• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2018

Contents of compounds in Rehmanniae Radix change depending on the number of steaming and drying and the drying method. In this study, as an impregnation method for dried Rehmanniae Radix, takju impregnation and cheongju impregnation were carried out and steaming and drying were repeated for 9 times. The changes of 5-HMF and catalpol contents were analyzed according to the number of repetition times to investigate which stage of steaming and drying is preferable. Also, total nitrogen, crude fat, ash, and crude fiber were measured to analyze changes in general components. 5-HMF was not detected in dried Rehmanniae Radix. As a result of repetitive steaming and drying, the content of 5-HMF increased only slightly from 1 to 4-times steaming and drying but increased significantly from 5-times. The catalpol in dried Rehmanniae Radix was not detected after 5 times of steaming and drying. Sucrose, maltose, and glucose were included in dried Rehmanniae Radix before steaming and drying. However, after the process in both Takju impregnation and Cheongju impregnation, galactose and fructose tended to decrease after production and sucrose and glucose tended to decrease after the increase. In this study condition, 6-times and more steaming and drying were appropriate process which met the content criteria (not less than 0.1%) of the Korean Pharmacopoeia (8th edition) for 5-HMF, an index component for quality control of Rehmanniae Radix Preparata.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2017

Objectives : The objective of this study is to evaluate antioxidant activity of water extracts from steamed Polygonati Rhizoma(PR). Methods : The alcohol steamed PR from Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do and Samcheok-si Gangwon-do are treated for the research into the antioxidant activity of the water extract. The sample was divided into 4 groups that PR without steaming process, PR with once, second and third steaming process. The antioxidant activities of polyphenol, flavonoid, DPPH, SOD, hydroxyl radical and nitrite scavenging activity. Results : The total content of polyphenol was the grow rapidly when the number of steaming adds up. For the third time, both the steamed PR from Jinju-si and the one from Samcheok-si in the water extract indicate the highest content levels measured $50.59\;mg/m{\ell}$ and $37.33\;mg/m{\ell}$ respectively. The more the number of steaming increases, the more rising the content of flavonoid. The steamed PR from Jinju-si and Samcheok-si in the third time are measured $30.03\;mg/m{\ell}$ and $54.9\;mg/m{\ell}$ respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the steamed PR rises high rather than the non-steamed one when the number of steaming increases. As increase steaming time, SOD like activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability were increasing too. The steamed PR from Jinju-si in the third time is measured as the highest level 22.4%, 71.90% respectively. As increase steaming time, nitrite scavenging ability was the number was decreased. Conclusions : These results suggest that water extracts from steamed PR, exhibited higher antioxidant activities can be potentially used as proper natural antioxidants.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2021

The physicochemical properties of deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolate) was investigated in relation to the different steaming time and cycles of steaming and drying (S/D). Additionally, the quality characteristics of Makgeolli with different amount (0-0.45%) of steaming and drying deodeok (SD) were measured comparison to non-steaming and drying deodeok (NSD). L⁎ values of deodeok tended to decrease as the number of S/D cycles and steaming times increased, while BI showed the opposite trend for L⁎ values. Reducing sugar increased significantly from 1 to 3 S/D cycles and decreased thereafter (p<0.05). Also, processed with steaming for 4 h and 5 S/D cycles had the highest antioxidant properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the S/D process notably influenced the properties of deodeok. Quality characteristics of Makgeolli showed that 0.45% SD resulted in higher antioxidant properties than control or NSD.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2018

Objectives : Gastrodiae Rhizoma extract (GE) is possess the various bioactive compounds such as gastrodin, vanilyl alcool and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Various processing methods such as steaming have been widely applied to ease ingestion and enhance the therapeutic effects of plant materials including GE in East-Asia area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dermal bioactive properties of GE. Methods : First, total phenol, total flavonoid, gastrodin and ergothionein contents of GE were measured. In order to evaluate the dermal bioactive properties of steamed GE compared with not-steamed GE, tyrosinase, collagenase and elastase inhibitory activity were tested. Furthermore, the anti-oxidant activity of GE assessed based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay. Results : In results, total phenol and total flavonoid contents were increased when 9 times steamed compared to not-steamed GE. Also, GE increased gastrodin contents, in proportion to the number of steaming times and ergothioneine content was abolished in the steaming state. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of GE increased by steaming, but the ABTS radical scavenging activity was not related to the steaming process. In addition, the tyrosinase inhibitory activity was increased as the number of steaming times of GE increased. Collagenase was most inhibited by 4 times steamed GE, and elastase was inhibited by 8 times steamed GE. Conclusion : In conclusion, these results suggest that steamed GE extract has the potential as a cosmetic material which possess anti-oxidant and whitening activities than not steamed GE.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 2013

