• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1425-1432
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• 2010

This study was designed to investigate the effects of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of water, ethanol and methanol extracts from root, stem and flower stalk of Hagocho (Prunella vulgaris). The solvent extract yields from root were higher than those from stem and flower stalk, and water extract showed the highest extraction yield against ethanol and methanol extracts. The contents of total phenolic and flavonoid in ethanol extract were significantly higher in stem extract compared with those of root and flower stalk. In the case of water and methanol extracts, however, the contents were the highest in flower stalk. The electron donating ability and reducing power in all test groups were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner, and antioxidant activities were the highest in methanol extract. In extracts from different parts of Hagocho, the antioxidant activity was the highest in flower stalk followed by stem and root. ABTS radical scavenging ability of water and methanol extracts was above 50% at $100\;{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. Antibacterial activities did not show significant differences depending on parts of Hagocho. However, antibacterial activity of ethanol extract was higher than those of other extracts.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.3 s.142
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• pp.164-170
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• 2005

In the present study, we investigated the mineral and metabolite composition and antioxidant activities in the flower, stem and root of Aster ciliosus Kitamura in order to detect biologically active substances and develop novel functional resources. The mineral and metabolite compositions differ significantly among the organ of Aster ciliosus Kitamura. The flower is composed of K as 827 mg/100g. while the stem and root are composed of Na as 654.64mg/100g and 771.70mg/100g, respectively. Contents of unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid, were higher than those of saturated fatty acid, such as palmitic acid in flower. The contests of phenolic compounds were measured at 285 nm using different solvents: 2.53 and 2.03 optical density (OD) in chloroform and 1.864 and 1.715 in ethanol extracts for the stem and root, respectively. Antioxidant activity was measured in 75% ethanol extracts: 41.3, 42.0 and $45.2\;{\mu}g/ml$ in stem, root and flower at $IC_{50}$ value, respectively. These results suggest that extracts from Aster ciliosus Kitamura can be potentially used as novel resources for antioxidant and biological active substances.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.28-38
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• 2009

An extrapolation of residue data of seven commonly used pesticides namely bifenthrin, chlorothalonil, cypermethrin, diazinon, fenvalerate, phenthoate and procymidone on a total of 22 minor crops has been carried out in an experimental field trial. The pesticides were applied to 11 leafy-, 5 root- and 6 stem-crops grown in the experimental green-house and the crops and plants were randomly collected at 1, 3, 5, 7 days after application. The average recoveries of applied pesticides were ranged from 72.0 to 117.0% in leafy crops, from 81.3 to 105.0% in stem crops and from 70.1 to 108.1% in the root-crops. Limits of detection (LODs) were 0.005-0.1 mg/kg in the leafy crops and 0.001-0.005 mg/kg in both the stem & root crops. Based on the results of residual dissipation pattern and their morphology, all crops were classified into high and low residual groups. The results showed that it might be possible to extrapolate residual data of stem-crops to root-crops within the same group. Crops that have currently no registered pesticide for use, would be possible to use the pesticides which are already been registered for the similar crops.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.115-120
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• 1981

Effect of soil water on the growth of Panax ginseng(2 years old) was investigated through pot experiment. the results were as follows. 1. Optimum soil moisture content for root yield appeared to be 65.5% of field capacity(22.1% fresh weight basis) and at 31.5%(10.7% fresh weight basis) relative growth rate was nil. 2. Under suboptimum condition of soil moisture, emergence of shoot and leaf unfolding was delayed. The rate of emergence of shoot and leaf area was also decreased while missing shoot rate was increased. 3. Root yield was positively correlated with leaf area per plant(r=0.91 **), stem diameter (r=0.73**), stem length(r=0.71 **) fresh top yield(r=0.93**) and negatively with missing shoot rate(r=-0.77**). 4. Fresh root weight showed negative correlation(r=-0.80**) with water content of root indicating that tissue is more compact when grown at sufficient water.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.206-210
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• 1997

The pathogenic fungi associated with blight of leaf and stem in peony were leaf spot (Alternaria sp.), powdery mildew (Erysiphe aquilegiae) and rust (Cronartium flaccidum). The infection of leaf spot and powdery mildew begins from late April to midMay and rust was infected in early June. Blight time of aerial part in peony started from late May and the ratio of blight on leaf and stem was more than 50% in late Aug. Yields of root by the incidence time of blight of leaf and stem were 69.1% in late June, 65.4% in late July and $87.6{\sim}92.7$% in August and September. The number of root of more than 10mm in root diameter blighted in late June and July was much lower than in August, but the paeoniflorin content in the former was much higher than the latter.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.3
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• pp.281-290
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal planting density for Zelokva serrata plantations. The study sites were located in Gyeongsan (GS) and Sunchang (SC), Korea. One-year-old, bare-root seedlings were planted at densities of 3,000; 5,000; 7,000; and 10,000 trees ha^-1 at the end of March 2015. We measured the root collar diameter and height each September from 2015 to 2019, and then calculated the H/D ratio and stem volume. The root collar diameter and height increased with increased planting density, and the stem volume was significantly higher at 10,000 trees ha^-1 than those at the other planting densities. Planting density did not affect the survival rate or H/D ratio. The root collar diameter, height, and stem volume were higher in GS than those in SC five years after planting. This study highlights that early growth performance was improved at increased planting densities at both sites. This study suggests that the initial planting density of 10,000 trees ha^-1 is suitable to improve the early growth performance of Z. serrata plantations, and that the improved growth performance at higher planting densities may be a silvicultural characteristic of Z. serrata.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.1113-1119
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• 2007

