• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.247-257
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• 2016

The inter-comparison project for seawater salinity measurements, in which 25 laboratories from 16 countries took part, was conducted by JCOMM (Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology) for the first time in 2014. Two seawater samples of different salinity values ranging from 30-35 and 20-25 for Sample A and Sample B respectively and which had sufficient homogeneity and stability were distributed to all participants. Participants measured the salinity in their own laboratories at least 3 times and reported the results. Statistical treatments were applied to the results to assess discrepancies among laboratories. 20 out of the 25 laboratories used laboratory salinometers and statistics for this group were denoted as belonging to group ${\alpha}$; while 5 out of the 25 laboratories used hand-held measuring instruments and statistics for this group were denoted as belonging to group ${\beta}$. Bias described as discrepancy among laboratories in group ${\alpha}$ was within ${\pm}0.001$ and expanded uncertainty (k = 2) was in the vicinity of 0.002. The bias and the uncertainty of Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), in group ${\alpha}$, were 0.000 and 0.002, respectively. The biases of group ${\beta}$ were greater than group ${\alpha}$ because of constraints related to instrument accuracy. Biases from 3 laboratories in group ${\beta}$ exceed the accuracy specification of the corresponding instruments. Considering that the uncertainty of Standard Seawater (SSW) is of the order 0.001 to 0.002, the inter-comparison results show that 16 laboratories among the 25 laboratories made high quality measurements, largely indistinguishable from one another.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.775-782
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• 2011

Purpose: Nasal bone fracture is most common facial bone fracture. The cause of fractures is mainly trauma such as fighting, automobile accident and fall down, and it commonly involves young males. Very frequently nasal bone fractures are associated with other facial injuries such as orbital bone fracture, maxillary bone fracture and nasal septal deformities. Because of various dynamic directions of power are involved, phenomenon of fractures are also various and treatment cannot be simple. Methods: We studied and analyzed retrospectively 452 cases nasal bone fractures from January 2008 to December 2010. Diagnosis were made with physical examination, Nasal bone X-rays, Facial bone CT and 3D facial bone CT. Four surgeons are involved in treatments of these patients and applied different procedure along patient's condition and deformity. We analyzed the cause of nasal bone fractures, deformities, associate injuries and applied surgical technique, and patient's satisfaction rate. In this study, old nasal bone fractures were excluded. Results: Young male group was most commonly sustained nasal bone fracture and physical violence was most common cause of injury. 64 of 452 patient was involved associate injuries of face. Closed reduction were applied 246 cases and C-arm quide reduction were 167 cases and in 20 cases lateral osteotomy were applied. Approximately, more than 80% of the Patients were satisfied with the outcomes. Conclusion: Diagnosis and treatment of nasal bone fractures are considered simple but because of various deformity and associate injuries, treatment is not always simple and universal. Time to time, we face unsatisfied patient after treatment of nasal bone fractures. For obtaining satisfactory result, cause of injury and state of deformities and associate injuries such as nasal septal deformity should be evaluated properly and proper treatment should be applied.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.109-126
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• 2017

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of inpatients who were admitted to Korean medicine hospital due to traffic accident. Methods : We analyzed statistical study in 137 patients, who had admitted to M korean medicine hospital, in Gimpo city, Gyeonggi Province from January 1st, 2017 to June 31th, 2017 according to medical charts. Results : 1. In distribution according to age and sex, people in their 50s numbered the most. The 137 inpatients comprised of male (46.0%) and female (54.0%). 2. In distribution according to types of accident, Rear-end collision accident numbered the most (34.3%), followed by Frontal collision (21.2%) and Lateral collision (14.6%). 3. In distribution according to duration of treatment, most (54.7%) patients discharged within 1 week, followed by 1 week to 2 weeks(37.2%) 4. In distribution according to mean elevation of symptoms, Neck pain was the most (75.9%) symptom, followed by Low back pain (67.2%), Shoulder pain (46.0%) and Headache (37.2%). 5. In distribution according to treatment results, symptom improvement was the most (62.8%), followed by excellent (19.7%), mild improvement (14.6%). 6. In distribution according to duration of treatment, Most frequently prescribed herbal decoction was Tongdosan (45.7%), followed by Dangguijakyaksangagam (29.6%), and most frequently prescribed extract powder was Yunkyopaedocksan and Ojeoksan (12.7%). Conclusions : This study shows that aftereffects from the traffic accident tend to occur with various symptoms in various age groups. Korean medicine treatments are effective in patient who were admitted to Korean medicine hospital due to traffic accident.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.2 s.73
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• pp.103-108
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• 2004

