• 천문학논총
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.37-54
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• 2013

China and Korea have a long history of star charts, dating from the prehistoric period. Historically, Korean astronomy has been deeply influenced by China over the last two thousand years, particularly on constellation system. Therefore, Chinese and Korean traditional star charts have many similarities in terms of shape of constellation, number of star, and so forth. Korean star charts, however, have lots of unique characteristics distinguishing from Chinese ones, such as, size of star and position of constellation. Overall knowledge of the Chinese star chart is required to study the Korean star chart. In this paper, I focus on introducing selected star charts in China and Korea. Although this review is very limited, I hope that this paper is helpful in research in the field of historical astronomy.

• 천문학논총
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.147-157
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• 2011

I found evidence that Kim Y$\breve{o}$ng (金泳, 1749-1817) is the author of the Korean Poch'$\breve{o}$n'ga with New Charts published in 1792 by the Astronomical Bureau of the Chos$\breve{o}$n dynasty. I reconstructed a history of Kim Y$\breve{o}$ng from various literature remained in other persons' anthologies and governmental records. My findings on the author and publication year can help to solve the problem on the origin of star charts in the Poch'$\breve{o}$n'ga with New Charts. I also considered the changes of Chinese Bu-Tian-Ge and their star charts after Chongzhenglishu (崇禎曆書). I found that the new charts in the book of Huantiantushuo published by Li Mingche (李明徹, 1751-1832) in 1819 are approximately the same to those in the Poch'$\breve{o}$n'ga with New Charts by Kim Y$\breve{o}$ng in 1792.

• 천문학회보
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.85.2-85.2
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• 2014

The origin of the Korean Screen Planisphere with both Traditional and New Star-Charts, made by Korean Astronomers in the Royal Astronomical Bureau of the Joseon Dynasty by adopting the knowledge of the European astronomy, is investigated by analyzing its inscriptions and star charts. The considerations on both the changes in notations or representations of names of asterisms and the naming taboos used in the Old-style planisphere imply that the star-chart is originated from either the Sukjong-Stele-Replica of Cheonsang-Yeolcha-Punyajido(天象列次分野之圖). The New style planisphere is just the reproduction of Huangdao-congxingtu (黃道總星圖), with the exception of the non-Chinese-traditional stars. The Huangdao-congxingtu was made in 1723 CE by Ignatius K$\ddot{o}$gler who was a Jesuit missionary and worked for the Bureau of Astronomy (欽天監) in the Qing Dyansty. I find that the star chart was imported in 1742 CE from the Qing by An Gukrin (安國麟) who was an astronomer in the Royal Astronomical Bureau of Joseon. The chart became model for the screen star-chart made in 1743 CE and now housed in Bopju temple. I found that the inscriptions are extracted from the sentences in both Xinzhi Lingtai Yixiangzhi (新製靈臺儀象志) and Qinding Yixiangkaocheng (欽定儀象考成). Korean historical records in either Daily Records of the Royal Secretariat of the Joseon Dynasty (承政院日記) or Annals of the Joseonn Dynasty (朝鮮王朝實錄) show that Xinzhi Lingtai-Yixiangzhi was imported from the Qing Dynasty in 1708 CE, and the Qinding Yixiangkaocheng was imported in 1766 CE. Thus, the Korean Screen Planisphere with both Old and New Star-charts was certainly made after 1766 CE.

• International Journal of Contents
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.46-52
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the status of star chart game applications in the Google play store in Korea. The share of game genres in paid and free star charts of game applications was searched. Also, the average reviewer's rating, average number of reviews, and average age rating based on the genre of paid and free star charts of game applications, and the average price of paid applications based on genre were analyzed. Hypothesis tests for the differences in average reviewer's rating, average number of reviews, average age rating according to the genre of game applications were performed. Also, hypothesis tests for the differences in average reviewer's rating, average number of reviews, average age rating between the paid and free game applications along with the hypothesis test for the differences in price according to the genre of paid game applications were performed. Lastly, hypothesis tests for the correlation between the start chart ranking and number of reviews in association with the correlation between the start chart ranking and reviewer's rating were performed. Statistically significant differences in average reviewer's rating, average number of reviews, average age rating according to the genre of game applications, and between the paid and free game applications were verified. However, the correlation between the start chart ranking and number of reviews in association with the correlation between the start chart ranking and reviewer's rating were not statistically significant.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.375-402
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• 2009

