• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2018

Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of nonthermal plasma treatment on the bond strength of autopolymerizing relining resin to the injection molded thermoplastic denture base resins (TDBRs) with different surface treatments. Materials and methods: Acrylic Resin (Acrytone), Polyester (Estheshot-Bright), Polyamide (Valplast) and Polypropylene (Weldenz) were subjected to various surface treatments: No treatment, Nonthermal plasma, Sandblasting, Sandblasting and nonthermal plasma. Specimens were bonded using an autopolymerizing relining resin. Shear bond strength was tested using universal testing machine with crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Statistical analysis by two-way analysis of variance with Tukey's test post hoc was used. Results: Acrytone showed significantly higher shear bond strength value among other TDBR group while Weldenz had the lowest. The sandblasting and nonthermal plasma condition had significantly higher shear bond strength value in all of the resin groups (P < .05). Conclusion: The use of nonthermal plasma treatment showed limited effect on the shear bond strength between TDBRs and relining resin, and combination of nonthermal plasma and sandblasting improved the shear bond strength between TDBR and reline material.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2016

Objectives : This study was designed to assess the general distribution, clinical effectiveness of Korean medical treatment on knee pain and the correlation between Korean medical therapy on knee pain and BMI. Methods : This is an observational study. 65 patients admitted to Daejeon Jaseng Hospital of Korean Medicine with musculoskeletal disorders were observed from July, 2014 to July, 2015. They were analyzed according to sex, age, pain lesion, body mass index(BMI) and treatment efficacy. All patients received a combination of treatments during hospitalization, including acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, herbal medicines and physical therapy. A zero to ten numerating rating scale (NRS) assessing pain, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index(WOMAC) index and Range of Motion(ROM) was used before and after treatments. Statistical correlations among assessment measurements were evaluated by examining the paired t-test and the Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results : The average BMI of all patients was $24.03{\pm}2.95kg/m^2$. According to clinical definition of obesity by Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, 33.8% of all patients was within normal weight, 1.5% was underweight, 33.8% was overweight, 24.6% was obesity and 6.2% was morbid obesity. For knee pain patients, NRS (Numeric Rating Scale) decreased from $6.28{\pm}1.63$ to $3.94{\pm}2.03$(p<0.001). WOMAC index decreased from $48.14{\pm}17.63$ to $40.37{\pm}18.28$(p<0.001). But, there were no significant correlations in statistics among BMI, knee pain index and knee pain index improvement. Conclusions : Korean medical combination treatment might be effective in reducing pain and improving functional disorders for patients with knee pain. This study further confirmed the efficacy of Korean medical treatment on knee pain. But, more studies on correlation between knee pain and obesity and development of assessment measurement are needed.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.12-17
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• 2009

Background : To do dental treatments successfully for dentally disabled patients who are unable to cooperate to procedures needs deep sedation (DS) or general anesthesia (GA). But there are some difficulties in selecting DS because of some disadvantages such as airway problem etc. But, if we select appropriate cases, DS would be better than GA. Methods : We reviewed total 238 cases of patients who had received dental treatments under GA or DS at the clinic for the disabled in Seoul National University Dental Hospital from November 2007 to February 2009. To compare anesthesia condition between DS and GA, we reviewed preanesthesia evaluation sheet, anesthesia or sedation records and PACU sheets retrospectively. Results : The number of DS cases was 25 (11%) and that of GA was 218 (89%). To maintain DS, intravenous propofol was infused with syringe pump (100%), and sevoflurane (134 cases) or propofol (13 cases) were used for sedation induction. Mean total treatment time for DS was 36 min and 2 hour 25 min for GA. The recovery time at PACU was 44 min for DS and 80 min for GA. There were no severe complications in DS, but 18 cases showed nausea and vomiting in GA. Conclusion : Deep sedation for disabled dental patients should be selected for effective behavioral control in conjunction with general anesthesia, considering duration and pain-evoking potentials of dental treatment and type and severity of patients' disabilities altogether.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.319-324
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• 2003

