• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2011

This paper investigates some critical errors influencing travel demand estimation in Korea Transportation Data Base (KTDB), and through this investigation reasonable traffic analysis zone (TAZ) size and internal trips ratio are analyzed. With varying zone size, the accuracy of travel demand estimation is studied and appropriate level of zone size in KTDB is also presented. For this purpose zonal structure consisting of location of zone centroid, number of centroid connecters has been constructed by social economic index, and then some descriptive statistical analyses such as F-test, coefficient of correlation are performed. From the results, this paper shows that the optimum levels of zone system were various according to the order and capacity of roads, and also shows that the smaller TAZ, the less error in this research. In conclusion, in order to improve accuracy of traffic demand estimation it is necessary to make zone size smaller.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 1996

Dopamine transporter concentrations have been known to decrease in Parkinson's disease (PD) or increase in Tourette's disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of [I-123]N-(3-iodopropene-2-yl)-$2{\beta}$-carbomethoxy-$3{\beta}$-(4-chlorophenyl) tropane (IPT) as an imaging agent for measuring changes in transporter concentrations with PD. IPT labelled with 6.69+/-0.64 mCi(247.53+/-23.68 MBq) of I-123 was intravenously injected into ten patients(age: 55+/-11) with PD, and six normal controls(NC)(age: 46+/-14) as a bolus. Dynamic SPECT scans of the brain were then performed for 5 minutes each over 120 minutes on a triple headed camera. Time activity curves were generated for the left basal ganglia(LBG), right basal ganglia(RBC), and occipital cortex(OCC). The statistical parameters included the time to peak activity, the contrast ratio of LBG and RBG to OCC at several time points, and the accumulated specific binding counts/mCi/pixel(ASBC) from 0 to 115 minutes. The uptake of IPT in the brains of PD and NC peaked within 10 minutes of injection in all subjects. The maximum target to background ratio in the basal ganglia of PD and NC occurred at 85+/-20 min and 110+/-6 min of injection, respectively. The BG/OCC ratios at 115 minutes for PD and NC were 2.15+/-0.54 and 4.26+/-0.73, respectively. The ASBC at 115 minutes for PD and NC were 152.91+/-50.09 and 289.51+/-49.00, respectively. The ratio of BG/OCC for the NC was significantly higher than the ratio for PD. SPECT data matched with clinical diagnosis for PDs. The ratio between BG and OCC and the ASBC for PD were clearly separated from NC and may be useful outcome measures for clinical diagnosis. The findings suggest that IPT may be a very useful tracer for early diagnosis of PD and study of dopamine reuptake site.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.391-396
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• 1994

Carcinoembryonic Antigen is one of most frequently checked tumor markers in cancer management. We performed statistical analysis with serum CEA data of 2626 persons who received regular health examination and were thought to be free of active disease to determine the cutoff values of serum CEA level in normal Korean adults and to study the factors influencing serum CEA levels in normal subjects. 1) The cutoff values of serum CEA in normal Korean adults in general were 9.28ng/ml for men, 5.90 ng/ml for women. 2) Serum CEA level was influenced by age, present smoking history, sex, and abnormal findings in chest X ray. 3) Serum CEA level had no correlation with the history of amount of alcohol consumption or obesity. 4) Cutoff values of serum CEA in normal Korean adults were tabulated according to age, sex, and smoking history. Serum CEA level was influenced by age, sex, present smoking history and abnormal findings in chest X ray and cutoff values of serum CEA were tabulated according to age, sex, and smoking history.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.314-322
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the hot air drying characteristics of squash slices depending on the drying conditions (input air velocity, input air temperature, and sample thickness). Methods: The developed drying system was equipped with a controllable air blower and electric finned heater, drying chamber, and ventilation fan. Squash (summer squash called Korean zucchini) samples were cut into slices of two different thicknesses (5 and 10 mm). These were then dried at two different input air temperatures (60 and $70^{\circ}C$) and air velocities (5 and 7 m/s). Six well-known drying models were tested to describe the experimental drying data. A non-linear regression analysis was applied to determine model constants and statistical indices such as the coefficient of determination ($R^2$), reduced chi-square (${\chi}^2$), and root mean square error (RMSE). In addition, the effective moisture diffusivity ($D_{eff}$) was estimated based on the curve of ln(MR) versus drying time. Results: The results clearly showed that drying time decreased with an increase in input air temperature. Slice thickness also affected the drying time. Air velocity had a greater influence on drying time at $70^{\circ}C$ than at $60^{\circ}C$ for both thicknesses. All drying models accurately described the drying curve of squash slices regardless of slice thickness and drying conditions; the Modified Henderson and Pabis model had the best performance with the highest R2 and the lowest RMSE values. The effective moisture diffusivity ($D_{eff}$) changes, obtained from Fick's diffusion method, were between $1.67{\times}10^{-10}$ and $7.01{\times}10^{-10}m^2/s$. The moisture diffusivity was increased with an increase in input air temperature, velocity, and thickness. Conclusions: The drying time of squash slices varied depending on input temperature, velocity, and thickness of slices. The further study is necessary to figure out optimal drying condition for squash slices with retaining its original quality.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2010

