• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.307-318
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• 2016

This research examines the impacts of urban population growth on per capita $CO_2$ emissions with particular focus on the interaction effect between urbanization and income levels. Employing the Panel Fixed Effects model together with the Pooled LS and Panel GLS models, the research reported here analyzes the relevant data on 84 countries. The statistical results show a nonlinear(an inverted-U) relationship between urbanization and per capita $CO_2$ emissions; that is, while the urban agglomeration leads to increases in per capita $CO_2$ emissions for low income countries, this adverse impact does not hold true for high income countries. The research findings can contribute to addressing broad issues of urban compactness and patterns of energy consumption that should be considered by those concerned about the sustainable urban development.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.203-211
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• 2020

Turkey is located in one of the most seismically active regions of in Europe. The majority of the population living in big cities are at high seismic risk due to insufficient structural resistance of the existing buildings. Such a seismic risk brings the need for a comprehensive seismic evaluation based on the risk analysis in Turkey. Determining the seismic resistance level of existing building stock against the earthquakes is the first step to reduce the damages in a possible earthquake. Recently in January 2020, the Elazig earthquake brought the importance of the issue again in the public. However, the excessive amount of building stock, labor, and resource problems made the implementation phase almost impossible and revealed the necessity to carry out alternative studies on this issue. This study aims for a detailed investigation of residential buildings in Antalya, Turkey. The approach proposed here can be considered an improved state of building survey methods previously identified in Turkey's Design Code. Antalya, Turkey's fifth most populous city, with a population over 2.5 Million, was investigated as divided into sub-regions to understand the vulnerability, and a threshold value found for the study area. In this study, 26,610 reinforced concrete buildings between 1 to 7 stories in Antalya were examined by using the rapid visual assessment method. A specific threshold value for the city of Antalya was determined with the second level examination and statistical methods carried out in the determined sub-region. With the micro zonation process, regions below the threshold value are defined as the priority areas that need to be examined in detail. The developed methodology can be easily calibrated for application in other cities and can be used to determine new threshold values for those cities.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.17 no.1_2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

Background: The objective of this study was to determine whether sensorimotor training using an unstable surface affects dynamic balance and gait function in patients with hemiparesis, and to compare the effect of sensorimotor training with that of cycling exercise. Methods: Two subjects with post-stroke hemiparesis volunteered to participate in this study. Single-subject A-B design with alternating treatment was used for this study. Baseline(A) and intervention(B) phases were performed for 7 and 8 sessions, respectively. Sensorimotor training and cycling exercise were performed for 20 minutes in randomized order. Assessment tools were made by using a step test, timed up and go(TUG) test, and 6-minute walk test(6MWT). Results: Each of the participants improved in all three tests after the two interventions. Participants 1 and 2 showed the improvement for their assessment score after sensorimotor training in the step test by 42.1%(p<.05) and 58%, in the TUG, 31% and 19.5%, and in the 6MWT test, 32.3% and 10.6%(p<.05), respectively. After cycling exercise, participants 1 and 2 also improved in the step test by 32.5% and 53.1%, in the TUG, 27.4% and 18%, and in the 6MWT test, 28.8% and 3%. In statistical analysis between the two interventions, sensorimotor training showed a significant increased values in the step test for participant 1 and the 6MWT for participant 2 as compared with those of cycling exercise. Conclusion: Sensorimotor training and cycling exercise are helpful for improving dynamic balance and gait capacity. Furthermore, sensorimotor training may be more helpful than cycling exercise.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Recently, the vehicle driving device has been designed for driver's convenience. Especially, the automobile industry develops the vehicle using the joystick instead of steering wheel from the concept car. The biggest strength of using the joystick is that the driver feels less workload and fatigue than when the driver uses steering wheel. However, this kind of study still needs more research and experiments for more accurate result. Therefore, this research evaluated workload according to the driving device by the survey and the measurement of physiological signal. The reason not only using the survey also using the measurement of physiological signal is to support the result of the survey which is not enough to bring the accurate result. There were tow different kinds of methods to carry out this research; SWAT (Subjective Workload Assessment Technique) for the survey and the biopac equipment for the measurement of physiological signal. Furthermore, previously established driving simulator, GPS (Global Positioning System), and Seoul-Cheonan virtual expressway DB were used for the experiment. As the result of the experiment with 13 subjects, it was certain that using joystick device brings less workload and fatigue to the drivers than using steering wheel following both methods-the survey and the measurement of physiological signal. Also, it confirmed the significant result from the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) statistics analysis program.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.244-253
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• 2015