Statement of problem. Adhesives in dentistry playa major role in the success of restorative treatments. In the treatment of all ceramic restoration it is needed to find the adequate bond strength between enamel and dentin. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate shear bond strength of resin cement bonded to extracted human uncut enamel, cut enamel, and dentin in vitro. Material and methods. Ten freshly extracted anterior teeth without any previous restorative treatments were chosen. The extracted teeth were embedded in PMMA cold acrylic in the shape of a cylinder, 25 mm in diameter by 25 mm in height. The bonding system used was as follow: Uni-Etch (32% phosphoric acid), One-Step adhesive, Duolink resin cement. The specimens were acid etched and rinsed with water. Two layers of One-Step adhesive were coated with a disposable brush on the uncut enamel. VIP curing light at $500mV/cm^2$ was used to cure the adhesive. For cut enamel shear bond test, the specimen used for uncut enamel was further reduced approximately $0.3{\sim}0.5mm$ using a laminate preparation diamond bur (0.3 mm in depth). The specimens were subsequently treated with 320-grit SiC paper followed by 600-grit SiC paper and cleaned with distilled water. The bonding procedure on the cut enamel was same as uncut enamel bonding procedure. For dentin bonding test, the specimen used for cut enamel was further reduced approximately $0.5mm{\sim}1.0mm$ using a laminate preparation diamond bur (0.5 mm in depth of diamond cutting). The amount of reduction was evaluated with the silicone mold. The specimens were subsequently treated with 320-grit SiC paper followed by 600-grit silicon carbon paper and cleaned in distilled water. The bonding procedure on the dentin was same as uncut enamel bonding procedure. All samples were mounted and secured on the Ultradent shear bond test sample holder, and Ultradent restricted shear bond testing device was used with Universal Instron machine until fracture. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed comparing the result at P<0.05. Multiple comparison (Tukey) was used to compare each groups. Result. The result showed that the mean value in shear bond strength of resin cement bonded to uncut enamel, cut enamel and dentin were 27.04 Mpa, 30.25 Mpa and 26.39 Mpa with respect. Conclusion. Within the limitation of this study, the mean value of the shear bond strength of cut enamel was higher than those of uncut enamel or dentin. However there existed no statistical differences between three different human dentition substrates due to increased adhesive characteristics.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.471-483
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• 1994

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of various surface treatments on veneering resin to metal bond for Ni-Cr alloy. The metal surfaces were treated as follows, Group 1 : Ground with carborudum point and followed by silicoating Group 2 : Sandblasted with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide and followed by silicoating Group 3. Sandblasted with $250{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide and followed by silicoating Group 4 : Beaded with $200{\mu}m$ retention structures and followed by silicoating Group 5 : Silicoated in as cast condition Group 6. Beaded with $200{\mu}m$ retention structures only All specimens were veneered with resin. Each group was consisted of 20 specimens. 10 specimens were storaged in $37^{\circ}C$ water for 3 days and the rest 10 specimens were thermocycled 1000 times at temperature of $5^{\circ}C\;to\;55^{\circ}C$. The effects of various surface treatments on the bond strength between resin and metal interface were studied by means of four-point flexure test. The specimens which bad been ground with carborundum point. sandblasted with $50{\mu}m$ and $250{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide. beaded with $200{\mu}m$ retention structures and not been treated were observed with SEM. The following results were obtained 1. The bond strength of groups 2, 3, 4 and 6 were higher than the that of groups 1 and 5 (p<0.05) in the case of being storaged in $37^{\circ}C$ water for 3 day and there was no statistically significant difference in bond strength among groups 2, 3, 4 and 6. and between groups 1 and 5 (p>0.05). 2. The bond strength of the case of being thermocycled decreased in the following orders : groups 2, group 4, group 3, group 6, group 1, group 5 and there was no statistically significant difference in bond strength among groups 2, 3 and 4, between groups 1 and 5 (p>0.05). 3. A statistical difference in bond strength of each group between storaged and being thermocycled was demonstrated for group 5 (p<0.05). 4. The treated surfaces of groups 2, 3 and 4 had more fine undercut than that of groups 1 and 5 with SEM.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 2008

