, two step and three step aging, whereas ${\gamma}$' volume fraction and hardness of joints obtained by three step aging treatment were higher than those of raw material. Tensile properties of joints bonded with MBF-80 and MBF-90, homogenized at 1393K for 30h and then three step aged became excellent than those of raw material, however, joint bonded with MBF-50 was poor.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.190-196
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• 2020

공정 실험을 통하여 공정 동특성 모델을 얻는 과정은 제어시스템 설계에 있어 시간과 비용이 드는 매우 중요한 과정이다. 이를 위한 계단응답은 공정의 동특성을 이해하고 동특성 모델을 얻는 데 사용되는 오래된 하나의 정형화된 공정응답이다. 계단응답에 근거한 방법에서는 공정입력에 계단 변화를 주었을 때 나타나는 공정출력을 측정하여야 하는데, open-loop 상태로 장시간 운전해야 하는 것이 단점으로 지적된다. 이 단점을 완화하기 위하여 시간최적제어 기법을 이용하는 계단응답을 얻는 시간을 최소화 하는 방법이 제안되어 있다. 이 최적화에는 반복 계산이 필요한데, 여기서는 반복 계산이 필요 없는 방법을 제안한다. 계단응답을 위한 시간이 획기적으로 줄어드는 것을 보여주는 모사 결과들을 얻었으며, 이 방법을 제어기 자동튜닝에 응용하여 이 자동튜닝에 널리 채택되고 있는 relay feedback 자동튜닝과 비교한 모사 결과들을 제시하였다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.315-319
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• 2018

This paper aims to make a step-by-step strategy to formulate an unified health system by clarifying and overcoming challenges facing South and North Korea and to estimate costs needed for South Korea to assist North Korea to recover to normal health delivery system. We explored implications through literature review and estimated costs under the assumption that supportive activities be provided for 5 years in three ways: support for the development of health and medical care manpower; support for health and medical facilities; and support for the provision of both preventive and primary health care. Step-by-step strategy is formulated for a unified health system with the cost estimation resulting as follows: in case of basic scenario, a total of 3 trillion and 341 billion won (at present value of the year 2017) is in need for the 5-year period at the initial 'recovery support stage' with 135.9 billion won for the development of health and medical care manpower, approximately 2 trillion won for health and medical facilities, and 1.2 trillion won for the provision of both preventive and primary health care. Step-by-step approach is more realistic and applicable in formulating unified health system. Suggested stages are 'recovery support stage,' 'system homogenization stage,' and 'unified system stage.' Strategies at 'recovery support stage' suggested in this paper need to be pursued and followed by those at 'system homogenization stage' and 'unified system stage.'

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.1325-1348
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• 2015

Real-time hybrid testing (RTHT) involves virtual splitting of the structure into two parts: physical substructure that contains the key region of interest which is tested in a laboratory and numerical substructure that contains the remaining part of the structure in the form of a numerical model. This paper numerically assesses four step-by-step integration methods (Central difference method (CDM), Operator splitting method (OSM), Rosenbrock based method (RBM) and CR-integration method (CR)) which are widely used in RTHT. The methods have been assessed in terms of stability and accuracy for various realistic damping ratios of the physical substructure. The stability is assessed in terms of the spectral radii of the amplification matrix while the accuracy in terms of numerical damping and period distortion. In order to evaluate the performance of the methods, five carefully chosen examples have been studied - undamped SDOF, damped SDOF, instantaneous softening, instantaneous hardening and hysteretic system. The performance of the methods is measured in terms of a non-dimensional error index for displacement and velocity. Based on the error indices, it is observed that OSM and RBM are robust and performs fairly well in all the cases. CDM performed well for undamped SDOF system. CR method can be used for the system showing softening behaviour. The error indices indicate that accuracy of OSM is more than other method in case of hysteretic system. The accuracy of the results obtained through time integration methods for different damping ratios of the physical substructure is addressed in the present study. In the presence of a number of integration methods, it is preferable to have criteria for the selection of the time integration scheme. As such criteria are not available presently, this paper attempts to fill this gap by numerically assessing the four commonly used step-by-step methods.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1365-1375
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• 2009

The types and quantities of Hazmat and Hazmat transport are gradually increasing, keeping pace with industrialization and urbanization. There are currently more than 1,000 types of Hazmat,, and new types are added every year. At present the safety management for Hazmat transport only considers reducing accident probability, but even when an accident involving Hazmat-carrying vehicles occurs, that is not regarded as a Hazmat-related accident if the Hazmats do not leak out from the containers carrying them. Based on this principle, in turn., the methods to reduce risk (Risk=Probability$\times$Consequence) have to be developed by incorporating accident probability and consequence. By using Geographic Information System (GIS), a technical method was invented and is automatically able to evaluate the consequence by different types of Hazmat. Thus this study analyzed the degree of risk on the links classified by the Hazmat transport pathways. In order to mitigate the degree of risk, a method of 7-step risk management in transporting Hazmat on railway industries was suggested. The 7-step risk management is definded as the following: 1st step: buliding up GIS DB, 2nd step: calculating accident probability on each link, 3rd step: calculating consequence by Hazmat types, 4th step: determination of risk, 5th step: analysis of alternative plans for mitigating the risk, 6th: measure of effectiveness against each alternative, and 7th step: action plans to be weak probability and consequence by the range recommended from ALARP. In conclusion., those 7 steps are recommended as a standardization method in this study.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.56-65
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• 2001

