• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.63-77
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• 2013

In any subject area related to the provision of safety, failure is typically the most effective mechanism for evoking rapid reform and an introspective assessment of the accepted operating methods and standards within a professional body. In the realm of tall buildings the most notable failures in history, those of the WTC towers, widely accepted as fire induced failures, have not to any significant extent affected the way they are designed with respect to fire safety. This is clearly reflected in the surge in numbers of Tall Buildings being constructed since 2001. The combination of the magnitude and time-scale of the WTC investigation coupled with the absence of meaningful guidance resulting from it strongly hints at the outdatedness of current fire engineering practice as a discipline in the context of such advanced infrastructure. This is further reflected in the continual shift from prescriptive to performance based design in many parts of the world demonstrating an ever growing acceptance that these buildings are beyond the realm of applicability of prescriptive guidance. In order for true performance based engineering to occur however, specific performance goals need to be established for these structures. This work seeks to highlight the critical elements of a fire safety strategy for tall buildings and thus attempt to highlight some specific global performance objectives. A survey of tall building fire investigations is conducted in order to assess the effectiveness of current designs in meeting these objectives, and the current state-of-the-art of fire safety design guidance for tall structures is also analysed on these terms. The correct definition of the design fire for open plan compartments is identified as the critical knowledge gap that must be addressed in order to achieve tall building performance objectives and to provide truly innovative, robust fire safety for these unique structures.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.233-262
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• 2023

It is essential to have adequate legal regulations to achieve the policy objectives in libraries. This study aims to analyze the structure and critical amendments of the Library Act (Law No. 18547), which was comprehensively revised on December 7, 2021 and has been in effect since December 8, 2022. This analysis examines the normative validity and effectiveness from a policy legislation perspective. As a fundamental law, we explore whether the Library Law possesses legal validity and can contribute to achieving policy objectives by elevating the societal value and qualitative improvement of libraries from an effectiveness standpoint. The analysis results suggest proposing enhancements to the content of objectives and fundamental principles, specifying the responsibilities of the state and local authorities, improving the library policy system, and enhancing the substantial influence of the National Library Commission.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.146-170
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• 2017

Joint channel assignment and routing is a well-known problem in multi-radio wireless mesh networks for which optimal configurations is required to optimize the overall throughput and fairness. However, other objectives need to be considered in order to provide a high quality service to network users when it deployed with high traffic dynamic. In this paper, we propose a re-configuration optimization model that optimizes the network throughput in addition to reducing the disruption to the mesh clients' traffic due to the re-configuration process. In this multi-objective optimization model, four objective functions are proposed to be minimized namely maximum link-channel utilization, network average contention, channel re-assignment cost, and re-routing cost. The latter two objectives focus on reducing the re-configuration overhead. This is to reduce the amount of disrupted traffic due to the channel switching and path re-routing resulted from applying the new configuration. In order to adapt to traffic dynamics in the network which might be caused by many factors i.e. users' mobility, a centralized heuristic re-configuration algorithm called State-Aware Joint Routing and Channel Assignment (SA-JRCA) is proposed in this research based on our re-configuration model. The proposed algorithm re-assigns channels to radios and re-configures flows' routes with aim of achieving a tradeoff between maximizing the network throughput and minimizing the re-configuration overhead. The ns-2 simulator is used as simulation tool and various metrics are evaluated. These metrics include channel-link utilization, channel re-assignment cost, re-routing cost, throughput, and delay. Simulation results show the good performance of SA-JRCA in term of packet delivery ratio, aggregated throughput and re-configuration overhead. It also shows higher stability to the traffic variation in comparison with other compared algorithms which suffer from performance degradation when high traffic dynamics is applied.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.13-27
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this survey research was to investigate the relationship among oral health State, behavior and knowledge of oral health of patients who participate in dental hygiene students voluntarily. Methods : The subject in this were patients who got a scaling at the oral hygiene practice lab in the department of dental hygiene in S university dental clinic from April 1 to May 31, 2010. For the data analysis, an SPSS WIN 11.5 program was used and its signification level was 0.05. Results : 1. For the oral health state according to sex distinction, it showed the men's 0.78 MT index was higher than women's 0.48 MT index and statistically significant difference. For FT index, women(4.72) was higher than men(3.50) and it showed statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 2. For the oral health state according to age distinction, DT index of under 20years(2.44) was higher than the others and it showed statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 3. For the oral health state according to marriage distinction, not married DT index(1.59) was higher than married DT index(2.56) and it showed statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 4. For the oral health behavior according to age distinction, 87.0% 20~29years patients replied as I have experience of my teeth scaled and it showed statistically significant difference. 18.5% more than 30 years replied as I use interdental brush and it showed statistically significant difference. 18.5% more than 30 years replied as I use powered brush and it showed statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 5. For the oral health state according to oral health behavior distinction, there were significant difference that regular visit of dental clinic, experience of teeth scaled, toothbrushing, oral hygiene device(p<0.05). 6. For the oral health state according to oral health knowledge distinction, there were significant difference that toothbrushing time after each meal, appropriate toothbrushing time, toothbrushing method, dental caries foods(p<0.05). Conclusions : I suggest with the result of the study that there was a very close relationship between oral health status, behavior and knowledge of oral health. Therefore student of the dental hygiene should be encouraged to pay more attention to oral health care of the patient, and they should be well educated oral health care personnels who volunteers in practice for oral prophylaxis.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.106-114
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• 2007