Purpose : With increasing number of school accidents, it is crucial to find out necessity of first aid training among school health educator. This study has been conducted to have an clear idea on the demands and necessity for first aid training and what kind of training is most required from school health educator. Method : In this study, questionnaires from 87 school health educator in elementary, middle and high school health educator in the city D were analyzed. The survey was carned out from May 26, 2008 to June 7, 2008 and from the collected data, frequency, independent two samples t-test, paired T-test, one way ANOVA and pearson's correlation were conducted with SPSS 14.0. Result: 1. 51.61 % of nurse-teachers experienced emergency situations and the relations between the necessity they felt from experiencing those situations and demands for first aid training were not statistically meaningful(t=1.87, p= .175). 2. Necessity and demands for the first-aid training were checked with three point scale and there were statistical significance between the two with $2.44{\pm}.47$ and $2.24{\pm}.47$ respectively(t=3.275, p= .000). 3. 86.20%(75 persons) of the respondents have had received first aid training and the training they received were CPR 82.75%(72 persons), primary survey 81.60%(7l persons), contact to 911 79.30%(69 persons) and wounds treatment(lacerated wounds, bum and chilblains) 75.86%( 66 persons) in order. 4. As for the questions that ask on confidence of first-aid treatment, 80% answered they are confident on some limited kinds of treatments, 16% said they are confident and 4% answered they lack confidence. As for the treatment that they can show the highest confidence, wounds treatment topped the list with 93.24%, nose bleeding and removing foreign substance, and stanching followed the list with 82.43% and 81.08% respectively. 5. 97.67% of respondents said they were willing to take training and 89.62% answered to take the training to deal with emergency situations that are taking place in their schools. As for the question that asks for the most wanted treatments, CPR topped the list with 32.18%(28 persons) and treatment for obstruction of airway and shock followed the list with 35.63%(31 persons) and 27.59%(24 persons). Conclusion : Currently, first aid treatment has been centered on CPR, primary survey, contact to 119 and wounds treatment. However, since most of school health educator are fairly confident with wounds treatment, stanching and other first aids, in future training it will be more desirable to focus on CPR and treatment for obstruction of airway and shock that were shown to be most wanted by school health educator.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to examine the crops capable of growing and adapting to the external environment and various stresses of reclaimed agriculture land for the development of high value-added agricultural utilization technology based on reclaimed land through standardization and empirical study of cultivation environment for cultivating crops. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two crops namely turnips and beets were selected for the salt tolerance test of soil environmental conditions on reclaimed land. Turnip and beet seedlings were planted on the soil collected at the 'Seokmun' reclaimed land. There are five treatments such as non-treatment, 1.0, 2.0 (control), 4.0 and $8.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ of EC. The contents of betacyanin in beet roots was highest in control and decreased with increasing salt concentration. The GSL contents in the turnip roots waswere highest at EC 2.0 and decreased with increasing salt concentration, whereas those in turnip leaves waswere high both in the non-treated control and atthe EC 1.0-treatment. But, tThere was, however, no statistical differences among the treatments. CONCLUSION: The degree of salt tolerance of crops was examined, and the limit EC iswas expected to be $3.0{\sim}4.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ as reported to date. If the soil improvement is performed and irrigation systems are used in the actual reclaimed land, the EC of supplied irrigation will be low, and desalination effecttreatment by the lower EC of the supplied irrigation on the soil will lead to more favorable soil condition of the rhizosphere and cultivation environment offor the crops than those in the port experiment. Therefore, monitoring the salinity, water content and ground water level will enable prediction of the rhizosphere environment, and setting up irrigation management and supplying irrigation will lead to crop cultivation results that are close to normal.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2019