Objectives : We investigated differances of physiological functionalities in the steamed Schisandrae Fructus. Methods : The samples were extracts of dryed schisandrae fructus without steaming process (S0), extracts of schisandrae fructus with three times steamed (S3), extracts of schisandrae fructus with five times steamed (S5) and extracts of schisandrae fructus with seven times steamed (S7). We analyzed contents of schisandrin, gomisin, total polyphenol and flavonoid and antioxidant activities. We researched antiinflammation effects for Raw264.7 cells. To evaluate liver protective activity, we measured AST, ALT and gamma-GTP in serum of alcoholic mice. Results : As the steaming number of schisandrae fructus increase, the contents of schisandrin and gomisin were more increased. The contents of total polyphenol of S5 and S7 were significantly increased compared to that of S0. DPPH free radical scavenging activities of S5 and S7 were significantly increased compared to that of S0, ABST radical scavenging activities of S3 and S5 were significantly increased compared to that of S0 in vitro. The NO production of all sample was significantly decreased compared to control, PGE2 release of S3, S5 and S7 were significantly decreased compared to control. IL-$1{\beta}$ release of S5 and S7 were significantly decreased. AST, ALT and gamma-GTP of S3, S5 and S7 were significantly decreased compared to control. Conclusions : We think that extracts of schisandrae fructus with steaming process may have more potential efficacy than a schisandrae fructus without steaming process.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.838-843
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to evaluate antioxidant activities of Rehmanniae Radix Preparata (RRP) prepared from dried root through nine repeated steaming-drying cycles. The total phenolic content of the final cycle of RRP increased to 165.2% compared with that of the 1st cycling product. Antioxidant activities which were determined by ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis(3 ethybenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, increased remarkably as the number of steaming-drying cycles increased. Especially, FRAP value increased to 89.1%. Further, $IC_{50}$ values for DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of the final 9th-cycling product decreased to 58.3% and 67%, respectively. Based on these results, it was observed that the antioxidant activities of RRP improve according to an increased number of steaming-drying cycles.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.963-968
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• 2010

The differences between organic and conventional soybean were studied based on their physicochemical properties by steaming treatment. There was no difference between the two kinds of soybean regarding crude protein, crude fat and crude ash contents. Reduction in sugar content was higher in raw organic soybean than raw conventional soybean. However, there was no difference between the two soybeans after steaming. Amino nitrogen content was higher in organic than conventional soybean. Further, there was no difference between the two soybeans after steaming. Regarding pH, acidity and salinity, there was no differences between the two soybean after steaming. Organic soybean was more bright than conventional soybean after steaming. The yeafercontent and number of bacteria in raw soybean were not different between the two soybean types. The number of fungi was higher in organic than conventional soybean. Upon steaming, the yeast number was different between two kinds of soybean. Further, the number of bacteria was higher in organic than conventional soybean. The number of fungi was not different between the two soybeans.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 2021

This study was investigated the contents of total polyphenol, flavonoids and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Codonopsis lanceolata extracts according to different steaming times. The contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid proportionally increased from 6.45 mgGAE/g to 18.26 mgGAE/g and 2.01 mgRE/g to 6.12 mgRE/g according to ethanol extracts at EDS7. DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to have been 15.26~65.2% and showed the highest level of antioxidant activity at EDS7 was 65.2%. The activity of ABTS radical scavenging and SOD-like activity were also the same result. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity was related to the number of steaming, and the scavenging activity was increased up to 7 times of steaming. The antimicrobial activity of EDS7 had strong antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial activities were examined against 5 microorganisms related to pathogens and food poisoning. The antimicrobial Activity was different depending on the bacteria, but it was effective at the concentration of 300 mg/mL rather than 150 mg/mL. These results showed that Codonopsis lanceolata extracts with a different number of steaming would be conducted to confirm the possibility of developing antimicrobial and antioxidant. It will be helpful in the study of component analysis of Codonopsis lanceolata extracts processed products.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.101-106
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• 2009

Objectives : We investigated the anti-aging effects on skin with 9 Repetitive steaming and fermenting herbal composition extract (FHE). Methods : Herbal composition is comprised of Panax Ginseng, Rehmannia glutinosa, Polygonum multiflorum and Polygonatum Sibiricum. They steamed and fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus brevis by turns at 9 times. We measured various effects related to skin aging such as scavenging activity against free radical, cell proliferation, collagen synthesis and toxicity of 9 repetitive steaming and fermenting herbal composition extract were evaluated and compared with herbal composition extract (HE). Results : As the number of steaming and fermenting cycle increased free-radical scavenging activity were increased. But cell proliferating ratio was not increased when the number of steaming and fermenting cycle. The FHE could significantly increase the collagen synthetic ratio compared with HE treated group. And, FHE was showed no toxicity at all tested concentrations. Conclusions : The results of our study propose that FHE has good anti-aging effects on skin.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.137-151
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• 2012

Objectives : provides the basis on steaming processing method (SPM) which was stated in 'Dongeuibogam' and 'Euihakipmun'. Methods : Drugs and prescriptions listed in 'Dongeuibogam' and 'Euihakipmun' were investigated by following criteria; (i) name and prescription of SPM-applied drugs, (ii) protocols on the use of the supporting materials, (iii) kind of supporting materials, (iv) processing period, (v) part of the herb plants, (vi) efficacy of herbal drugs, (vii) tastes of herbal drugs, (viii) meridian tropism of the herbal drugs. Results : 1. The number of herbs was 92 species of from 'Dongeuibogam', 87 from 'Euihakipmun', and the number of prescriptions was 197 from 'Dongeuibogam' and 119 from 'Euihakipmun'. 2. Infiltrating steaming and mixing and steaming procedures were used to process supporting materials. 3. The abundance of supporting materials was in the order of alcohol and ginger juice. 4. A twelve hour-period was most frequently used. 5. The herbal parts used most were in the order of fruit, seed, roots, and stem. 6. According to an efficacy category, a drug supplementing invigoration was used most frequently and a drug eliminating heat followed next. 7. Based on four spirit features, herbs showing warm, cold, and mild features were used most. 8. In considering five tastes, herbs showing sweet and bitter tastes were used most. 9. The herbs supporting the function of liver, kidneys, spleen, stomach, and lung were used in SPM. The herbs converging to the kidneys and the liver were conducted most in 'Dongeuibogam' and 'Euihakipmun' respectively. No case for herbal drug converging to 'Samcho' was reported. Conclusions : Our investigation on the use of SPM from 'Dongeuibogam' and 'Euihakipmun' revealed that there are special principles underlying the use of supporting materials, SPM period, parts and efficacy.