The motivation of this study comes from the problem recognition that the headway of passing vehicle in signalized intersections can not be merely determined by departing sequence. Traffic speed and headway data of passing vehicles in signalized intersection have been obtained by using magnetic detectors(NC 97) and detecting program, and the data was analyzed. Without special treatment, the model established on passing behavior of vehicles was meaningless from statistical view point. Hence, special treatments such as filtering (upper 85% offensive driver driven vehicle's) and log scaling of data were carried on. With this new data, meaningful model (where coefficient of determination is 0.91) was established. This model explained the fact that vehicle headway in signalized intersection is affected by speed and headway of previous vehicle and speed of itself.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.587-598
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to test the microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation on muscle soreness, serum creatine kinase levels and force deficits evident following a high-intensity eccentric exercise bout. 10 volunteer male subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment group or to a control group. Exercise consisted of high-intensity eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors. Resistance was reduced as subjects fatigued, until they reached exhaustion. Muscle soreness rating was determined using a visual analog scale. Serum creatine kinase levels were analyzed using a blood sample. Force deficits were determined by measures of maximal voluntary isometric contraction at $90^{\circ}$ of elbow flexion on a Orthotron II dynamometer. Muscle soreness rating, serum creatine kinase levels and maximal voluntary isometric contraction were determined at the before exercise and again at 24 and 48 hours postexericse. Treatments were applied immediately following exercise. The control group subjects rested following their exercise bout. Statistical analysis showed significant increases in muscle soreness rating and significant decreases in maximal voluntary isometric contraction when the before exercise was compared with 24 and 48 hour measures(p<0.01). No significant effects were observed between groups in muscle soreness rating and maximal voluntary isometric contraction(p>0.05). Highly significants differences in serum creatine kinase levels were found using on Analysis of variance(ANOVA) repeated measures between groups for each time cycles(p<0.001). This modality may have benefits when used early stage in the muscle damage.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.108-112
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• 2000

Objective : Many authors suggest that patients with traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage(tSAH) visible on first CT after heve injury had a significantly worse prognosis than patients who do not. The aim of this study is to identify patients with tSAH who present with a bad prognosis by reviewing their clinicoradiological features and plan appropriate treatments. Patients and Methods : We reviewed and analysed the factors that influenced discharge outcomes in 172 patients with tSAH for a 3-year period. The outcome was divided into good(good recovery and moderate disability of glasgow outcome scale) and good(severe disability, vegetative state and death). Results : A regression analysis of statistical significant factors(p<0.05) among the clinical and CT features ranked them by descending order of contribution to Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOS) scores at the time of discharge from acute hospitalization as follows 1) clinical : admission Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS), hypotension, CT grade, abnormal APTT, skull fracture, hyperglycemia(>160mg/dl), hypoxia, operation, 2) CT : basal cistern effacement(BCE), mass lesion, cortical sulcal effacement(CSE), midline shift. Conclusion : We have also experienced that the CT grading scale proposed by Green et al is a simple and useful prognostic factor. The authors believe that the patients with high CT grade need adjuvant therapies as of well surgery but it seems mandatory to consider early identification and correction of hypotension, hyperglycemia, and hypoxia in emergency setting.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.46-56
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• 2002