Background : Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba, Ephedra sinica $S_{TAPE}$) has been widely used to treat respiratory disease in Asian over the past thousand years. The main ingredient of Mahuang is ephedrine, whose affects on the autonomic nervous system induce some adverse effects like vasoconstriction, hypertension, tachycardia, miosis, insomnia, dizziness, headache, etc. Although there were lots of reports about adverse effects of Mahuang, there were no clinical studies which evaluated the adverse effects of Mahuang on the autonomic nervous system by objective numerical value in the past decade. Objectives : The purpose of this report was to provide an objective assessment of state-trait anxiety that is caused by Mahuang, and to identify anxiety of Mahuang according to different Sasang constitution classifications. Methods : The study design was a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. The subjects of this study were 79 adults aged between 20 to 40 who agreed to participate. Because 8 adults dropped out, a total of 71 subjects entered the study. They were allocated through randomization to a Mahuang group (N=50) and placebo group (N=21). Each group took three opaque capsules (every opaque capsule containing 2g of Mahuang or none) twice a day. To compare the state and trait anxiety before and after taking Mahuang, we checked the anxiety by using STAI-KYZ. Results : The following results were obtained. Short-term administration of Mahuang significantly increased state-anxiety, but in the placebo group, there were no significant changes in state-anxiety. In the Mahuang group except females, there was more significant increase in state-anxiety of Soeumin than Soyangin and Taeumin in the 2nd measurement. Conclusion : It is suggested that the ingestion of Mahuang can increase sympathetic activity and induce anxiety. There was a significant difference among Sasang constitution classification. Especially, the response is stronger in Soeumin than other constitutions. If we use Mahuang according to the Sasang constitution classification in clinic, we could not only minimize the anxiety but maximize the potential curative value.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.129-141
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• 2007