Ibudilast, 3-isobutyryl-2-isopropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine, is a nonselective inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE). It preferentially inhibits PDE 3A, PDE4, PDE10 and PDE11 as well as a number of the other PDE families, albeit to a lesser extent. Ibudilast is used clinically to treat bronchial asthma and cerebrovascular disorders. Thes e clinical uses are based on the ability of ibudilast to inhibit platelet aggregation, improve cerebral blood flow and attenuate allergic reactions. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two ibudilast capsules, Ketas capsule (Handok Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.) and Pinatos capsule (Sam Chun Dang Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The in vitro release of ibudilast from the two ibudilast formulations was tested using KP Apparatus method with various dissolution media. Twenty six healthy male subjects, 23.31${\pm}$1.09 years in age and 70.45${\pm}$8.51 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single capsule containing 10 mg as ibudilast was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of ibudilast in serum were determined using HPLC/UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in all tested dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated, and computer programs (Equiv Test and K-BE Test 2002) were utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, Ketas, were 6.99%, -2.48% and 9.93% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., log 0.8791~log 1.1861 and log 0.8347~log 1.1199 for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Pinatos capsule was bioequivalent to Ketas capsule.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.86-96
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between central city and suburban areas. In particular, we examine the relationship of construction activities in suburban areas with construction activities in central city. That is because if the construction activities in central city are correlated with those in suburban areas, the economic trends in those two parts would become interdependent. The construction permit data in 114 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) for the past 11 years are used as a central explanatory variable of influencing the relationship, as construction permits issued would reflect population growth, economic growth and housing price in certain area. The main findings of our analysis are as follows. First, MSAs classified as showing high population growth has higher correlation between central city and suburban area than MSAs showing low population growth rate except for only office construction. However, there is little difference in correlation characteristic by the size of MSA Second, most of the MSAs show little causality between the central city and suburban area in lagged situation. Therefore, it is hard to say that the past trend of construction activity in central city reflects in direct the future trend of construction activities in suburban area.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.219-230
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• 2013

Species distribution modeling is one of the most effective habitat analysis methods for wildlife conservation. This study was for evaluating the suitability of species distribution to distance between forest patches in Seoul city using tits. We analyzed the distribution of the four species of tits: varied tit (Parus varius), marsh tit (P. palustris), great tit (P. major) and coal tit (P. ater), using the landscape indexes and connectivity indexes, and compared the resulting suitability indexes from 100m to 1,000m. As factors affecting to the distribution of tits, we calculated landscape indices by separating them into intra-patch indices (i.e. logged patch area (PA), area-weighted mean patch shape index (PSI), tree rate (TR)) and inter-patch indices (i.e. patch degree (PD), patch betweenness (PB), difference probability of connectivity (DPC)), to analyze the internal properties of the patches and their connectivity by tits occurrence data using logistic regression modeling. The models were evaluated by AICc (Akaike Information Criteria with a correction for finite sample sizes) and AUC (Area Under Curve of ROC). The results of AICc and AUC showed DPC, PA, PSI, and TR were important factors of the habitat models for great tit and marsh tit at the level of distance 500~800m. In contrast, habitat models for coal tit and varied tit, which are known as forest interior species, reflected PA, PSI, and TR as intra-patch indices rather than connectivity. These mean that coal tit and varied tit are more likely to find a large circular forest patch than a small and long-shaped forest patch, which are higher rate of forest. Therefore, different strategies are required in order to enhance the habitats of the forest birds, tits, in a region that has fragmented forest patches such as Seoul city. It is important to manage forest interior areas for coal tit and varied tit, which are known as forest interior species and to manage not only forest interior areas but also connectivity of the forest patches in the threshold distance for great tit and marsh tit as adapted species to the urban ecosystem for sustainable ecosystem management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.391-400
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• 1997