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the improvement of Ramsay Hunt Syndrome and Bell's palsy after Oriental Medicine treatment Methods : Twelve patients with Ramsay Hunt Syndrome and twenty patients with Bell's Palsy who visited the Iksan Oriental Medical Hospital of Wonkwang University were evaluated. Evaluation was carried out by facial palsy grading system of Yanagihara. Results : 1. In the analysis of causes. the most common cause was 'none' with 14 cases(43.8%). stress with 8 cases(25.0%). fatigue with 4 cases(12.5%), cold and URI with 3 cases(9.0%) each. 2. In the analysis of prodrome, there was retroauricular pain in 16 cases(50.0%). headache and 'none' in 8 cases(25.0%) each. 3. There was no significant difference between RHS and Bell's palsy in evaluation score. Conclusions : RHS and Bell's palsy showed no statistical significant difference between severity of before treatment and that of after treatment.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.70-85
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• 2004

Objective: To research the trends of study related to rhinitis and acupuncture in PubMed, and to establish the hereafter direction of treating rhinitis with acupuncture Methods: We searched PubMed and chinese medical journals related to rhinitis and acupuncture. Results: 1. The pattern of the study was as follows: Review article(3), Randomized controlled trials(2), Clinical trial(11), Case report(12). 2. The effect of acupuncture on rhinitis is reported as follows: Acupucture treatment improves the scale of symptoms, nasal airways resistance and velocity of the mucociliary transport, decreasing absolute numbers of blood eosinophils, serum IgE and percentage of nasal eosinophils. Immunologically acupuncture treatment could reduce plasma IL-10 level, control IL-2, and balance between cell-specific pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-10. After acupuncture treatment, there is statistically significant changes in IgA, IgE, E-rosette formative rate. 3. Many of these article have affirmative view for therapeutic effect of rhinitis with acupuncture. Statistical test was done only in 6 papers. There showed statically significant results in 4 articles, and in 2 article there showed some clinical improvement but no statically significant changes. 4. In Western countries, alternative treatments are frequent among adults with rhinitis or other allergic disease, and affirmative tendency for acupuncture treatment is increased.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.138-143
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• 2012

Objective: To evaluate the short-term effect of fangchinoline, an anti-inflammatory drug widely used in Asia, on root resorption that is associated with orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Mesial forces of 0, 50, or 100 g were applied to the maxillary first molar of the rats in each group for 14 days by activating nickel-titanium closed-coil springs. One-half of the rats receiving each of these treatments also received injections of 200 ${\mu}L$ fangchinoline every 2 days. Finally, movement of the maxillary first molars was measured using digitized radiographs. The molars were extracted and the surfaces of the root resorption craters were recorded using a scanning electron microscope. The distance the molars moved and resorption-area ratio was measured, and results were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA tests. Results: There were no statistical differences in the distances the first molars moved under 50 or 100 g force, regardless of treatment with fangchinoline. However, the resorption area ratios were significantly smaller in those rats that were treated with both tension and fangchinoline than in those rats treated by tension alone. Conclusions: Fangchinoline reduced the resorption area ratio in rats and is therefore an important means of alleviating root resorption.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1982

It is discussed in a social epidemiology that a symptom would be regarded as an illness or not by the inhabitants' socio-economic status, ages and races, and the aspects of health care seeking are various according to the above-mentioned characteristics. This paper surveyed the symptom recognition and health care seeking following a questionnaire that, of 14 symptom groups presented, which symptom would be regarded an illness necessary for medical treatment, and if it is regarded as an illness, which kind of medical treatment would be thought to be reasonable. As a result, differently from the general theory of social epidemiology, statistical differences according to independent variables was not found in symptom recognition, which indicates that Korean medical culture is similar between urban and rural areas. But in anticipatory health care seeking, various health care seekings were performed following the symptoms. Especially, general hospitals' medical care was thought to be more desirable by the inhabitants in city area than in rural area ; youngers than olders; high-incomers than low-incomers ; new or old middle class or urban laborers than rural farmers ; and the highly educated than the low educated. Conversely, the latters seeked some treatments by pharmacy.