Objectives : Empathy has been conceptualized as the ability of emotional resonance and perspective-taking. Emotional awareness has been proposed as the basis of empathy. In this study we examined the relationship between empathy and mood awareness and their neural correlates in resting-state activity in normal controls and patients with schizophrenia. Methods : Empathy and mood awareness scale scores were compared between 29 patients with schizophrenia and 21 normal controls by voxel-based t-tests and voxel-based correlation analyses of resting-state $^{18}F$-FDG PET images. Results : Empathy and mood labeling scale scores were significantly decreased in schizophrenic patients. Mood monitoring was positively correlated with empathy score in normal controls, but not in schizophrenic patients. In normal controls, empathy was positively correlated with resting-state activities in the intraparietal sulcus and mood monitoring was positively correlated with the temporal pole, frontopolar cortex, inferior temporal gyrus, entorhinal cortex and the subgenual prefrontal cortex resting activities. The orbitofrontal cortex resting activity was positively correlated with mood monitoring-related subgenual prefrontal cortex activity in the normal controls. Patients with schizophrenia showed decreased orbitofrontal resting activity and loss of its correlations with mood monitoring-related regional activities. Conclusion : This study showed that alteration in the resting-state activity in schizophrenia may reflect dysfunctional empathy and distorted characteristic of emotional awareness. However, the resting-state activity may not reflect the relationship between emotional awareness and empathy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.85-97
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to review current state of farm household's debt which is considered as one of the biggest problem in the rural community, to analyze the cause of farm household debt rising in Jeju province, and to make improvement schemes on how this problem of farm household debt could be alleviated. In order to achieve these objectives, raw data are collected from the interviews with 400 farming households in Jeju region. The results of the study are as follows; An average amount of total farm households debt was 42,000 thousand won in 2005, but an average of farm households debt excluding no debt farm households was increased by 10,000 thousand to 51,750 thousand won. But the debt properties are variable according to the farm type. Non-citrus farmers, younger farmers, rural area resident farmers hold more debt problems than other type. Among total farm households, 30 percent showed over 40 percent leverage ratio(debt/total assets), which is considered as risky or heavily indebted. Therefore, I designed a workout program and a program of land liquidation for heavily indebted farm households in Korea.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.263-275
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was performed analysis of Halitosis components following by subjective cognition of halitosis and Oral State in order to provide basic data for halitosis prevention and establish a device to efficiently eliminate halitosis and analyze the factors that affect the halitosis. Methods : 80 adults were participated who visited at the Dental Clinic in Kyoung-gi do, on the period of the March to September in 2010. The obtained results, through the oral examination, halitosis check and interview, Individually, were as followings. Results : According to the ammonia level was a high relationship between sex, CPI, Tongue plaque, DMFT index which were statistically significant (p<0.05). Total oral gas level was a relationship between VAS, tongue plaque, DMFT index(p<0.05). The Correlation coefficient between the Hydrogen sulfide level and Methyl mercaptan was estimated as r=0.534(p<0.01). As for the multiple regression analysis result, there have been selected dimethyl sulfide and Tongue plaque, Gingival index as factors affecting Bridge, Methyl mercaptan level is as factors affecting Hydrogen sulfide level. Conclusions : There was relationship between the periodontal disease and Ammonia gas component, hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, methyl mercaptan. Which were statistically significant total oral gas level and oral variables. Such dental caries as the prevention or early treatment of periodontal disease.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to analyze the responses of breath-counting meditations with the psychological test and the physical index. Methods: Breath-counting meditation was applied to 10 normal adults. Then, clinical research State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), State-Trait Anger eXpression Inventory (STAXI), Psychosocial Well-being Index Short Form (PWI-SF), Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument-Korean version (BEPSI-K), Heart Rate Variability (HRV), and Vital Signs (V/S) were carried out to analyze the responses of breath-counting meditations. Results: 1) Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) decreased on the fifteenth day of breath-counting meditation, and Body Temperature (BT) increased on the fifteenth day. In addition, respiration decreased throughout the period of breath-counting meditation. 2) Standard deviations of N-N interval and Total Power (TP) of HRV all significantly increased on the fifteenth day of breath-counting meditation. 3) Scores of STAI1, STAXI1, STAXI2, and PWI-SF decreased after the breath-counting meditation. Conclusions: The results suggested that breath-counting meditations have positive responses to anger, anxiety and stress.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.439-447
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• 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether 1) variation of bowel sounds recorded stably through an electronic stethoscope in a sound insulation box can be related with that of gastric contraction and 2) if they are thus useful tool in the measurement of the gastric contractility in awake rats or not. Methods: Electrical potentials of both electronic stethoscope of bowel sound and force transducer were recorded simultaneously and continuously in the sound insulation box for the starting 30 min of basal state, and then 30 min of 0.2 ml normal saline administration, finally 30 min of 0.2 ml mosapride citrate solution (100 mg/Kg) in rats. Each motility index of normal saline or mosapride citrate treatment was presented with ratio against the basal state by using integrated electrical potentials. Results: A pattern of significance of gastric contractility between bowel sound and force transducer was showed analogously. Conclusions: The amplitude of bowel sounds recorded by the electronic stethoscope related with the intensity of gastric contractions. This confirms that a sound insulation box and electronic stethoscope are useful tools in the measurement of the gastric contractility of awake rats.