Background: Although circumcision for phimosis in children is a minor surgical procedure, it is followed by pain and carries the risk of increased postoperative anxiety. This study examined predictive factors of postoperative pain and anxiety in children undergoing circumcision. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of children scheduled for elective circumcision. Circumcision was performed applying one of the following surgical techniques: sutureless prepuceplasty (SP), preputial plasty technique (PP), and conventional circumcision (CC). Demographics and base-line clinical characteristics were collected, and assessment of the level of preoperative anxiety was performed. Subsequently, a statistical model was designed in order to examine predictive factors of postoperative pain and postoperative anxiety. Assessment of postoperative pain was performed using the Faces Pain Scale (FPS). The Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire study was used to assess negative behavioral manifestations. Results: A total of 301 children with a mean age of $7.56{\pm}2.61$ years were included in the study. Predictive factors of postoperative pain measured with the FPS included a) the type of surgical technique, b) the absence of siblings, and c) the presence of postoperative complications. Predictive factors of postoperative anxiety included a) the type of surgical technique, b) the level of education of mothers, c) the presence of preoperative anxiety, and d) a history of previous surgery. Conclusions: Although our study was not without its limitations, it expands current knowledge by adding new predictive factors of postoperative pain and postoperative anxiety. Clearly, further randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm its results.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1083-1099
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze that The arithmetic and algebraic word problem solving skill, strategy preference, and assessment ability of elementary preservice teachers is investigated using a statistical methodology. The research findings are as follows. First, elementary preservice teachers demonstrated logical and delicate problem solving behaviors in arithmetic and algebraic word problem solving. And elementary preservice teachers prefer to create a formula and table strategy in problem solving of the arithmetic question. Second, there was meaningful difference in the math and english elementary preservice teachers' appreciations with significant level of 0.05. And there was not meaningful difference in the 1 and 4 grade elementary preservice teachers' appreciations with significant level of ${\alpha}=0.05$. Results of the study suggest that teachers education course need to improve elementary preservice teachers' word problem solving skill, strategy preference, and assessment ability in the arithmetic and algebraic.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.90-96
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• 2016

This study proposes a dynamic reliability analysis of control system as a method of quantitative evaluation of its performance in probabilistic terms. In this dynamic reliability analysis, the failure event is defined as an event that the dynamic response of the structural system exceeds a displacement limit, whereas the conventional reliability analysis method has limitations that do not properly assess the actual time history response of the structure subjected to dynamic loads, such as earthquakes and high winds, by taking the static response into account in the failure event. In this first paper, we discuss the control effect of the viscous damper on the seismic performance of the member-level failure where the failure event of the structural member consists of the union set of time-sequential member failures during the earthquake excitations and the failure probability of the earthquake-excited structural member is computed using system reliability approach to consider the statistical dependence of member failures between the subsequent time points. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approach can present a reliable assessment of the control performance of the viscous damper system in comparison with MCS method. The most important advantage of the proposed approach can provide us more accurate estimate of failure probability of the structural control system by using the actual time-history responses obtained by dynamic response analysis.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.611-620
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• 2018

Limitations on human and material resources make it is difficult to conduct Ammunition Stockpile Reliability Program (ASRP) tasks for the entire ammunition. Stockpile ammunition life prediction studies can contribute to efficient ASRP tasks. This study assess the shelf-life of ammunition, using survival analysis based on ASRP results for 60mm and 81mm mortar ammunition from 2003 to 2016. Traditional assessments often use solely storage duration as the only main independent variable; however, this assessment used other factors such as ammunition magazine shape and weather factors with the stockpile shelf-life as independent variables to conduct a Cox's proportional hazard model analysis. This was then followed by an assessment of ammunition magazine type, maximum temperature and rainfall factors influence on the shelf-life of 60mm and 81mm mortar ammunition. As a result, the type of ammunition magazine, maximum temperature and the rainfall influence the shelf-life of 60mm and 81mm mortar ammunition.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.26-41
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to improve the Original DRASTIC Model (ODM) for the assessment of groundwater contamination vulnerability on the GIS platform. Miryang City of urban and rural features was selected for the study area to accomplish the research purpose. Advanced DRASTIC Model (ADM) was developed adding two more DRASTIC factors of lineament density and landuse to ODM. The fuzzy logic was also applied to ODM and ADM to improve their ability in evaluating the groundwater contamination vulnerability. Although the vulnerability map of ADM was a little simpler than that of ODM, it increased the area of the low vulnerability sector. The groundwater vulnerability maps of ODM and ADM using DRASTIC Indices represented the more detailed descriptions than those from the overlap of thematic maps, and their qualities were improved by the application of fuzzy technique. The vulnerability maps of ODM, ADM and FDM was evaluated by NO3-N concentrations in the study area. It was proved that ADM including lineament density and landuse factors produced a more reliable groundwater vulnerability map, and fuzzy ADM (FDM) made the best detailed groundwater vulnerability map with the significant statistical results.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1905-1909
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• 2013

Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate changes in treatment outcomes in terms of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and symptom burden at zero, one, three, and six months after an initial diagnosis of colorectal cancer. The demographic and clinical characteristics that account for outcome changes in patients were investigated using a repeated measures framework. Methods and Materials: A cohort study was performed of 134 colorectal cancer patients followed from diagnosis to 6 months post-treatment in Central Taiwan. HRQoL and symptoms were assessed at diagnosis and one, three, and six months thereafter. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colon (FACT-C) questionnaire, VAS pain, and the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS) were used for data collection. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) was applied for statistical analysis. Results: The majority of the patients were male (55%) and married (91.5%). The mean age was 60.4 years (SD = 11.71). Most were diagnosed stage III and IV colorectal cancer (54.5%). All underwent surgery; some also received chemotherapy (CT) or concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT). The results of the GEE showed that overall, the HRQoL, pain, and symptoms of the patients significantly improved over the treatment period. Patients with stage IV disease who had received surgery and CCRT showed the worst HRQoL. Females, patients with comorbidity, and stage IV patients had higher pain scores over time. Female and stage IV patients had more severe physical symptoms, whereas stage II and IV patients had worse psychological symptoms over time. Conclusion: The patients' HRQoL, pain, and symptoms significantly improved over the 6-month treatment period. Certain patient and clinical variables accounted for changes in treatment outcomes regarding HRQoL and symptom burden in colorectal cancer patients.