한국의 전통 천문학은 과거 중국의 영향을 받아 여러 면에서 중국과 비슷하지만 별자리 모양이나 별이름 등에서 중국과 구별되는 특징을 가지고 있다. 이 연구에서는 규장각에 보관중인 조선 초기의 보천가와 중국 수대(隋代, $581{\sim}618$) 왕희명(王希明)이 저술한 보친가를 비교하여 분석하였다. 두 보천가에 그려진 천문도 별자리 모양과 연결선 그리고 본문 설명에 대하여 각각 비교하였다. 두 책을 비교 분석한 결과 별자리 설명의 여러 부분에서 전반적인 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 첫째 두 서적의 구성에서 서문과 삼원 별자리, 은하수 설명은 확연한 차이를 보여 준다. 둘째, 보천가에 그려진 전반적 별자리 그림은 비슷하지만 별자리의 연결선과 별의 개수가 여러 곳에서 다르게 그려져 있다. 셋째, 조선의 보천가는 중국 왕희명 보천가와 달리 별자리 설명에서 별의 색깔을 표현하고 있다. 이러한 두 나라 보천가의 차이점과 조선 보친가의 고유한 특징을 찾아 논문에 정리하였다. 조선 보천가와 중국 보천가의 여러 차이점은 우리 고유의 천문지식과 체계가 고려시대 이전부터 꾸준히 전해져 왔음을 짐작케 한다.

• 천문학회보
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.52.1-52.1
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• 2012

It is often said that there is little geometrical mind in Korean history. However, a method to project the surface of a sphere onto 2-dimensional plain was applied to the representative Korean star chart or Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido (天象列次分野之圖). The method, called the equi-distant polar projection, was explained in detail in ancient Chinese history book of the Tang dynasty, which was originated from older history. Another method of the Mercator projection was introduced by the famous engineer Su Song (蘇頌) of the Song dynasty. The description has quite geometrical thoughts, especially the concept of infinity or convergence appears, However, this type of sky projection method was not widely used in east Asia. When the European Jesuits came to China to evangelize the Chinese people, they found that the Chinese people paid much attention to advanced European astronomical knowledge. Thus, they introduced the European astronomical knowledges into China, and the star chart was one of them. The projection method of the new charts were quite different from the Chinese tradition. When the Koreans brought those new star chart from China, they must have known the geometrical description of the method. The method was described in detail in a volume of Chongzhen Lishi (崇禎曆書) or Xiyang Xinfa Lishu (西洋新法曆書). The explanation consists of three part. One is the quantitative way; another is a geometrical way using axiomatic systems; and the other is the practical method to draw star chart with the geometical projection. However, when we see the Honcheon Jeondo (渾天全圖) that is thought to be duplicated by Kim Jeongho (金正浩), the new geometrical method was not so widely known to the Koreans. I will discuss the reason why the geometrical minds have not been widely adopted in the Korean civilization.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2015

I investigated a method for drawing the star chart in the planisphere Cheonsang-yeolcha-bunyajido. The outline of the star chart can be constructed by considering the astronomical information given in the planisphere alone and the drawing method described in Xin-Tangshu; further the chart can be completed by using additional information on the shape and linking method of asterisms out of an inherited star chart. The circles of perpetual visibility, the equator, and the circle of perpetual invisibility are concentric, and their common center locates the Tianshu-xing, which was defined to be a pole star in the Han dynasty. The radius of the circle of perpetual visibility was modified in accordance with the latitude of Seoul, whereas the other circles were drawn for the latitude of $35^{\circ}$, which had been the reference latitude in ancient Chinese astronomy. The ecliptic was drawn as an exact circle by parallel transference of the equator circle to fix the location of the equinoxes at the positions recorded in the epitaph of the planisphere. The positions of equinoxes originated from the Han dynasty. The 365 ticks around the boundary of the circle of perpetual invisibility were possibly drawn by segmenting the circumference with an arc length instead of a chord length with the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter as accurate as 3.14 presumed. The 12 equatorial sectors were drawn on the boundary of the star-chart in accordance with the beginning and ending lodge angles given in the epitaph that originated from the Han dynasty. The determinative lines for the 28 lunar lodges were drawn to intersect their determinative stars, but seven determinative stars are deviated. According to the treatises of the Tang dynasty, these anomalies were inherited from charts of the period earlier than the Tang dynasty. Thus, the star chart in Cheonsang-yeolcha-bunyajido preserves the old tradition that had existed before the present Chinese tradition reformed in approximately 700 CE. In conclusion, the star chart in Cheonsang-yeolcha-bunyajido shows the sky of the former Han dynasty with the equator modified to the latitude of Seoul.

