• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.58-61
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• 2006

Ggray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea occurred on Balsam pear (Momordica charantia) at Daesan-myon, Changwon city, Gyeongnam province in Korea from 2004 to 2006. The disease symptoms usually started with water-soaking lesions on the fruits tip and stem, and then the infected plants became withered and eventually died. The conidia of the pathogen appeared on the surface of fruit and stem of infected plants. The conidia were one celled and mostly ellipsoid or ovoid in shape and were light gray in color, The conidia were $6{\sim}20X4{\sim}12{\mu}m$ in size and conidiophores were $14{\sim}30{\mu}m$ in length. The sclerotia formed abundantly on potato-dextrose agar 18 days after incubation. The optimum temperature for sclerotial formation was $20^{\circ}C$. Pathogenicity of the causal organism was proved according to Koch,s postulates. The causal organism was identified as Botrytis cinerea Persoon: Fries based on the mycological characteristics. This is the first report on gray mold of M. charantia caused by B. cinerea in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.126-131
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• 1999

We have got the following results from tests in the course of time retrogradation and taste change in bread with added flour of Angelica keiskei Koidz, which had been stored in room temperature (27±2oC), refrigerating(2±1oC) and freezing( 20±1oC), respectively. Bread with the added flour showed a little lower degree of retrogradation than control group, and every group in room temperature retrograded from the very first day. The degree of retrogradation of the group in refrigerating was far greater comparing with the group in room temperature. The longer bread was stored, the lower the degree of retrogradation was, and the higher the adding rate of the flour got, the later its retrogradation happened. Especially the flour of this vegetable's stem turned out to be the most effective in retarding its retrogradation. Group stored 30 days in freezing didn't show a wide difference in retrograde comparing with the group before storage. Preference for color and shape of the flour added bread stored in room temperatue, refrigerating and freezing did not change significantly from the group before storage. Although preference decreased for flavor, texture, mouth feel and overall quality with the lapse of time, flour added group improved in preference for these factors comparing with the control group. Above all, added flour of pretreated stem proved to be the most effective in the sensory tests. With respect to the storing method, the group stored in refrigerating showed greater preference for the texture and mouth feel over the groups in room temperature and freezing. Flavor preference of the group in freezing was the lowest of all.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 1996

This study was carried out to compare isozyme band pattern, growth characteristics and tuber yield of Dioscorea batatas to get basic information for varietal classification. It could be identify clearly by protein and esterase band pattern of leaf, petiole and stem tissue in three cultivar but with peroxidase band it was difficult to identify because of similar pattern in leaf and petiole tissue. Three cultivars has different leaf shape as Dan-ma and Jang-ma were lanceolate, Sukunea was long-heart shape in upper part of plants. In phyllotaxis, Dan-ma and Jang-ma shows alternate and opposite but Suwon 2 shows opposite in upper parts of stem. Root length shows significant difference from 9.7cm to 51cm respectively as 30cm, 51cm and 9.7cm in Dan-ma, Jang-ma and Sukunea. Tuber yield of three cultivars were 27.5M/T in Dan-ma, 22.8M/T in Jang-ma and 22.8M/T/ha in Sukunea.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.280-283
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• 2010

A new standard rose cultivar 'Noble Red' was bred by the cross between the pink standard cultivar 'Silba 87' and the red standard cultivar 'Bravo' at the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science. The cross was made in 1999 and 'Noble Red' was finally selected in 2003 after investigating the characteristics such as flower Color, Fragrance, stem length, stem diameter, weight, and number of leaves for three years from 2001 to 2003. 'Noble Red', a red standard cultivar grows vigorously and has good flower shape. The major characteristics of this cultivar are $125stems/m^2/year$ in yield, 71.9 cm in length of cut flower, 6.0cm in flower diameter, 30.8 in petal number, and 9.2 days in vase life. This cultivar can be propagated by both cutting and grafting. The consumer's preference of this cultivar is relatively higher than that of control cultivar, 'Rote Rose'.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.70 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 1985