Background: This study was conducted to verify the effectiveness and effectiveness-related factors of Korean medicine (KM) treatment for patients who have been involved in traffic accidents (TA). Methods: The medical records of 150 TA patients hospitalized in Dongguk University Bundang Oriental Medicine Hospital from September 2017 to May 2018 were reviewed. Medical records included information on patient demographic characteristics, TA situations, use of KM treatment, clinical characteristics, 4 scales [numeric rating scale (NRS), visual analogue scale (VAS), EuroQol-visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) and neck disability index (NDI)]. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the effectiveness and effectiveness-related factors of treatment. Results: The 150 patients (almost 1:1 gender ratio) were typically in their 40's (26.67%), had rear impact to their vehicle (37.33%), were in the driver's seat (70.00%), and without head trauma and loss of consciousness (83.33%). The main symptoms were neck pain (60.66%) and lower back pain (54.00%). All 150 patients showed significant improvement after KM treatment. 4 scales significantly improved when the treatment started within 3 days from the accident and patients were hospitalized longer and took more diverse treatments. The patients experiencing a higher initial pain level (NRS 8-10, $VAS{\geq}70$) showed significant improvement of NRS and VAS scores with faster and longer inpatient treatments than the other patients. The patients with higher initial pain levels ($VAS{\geq}70$) also showed significant improvement in EQ-VAS scores. Conclusion: KM treatment was effective for TA patients in this study. Treatment initiation time, hospitalization period, treatment diversity and initial pain level are related to the degree of improvement of a patient's symptoms.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.263-269
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• 2021

Growth and fruit characteristics of 'Duke' highbush blueberry by mixture of different organic matters in soil were investigated. The soil acidity was 4.2 to 4.8, sawdust treatment was the highest, and peat soil and peatmoss treatments were similar. The organic matter content of the soil was 2.5% for sawdust and 4.1% for soil with peatmoss and peat soil. The soil hardness of all treatment was found to be about 1 ~ 5 kgf cm^-2 which was suitable for growing crops. The number of suckers and main stems were high in the order of peat soil, peatmoss, sawdust treatment. In addition, the blueberry plants in the peatmoss and peat soil treatments had thicker and longer suckers and more shoots than those in the sawdust treatment. Among the characteristics of fruit, there was no statistical difference between the organic materials treatment in weight, diameter, length, and hardness of fruit. However, the total soluble solid and fruit yield were high in the order of peat soil, peatmoss, sawdust treatment. Therefore, as a result of comprehensively reviewing the characteristics of growth and fruits according to the soil environment, it was determined that peatmoss could be replaced with peat soil for stable production in domestic blueberry cultivation.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.642-651
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of different roughages in total mixed ration (TMR) inoculated with or without coculture of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population. Methods: Three TMRs formulations composed of different forages were used and each TMR was grouped into two treatments: non-fermented TMR and fermented TMR (F-TMR) (inoculated with coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis). After fermentation, the fermentation, chemical and microbial profile of the TMRs were determined. The treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation to determine total gas production, pH, ammonianitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microbial populations were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All data were analyzed as a 3×2 factorial arrangement design using the MIXED procedure of Statistical Analysis Systems. Results: Changes in the fermentation (pH, lactate, acetate, propionate, and NH3-N) and chemical composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, and ash) were observed. For in vitro rumen fermentation, lower rumen pH, higher acetate, propionate, and total VFA content were observed in the F-TMR group after 24 h incubation (p<0.05). F-TMR group had higher acetate concentration compared with the non-fermented group. Total VFA was highest (p<0.05) in F-TMR containing combined forage of domestic and imported source (F-CF) and F-TMR containing Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage (F-IRS-CS) than that of TMR diet containing oat, timothy, and alfalfa hay. The microbial population was not affected by the different TMR diets. Conclusion: The use of Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage, as well as the inoculation of coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis, in the TMR caused changes in the pH, lactate and acetate concentrations, and chemical composition of experimental diets. In addition, F-TMR composed with Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage altered ruminal pH and VFA concentrations during in vitro rumen fermentation experiment.