• 천문학논총
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2010

The Cowherd Star and the Weaving Maid Star have been famous stars in East Asian countries. Nowadays Altair is defined to be the Cowherd Star in public materials including science books, mass media, public outreach programs, and movies played in public planetariums and science museums. However, in astronomical books and star-charts in history, the Cowherd Big Star (牽牛大星) has been known to be Dabih or $\beta$ Cap in the constellation Capricorn, and the asterism Cowherd consists of six stars including Dabih. Since the same title is given to the different objects simultaneously, considerable misunderstanding and confusion among the public have occurred. In this paper we consider this problem in two aspects. One aspect is which star has been defined to be the Cowherd Star in ancient literatures; the other is which stars were regarded as the Cowherd or the Cowherd Star in the historical records of occultation or conjunction in History of Koryo, Annals of the Choson Dynasty, and Daily Records of Royal Secretariat of the Choson Dynasty. As a result, we see that Altair has been regarded as the Cowherd Star in folklore and literature, but Dabih has been defined to be the Cowherd Big Star in astronomical works. An explanation proposed by previous researchers on the reason why such double meanings have been appeared is introduced. In the explanation, the fact that the Altair was defined as the Cowherd Star in ancient times had not been handed over properly, and the name of Cowherd was later put to the Dabih and its surrounding five stars to form one of 28 lunar lodges. Based upon these facts, we suggest the following ideas: (1) Altair should be introduced to be the Cowherd Star in public-friendly programs, and Dabih should be noticed to be the Cowherd Big Star in the field of history of astronomy. Dabih should be added as the astronomical Cowherd Big Star in academic books such as a dictionary of astronomical terminology. (2) The Korean pronunciation for Altair should be al-tear instead of al-tairu in accordance with the definition in the astronomical terminology dictionary compiled by the Korean Astronomical Society.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.351-367
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• 2020

신구법천문도 3점(국립민속박물관 소장 『천문도(병)』, 『신구법천문도 8폭 병풍』, 일본 국회도서관 소장 『황도남북양총성도』)에 대한 채색 안료 분석 및 이를 통한 제작시기를 추정하였다. 『천문도(병)』에서는 조선에서 널리 사용되어오던 석청(남동광), 청화(쪽), 석록(공작석), 하엽(아타카마이트), 주, 석간주(산화철), 연지(코치닐), 등황, 석자황, 연분, 활석 등과 같은 전통적인 유·무기질 안료들이 사용되었다. 『신구법천문도 8폭 병풍』와 『황도남북양총성도』에서는 19세기 중엽 이후 유럽에서 유입된 합성 무기안료인 양록(에메랄드 그린)과 양청(울트라마린 블루)가 사용되었다. 『신구법천문도 8폭 병풍』에서는 녹색과 청색에 합성 무기안료만 사용되었지만, 『황도남북양총성도』에서는 전통적으로 사용되어온 하엽과 청화도 함께 사용되었다. 신구법천문도의 성도와 도설 연구와 연계하여 안료 분석결과로부터 추정한 제작시기는, 조선시대 전통안료만으로 채색된 『천문도(병)』 18세기 중엽 이후로 추정되며, 『황도남북양총성도』와 『신구법천문도 8폭 병풍』은 19세기 중엽 서양의 녹색과 청색 안료가 도입된 후 제작되었다. 그리고 전통안료와 서양의 합성안료가 함께 사용된 『황도남북양총성도』가 『신구법천문도 8폭 병풍』 보다 제작시기가 빠른 것으로 추정된다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.589-602
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• 2009

조선(朝鮮)의 보천가(步天歌) 가운데 가장 나중인 1862년에 간행된 신법보천가(新法步天歌)를 연구하였다. 청(淸)에서 들어온 신법천문학(新法天文學)의 영향으로 구도보천가(舊圖步天歌)의 성도(星圖)만을 고쳐서 새로 신도보천가(新圖步天歌)를 간행하였다. 그러나 옛 가결(歌訣)이 새로운 성도(星圖)와 맞지 않았고, 이에 따라 천문학자를 뽑는 과거 시험에 혼란이 일어났다. 이것을 극복하고자 조선(朝鮮)의 관상감(觀象監)은, 1845년에 청(淸)에서 간행된 흠정의상고성속편(欽定儀象考成續編)의 권(卷)3인 성도보천가(星圖步天歌)를 전재하고 주석을 달아, 1862년에 신법보천가(新法步天歌)를 출간하였다. 이 책은 중인(中人)인 이준양(李俊養)이 편찬하고 토대부(土大夫)인 남병길(南秉吉)이 교정(校正)하였다. 우리는 이준양(李俊養)의 열대기를 처음으로 재구성하였다. 신법보천가(新法步天歌)에는 기존의 조선(朝鮮) 보천가(步天歌)들이 갖는 특정을 유지하려는 노력이 엿보인다. 즉, 각 숙(宿)의 제목이 기존의 형식을 따르고 있고, 또한 기존의 조선(朝鮮) 보천가(步天歌)들에 천하기몰(天河起沒)이 있음을 의식하고 흠정의상고성속편(欽定儀象考成續編)의 권(卷)31과 권(卷)32의 천한적도경위도표(天漢赤道經緯度表)를 바탕으로 천한계도(天漢界度)를 저술하였다.