Water extracts from root, stem and leaf of Ailanthus altissima were utilized to determine antioxidant properties such as electron donating ability (EDA), nitrite scavenging ability, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, and the inhibitory activities of xanthine oxidase (XO) and tyrosinase. The EDA of root extract was the highest as 77.33% at 0.5 mg/mL concentration and that of stem extract was 70.01% at 1.0 mg/mL. The nitrite scavenging ability of leaf extract revealed the highest effect as 95.18% at pH 1.2, 1.0 mg/mL while those of stem and root extracts were 55.17% and 33.33%, respectively. The leaf extract showed the highest SOD like activity as 26.77% at 1.0 mg/mL, the measurement of root extract was 3.82% and that of stem extract was not effective. All kinds of extracts had strong inhibitory activities on XO of over 92% at 1.0 mg/mL. The highest activity on tyrosinase inhibition was obtained from leaf extract of 16.33% at 2.0 mg/mL. The results indicated that among the three extracts, the leaf extract has a strong and extensive antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.152-158
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• 1995

This experiment was undertaken in order to clarify effect of NO$_3$-N/NH$_4$-N ratios(NO$_3$/NH$_4$ : 10:0, 8:2) in the nutrient solution on growth, yield, photosynthetic rate, relative concentration of chlorophyll and root activity of hydroponically grown pepper plants at three different root- zone temperatures of 18$^{\circ}C$, 22$^{\circ}C$ and 26$^{\circ}C$. Plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of leaf and root were no effect in by three root- zone temperatures. However, leaf number, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of leaf and stem, dry weight of root at 18$^{\circ}C$, 22$^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ increased when NH$_4$-N was added to the solution. Under root-Bone temperatures of 18$^{\circ}C$, 26$^{\circ}C$ condition, fruit length were longer by the addition of NH$_4$-N. Fruit number and yield increased by the addition of NH$_4$-N at three root-zone temperatures. Photosynthetic rate decreased as root - zone temperature increased. Under root-zone temperatures of 18$^{\circ}C$, 22$^{\circ}C$ and 26$^{\circ}C$ condition, photosynthetic rate increased significantly by the addition of NH$_4$-N. Chlorophyll content of plants increased at 22$^{\circ}C$. Under root-zone temperatures of 18$^{\circ}C$, 22$^{\circ}C$ and 26$^{\circ}C$ condition, chlorophyll content of plants increased by the addition of NH$_4$-N. Root activity of increased at 26$^{\circ}C$ Under root-Bone temperatures of 18$^{\circ}C$, 22$^{\circ}C$ and 26$^{\circ}C$ condition, root activity increased by the addition of NH$_4$- N.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.229-238
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• 2022

Q. mongolica and Q. dentata are representative species of deciduous forest communities in Korea and are known to be relatively resistant to soil drying condition among Korean oaks. This study attempted to elucidate the degree of competition and ecological niche characteristics of the two species by comparing the ecological responses of the two species according to soil moisture. Competition between Q. mongolica and Q. dentata was shown to be more intense under the conditions where moisture content was low than under the conditions where moisture content was high. As for the ecological niche overlaps of the two species for soil moisture, the structural traits of plant such as stem diameter overlapped the most, the traits of biomass such as petiole weight overlapped the least, and photosynthetic organ-related traits such as leaf width and length overlapped intermediately. When looking at the competition for soil moisture between the two species, it can be seen that Q. mongolica won in nine traits (leaf width length, leaf lamina length, leaf lamina weight, leaf petiole weight, leaf area, leaves weight, shoot weight, root weight, and plant weight) and Q. dentata won in the remaining seven traits (leaf petiole length, leaves number, stem length, stem diameter, stem weight, shoot length, and root length). Competition between the two species for the moisture environment of the soil was shown to be intense under the conditions where moisture content was low. The degree of competition between Q. dentata and Q. mongolica for soil moisture is high under the conditions where soil moisture content is low, and it is judged that Q. mongolica is more competitive for soil moisture than Q. dentata.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

Antioxidant activity and biological properties in the MeOH extracts from different plant parts of Euonymus alatus (THNUB.) were measured by DPPH free radical scavenging ability and inhibition ability against xanthine/xanthine oxidase and proliferation in HL-60 cells. DPPH free radical scavenging activities in extracts of plant parts were high such as leaf, wing, root, seed and stem, respectively. The EtOAc fractions of plant parts were purified through LH-20 column chromatography and identified by GC/MS. LH-4 fraction and LH-5 fraction of leaf, stem and root showed stronger activities than other fractions in the inhibitor activity of DPPH and xanthine/ xanthine oxidase. $IC_{50}$ values of LH-4 fraction eluted from stem extracts showed such as 2.38 and 5.32 in DPPH and xanthine/ xanthine oxidase assay. Polyphenolic compounds were identified in purified LH-20 fractions showed highest $IC_{50}$ value in DPPH and xanthine/xanthine oxidase assay The activity of POD according to sampling time was high in root harvested in May and leaf harvested in September, respectively. The activity of SOD showed only in the extracts of stem in plant parts. SOD and POD in leaf were similar in the patterns of isozyme to those of stem. The purified extracts from Euonymus alatus (THNUB.) exerted inhibition ability of proliferation in HL-60 cells.