To grasp canonical correlations, their related backgrounds in various growth factors of stem, the characteristics of stem by synthetical dispersion analysis, principal component analysis and canonical correlation analysis as optimum method were applied to Larix leptolepis. The results are as follows; 1) There were high or low correlation among all factors (height ($x_1$), clear height ($x_2$), form height ($x_3$), breast height diameter (D. B. H.: $x_4$), mid diameter ($x_5$), crown diameter ($x_6$) and stem volume ($x_7$)) except normal form factor ($x_8$). Especially stem volume showed high correlation with the D.B.H., height, mid diameter (cf. table 1). 3) (1) Canonical correlation coefficients and canonical variate between stem volume and composite variate of various height growth factors ($x_1$, $x_2$ and $x_3$) are ${\gamma}_{u1,v1}=0.82980^{**}$, $\{u_1=1.00000x_7\\v_1=1.08323x_1-0.04299x_2-0.07080x_3$. (2) Those of stem volume and composite variate of various diameter growth factors ($x_4$, $x_5$ and $x_6$) are ${\gamma}_{u1,v1}=0.98198^{**}$, $\{{u_1=1.00000x_7\\v_1=0.86433x_4+0.11996x_5+0.02917x_6$. (3) And canonical correlation between stem volume and composite variate of six factors including various heights and diameters are ${\gamma}_{u1,v1}=0.98700^{**}$, $\{^u_1=1.00000x_7\\v1=0.12948x_1+0.00291x_2+0.03076x_3+0.76707x_4+0.09107x_5+0.02576x_6$. All the cases showed the high canonical correlation. Height in the case of (1), D.B.H. in that of (2), and the D.B.H, and height in that of (3) respectively make an absolute contribution to the canonical correlation. Synthetical characteristics of each qualitative growth are largely affected by each factor. Especially in the case of (3) the influence by the D.B.H. is the most significant in the above six factors (cf. table 2). 3) Canonical correlation coefficient and canonical variate between composite variate of various height growth factors and that of the various diameter factors are ${\gamma}_{u1,v1}=0.78556^{**}$, $\{u_1=1.20569x_1-0.04444x_2-0.21696x_3\\v_1=1.09571x_4-0.14076x_5+0.05285x_6$. As shown in the above facts, only height and D.B.H. affected considerably to the canonical correlation. Thus, it was revealed that the synthetical characteristics of height growth was determined by height and those of the growth in thickness by D.B.H., respectively (cf. table 2). 4) Synthetical characteristics (1st-3rd principal component) derived from eight growth factors of stem, on the basis of 85% accumulated proportion aimed, are as follows; Ist principal component ($z_1$): $Z_1=0.40192x_1+0.23693x_2+0.37047x_3+0.41745x_4+0.41629x_5+0.33454x_60.42798x_7+0.04923x_8$, 2nd principal component ($z_2$): $z_2=-0.09306x_1-0.34707x_2+0.08372x_3-0.03239x_4+0.11152x_5+0.00012x_6+0.02407x_7+0.92185x_8$, 3rd principal component ($z_3$): $Z_3=0.19832x_1+0.68210x_2+0.35824x_3-0.22522x_4-0.20876x_5-0.42373x_6-0.15055x_7+0.26562x_8$. The first principal component ($z_1$) as a "size factor" showed the high information absorption power with 63.26% (proportion), and its principal component score is determined by stem volume, D.B.H., mid diameter and height, which have considerably high factor loading. The second principal component ($z_2$) is the "shape factor" which indicates cubic similarity of the stem and its score is formed under the absolute influence of normal form factor. The third principal component ($z_3$) is the "shape factor" which shows the degree of thickness and length of stem. These three principal components have the satisfactory information absorption power with 88.36% of the accumulated percentage. variance (cf. table 3). 5) Thus the principal component and canonical correlation analyses could be applied to the field of forest measurement, judgement of site qualities, management diagnoses for the forest management and the forest products industries, and the other fields which require the assessment of synthetical characteristics.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.261-271
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• 2004

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate the possibility of prolonged culture of human embryonic stem cells (hESC; SNUhES2) on human amniotic fluid cells (hAFC), which had been storaged after karyotyping. Method: The hAFC was prepared for feeder layer in the presence of Chang's medium and STO medium (90% DMEM, 10% FBS) at $37^{circ}C$ in a 5% $CO_2$ in air atmosphere. Prior to use as a feeder layer, hAFC was mitotically inactivated by mitomycin C. The hESCs on hAFC were passaged mechanically every seven days with ES culture medium (80% DMEM/F12, 20% SR, bFGF). Results: The hAFC feeder layer support the growth of undifferentiated state of SNUhES2 for at least 59 passages thus far. SNUhES2 colonies on hAFC feeder appeared slightly angular and flatter shape as compared with circular and thicker colonies observed with STO feeder layer and showed higher level with complete undifferentiation in seven days. Like hESC cultured on STO feeders, SNUhES2 grown on hAFC expressed normal karyotype, positive for alkaline phosphatase activity, high telomerase activity, Oct-4, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81 and formed embryoid bodies (EBs). Conclusion: The hAFC supports undifferentiated growth of hESC. Therefore, these results may help to provide a clinically practicable method for expansion of hESC for cell therapies.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 2003