To provide basic information for the development of refrigerated convenience foods for Koreans, 492 house-wives residing in Seoul and Kyunggi Province were surveyed concerning satisfaction of buying precooked convenience foods, frequency of using them, preferred Korean dishes, and willingness to buy the convenience foods if they are developed. Statistical data analysis was completed using SAS package program. The satisfaction mean score of the marketed precooked convenience foods was 2.73 out of 5 and the housewives were least satisfied with feed additives and sanitation factors. The factors affecting satisfaction in purchasing were sanitation, taste, variety of type, nutrition, price, and food additives for side-dishes sold refrigerated or at room temperature, and taste, sanitation, variety of type, price, nutrition, and food additives for frozen prepared foods in order respectively. The frequency of using the precooked convenience foods was generally low but that of using the pickled dishes, Jokbal Soondae, and frozen prepared foods was relatively high. The answer of 'the thought that meals should be prepared in households' was the primary reason for avoiding using the precooked convenience foods and 'no time to cook' was the most frequent answer among the reasons for using them. Currently, the precooked convenience foods were used for snacks mainly, but the usages to be expected to increase were for lunchbox, main dishes, snacks, side dishes, special occasions foods, and leisure foods in order. Based on preference and buying priority, the dishes needed to be developed as refrigerated convenience foods among Korean dishes were identified. The result showed that 'preference' was not consistent with buying priority and the housewives perceived the factor of 'convenience' more importantly than 'preference' in purchasing the convenience foods.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2259-2266
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• 2012

This study was analyzed the 119 rescuers' image of citizens to provide a fundamental material to improve 119 rescuers' image effectively. This research design was a descriptive study. Data were collected from November 9, 2011 to December 9, 2011, and analyzed by SPSS PASW statistics 18.0 program. Among the 4 subcategories of the image, occupational image was found the highest value($3.17{\pm}0.36$), and the social image($2.81{\pm}0.48$) was found the lowest. There were statistical different between age($p$ <.001), occupation($p$ <.001), whether or not the emergency first response education is completed($p$ <.05), and whether or not 119 emergency service is received($p$ <.05). In the result of multivariate regression analysis, adjusted $R^2$ value was 0.120. The model fit 12.0%. Occupation (students, housewives and office workers) and those who completed emergency first response education were showed a positive image of 119 rescuers. There is a need to compare and analyze the image of 119 rescuers in accordance with whether or not 119 emergency service is received and the satisfaction with the emergency service under the control of the general characteristics(sex, age, occupation, economic level, etc.) of subjects.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.18 no.4 s.42
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• pp.207-216
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the body composition and the nutrient intakes of the physical-education high school male athletics and high school male students in Daegu Kyungpook. The study was performed by 122 physical-education high school male students and 78 high school male students. Statistical data analysis was completed by using the SPSS 12.0 program. They were also analyzed by student's t-test at p<0.05. The results were summarized as follows. (1) Chest circumference in athletic group(AG) was significantly higher than in nonathletic group(NG). Hip circumference in nonathletic group(NG) was significantly higher than in athletic group(AG)(p<0.01). Skinfold thickness of triceps, biceps and subscapular in nonathletic group(NG) were thicker than that of athletic group(AG) significantly(p<0.001). Percent of body fat and body fat mass in nonathletic group(NG) were higher than that of athletic group(AG) significantly(p<0.001). Lean body mass in athletic group(AG) was higher than that of nonathletic group(NG) significantly(p<0.001). (2) Athletic group(AG) was significantly higher than nonathletic group(NG) in energy nutrient intakes and vitamin, mineral and other nutrient intakes except Na, vitamin B6, vitamin E(p<0.001). Athletic group(AG) had more intakes than RDA for all nutrient except calcuim. (3) Nonathletic group(NG) was significantly higher than Athletic group(AG) in total nutrition knowledge scores.