선박의 중앙단면 구조 모델을 표현하는 표준화된 정보 처리 체계가 STEP AP218이다. 이는 선체 모델을 3차원으로 표현하기에 적절한 환경을 제공하고 있으나, 아직 조선소나 선급에서는 도면이나 2차원 정보를 통해 정보 교환을 하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 2차원 정보를 STEP AP218 구조 모델로 변환하기 위하여 AP218 자료 구조를 분석하여 정리하였고, 한국선급에서 사용하고 있는 KR-TRAS의 중앙단면 2차원 정보를 분류하고, KR-TRAS에는 표현되어 있지 않은 횡부재 정보를 일부 확장하여 사용하였다. AP218과 KR-TRAS의 두 자료 구조 사이의 매핑 테이블을 작성하여 매핑 관계를 정의하였고, 이 관계를 이용한 번역기를 개발하였으며, 가시화 프로그램을 통해 번역된 구조 모델의 형상 정보를 검증하였다. 이렇게 생성된 AP218에 따른 선체 모델은 각 부서간의 정보 교환뿐만 아니라 설계, 해석, 유지/보수 등의 제품 전 주기에 걸쳐 활용될 수 있다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.190-194
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• 2003

Dielectric thin films of (P $b_{0.72}$,L $a_{0.28}$) $Ti_{0.93}$ $O_3$ (PLT(28)) have been deposited on Pt(111)/Ti/ $SiO_2$/Si(100) substrates in-situ by pulsed laser deposition using different annealing and deposition Processes. We have investigated the effect of hydrogen annealing on the ferroelectric properties of PLT thin films and found that the annealing process causes the diffusion of hydrogen into the ferroelectric film resulting in the destruction of polarization. We have tried to form the film by a two-step deposition process In order to improve electrical property. Two-step process to grow PLT films was adopted and verified to be useful to enlarge the grain size of the film and to reduce the leakage current characteristics. Structural properties and electrical properties including dielectric constant, ferroelectric characteristics, and leakage current of PLT thin films were shown to be strongly influenced by grain size. The film deposited by using two-step Process including pre-annealing treatment has a strongly(111) orientation. However, the films deposited by using single -step process with hydrogen annealing process show the smallest grain size. The film deposited by using two-step process including pre-annealing treatment shows the leakage current density of below 10$^{-7}$ A/c $m^2$ for the field of smaller than 100 kV/cm. However, the films deposited by using single-step process with hydrogen annealing process and pre-annealing process show worse leakage current density than the film deposited by using two-step process including pre-annealing treatment.tment.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.32-38
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• 2000

적응 신호처리 분야에서 LMS(Least Mean Square)알고리즘은 그 식의 간편함과 구현의 용이함으로 가장 널리 이용되고 있다. 대부분의 LMS 알고리즘은 수렴비를 조절하는 적응계수를 일정한 값으로 정하는데, 이는 안전성과 속도사이에서 트레이드오프가 존재한다. 이러한 단점을 해결하고 성능을 개선하기 위하여 가변 LMS(VLMS: Variable LMS)알고리즘이 발표되었다. 그러나 기존에 발표된 가변 스텝사이즈 알고리즘들도 또 다른 적응인자를 사용하므로 알고리즘이 새로운 적응인자 값에 의해 성능이 좌우된다는 문제점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 오차 제곱의 기울기에 따라 적응인자 스스로 값을 조절하는 가변 스텝사이즈 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제안한 알고리즘을 실수값을 갖는 월시-아다말(Walsh-Hadamard)변환을 사용하여 빠른 수렴을 얻도록 하였으며, 계산량을 감소시키기 위해 부분수정 알고리즘에 적용하였다. 제안한 알고리즘의 성능 확인을 위하여 잡음 제거 시스템에 적용하여 기존의 알고리즘들과 비교하여 그 성능이 우수함을 입증하였다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.256-265
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• 2017

Seafood is attracting attention as a future food industry. In recent years, the demand for fishery equipment of mechanization, automation, and unmanned was increased due to the environment affected by seafood processing, stricter regulations on safety, decline and aging of fishery worker. Ark shell (Scapharca subcrenata) was being produced in many steps in the production process. The process has been made such as collection-landing-washing-first sort (goods/non-goods)-transports-second sort (size). It was undergone first and second steps by delivering to the consumer. Here, the first step is to sort goods to collection and the second step is to sort by size. The fishery workers need ten people in first step and six people in second step. The workload of one hour per kg is 4,247 kg/h in first step and 2,213 kg/h in second step. In addition, the goods ratio by work process was 79% in first step and 98% in the second step. In this process, a lot of fishery worker and working time is needed. Therefore, this study developed elemental techniques for an automated size sorting system considering the working process problem, time and situation for washing and sorting of ark shell.