The study of the scars formed on the bark of pine trees damaged by forest fire was carried out in the burned area of Samchuk and Donghae in 2000. Fire scars were formed on the bark of trees when fire passed by the tree. Fire scarring is usually found on the windward and leeward sides of the tree. Fire spread was analyzed topographically using the fire scars formed at the tree stem. Fire spread was closely related to the shape, slope and direction of the forestland. Four fire direction types are classified according to the shapes of the forestland. The height of the fire scar was higher on the leeward side than on the windward side of the trees studied. The burnt area of the total bark of the tree was over 30% in dead trees and below 12% in living trees. The regression model of the burnt stem area using the height of the fire scar, the diameter of breast height and the height of tree was Y=-2.484${\times}$Height＋0.04199${\times}$D.B.H-1.686${\times}$Windward＋11.172${\times}$Leeward＋23.432(r=0.936, F=409.968, P＞0.0001).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.189-193
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• 2009

The researchers studied the composition of latent buds by surveying the embryo of harvested seed, and the developmental pathway of latent buds by analyzing the characteristics of local ginseng. One-year-old ginseng seedlings were transplanted into the field and harvested two years later. The developmental pathway of the main bud, which would be the shoot of ginseng in the fourth year, was also investigated. The main bud of the seedling was formed from the region between root and shoot of the germinating seed. Primary and axillary latent buds protruded in a dome-shape from the cortex and separated from the main bud. Ninety percent of the single main bud was derived from the primary latent bud. Twin main buds were derived from a primary latent bud and one axillary bud, and triple main buds were derived from primary latent bud and two axillary latent buds. In the field, the researchers could not find 2-stem plants in 2-3 years old plants. However, the researchers found a 2-stem plant in a 4-year-old plant because its two main buds developed from a 3-year-old plant. We can conclude that a 2-stem plant was observed in the plant that was at least 4 years old. The main buds of the 4-year-old plant were formed at the primary and axillary latent bud of seed and cortex, the latent bud of rhizome in a 2-3 year old plant. In older plants, twin and triple main buds were derived mostly from the cortex latent bud than the primary latent bud.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.56-59
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• 2017

During growing season of 2011 to 2013, Sclerotinia rot symptoms consistently have been observed on basil in Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do in Korea. The typical symptom formed initially brownish spot on leaf and stem, and then advancing margins, wilting the whole plant and blighting, eventually died. On the surface of diseased lesions was observed cottony, white, dense mat of mycelial growth, and sclerotia ($30-100{\mu}m$ diameter) formed on stem and leaf. Morphological and cultural characteristic on potato dextrose agar, color of colony was white and colorless chocolate, sclerotium of irregular shape of the oval was black and $5-50{\mu}m$ diameter in size. In pathogenicity test, necrosis and wilt of the inoculated stem were observed in all plants and the pathogen was reisolated from stems. On the basis of mycological characteristics, pathogenicity, and internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequence analysis, this fungus was identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This is the first report of Sclerotinia rot on basil caused by S. sclerotiorum in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.227-253
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• 2003

Morphological characters of C. kobomugi, C. gibba, C. echinata. C. remotiuscula. C. maakii. C. curta, and C. loliacea of genus Carex were rexamined. The epidermal patterns of perigynium, achene and leaf were investigated using by a scanning electron microscope(SEM) and a light microscope(LM). Morphological characters. such as length and width of stem and leaf, sheath, bract, spike, scale, perigynium, beak of perigynium, length of spike peduncle, size, and frequency of stomatal complex of leaf, number of bract, shape of stem transection, scale and apex of scale, beak and base of perigynium, achene, epidermal cell and cell wall of perigynium, achene, leaf epidermal patterns (fundamental epidermal cell and cell wall, silica body, subsidiary cell), hair, papillae, prickle present/absent of perigynium and leaf were useful for the identification of observed seven taxa. Examined six taxa of section Macrocephalae, Gibbae, Stellulatae, Elongatae, Ovales, and Heleonates were distint from each other with respect of length and width stem, leaf, bract, perigynium, perigynium beak, lenght of spike peduncle, perigynium, and leaf. A key based on data was presented here.