• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2023

Purpose: To quantify the relationship between perceived pain intensity and psychological variables in a sample of participants with temporomandibular disorder, with or without central sensitization (CS). Methods: A cross-sectional study with nonprobability convenience sampling was conducted from January 1, 2022, to June 30, 2023. Pain intensity (Numeric Pain Rating Scale), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire, STAI), catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale, PCS), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale, PSS), and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI) were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Co.), which included descriptive and normality analyses and the calculation of strength of multiple correlational regression. Results: A total of 52 (n=34 female 65.4%; n=18 male 34.6%) subjects with diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) were finally included. A total of 26 participants (n=26, 50.0%) were cases suffered from CS (TMD-CS mean=46.62±11.24) while the remaining participants (n=26, 50.0%) were the controls (TMD-nCS mean=26.77, standard deviation [SD]=8.42). The pain intensity was moderate in both groups TMDCS (mean=7.62, SD=0.83) and TMD-nCS (mean=7.05, SD=0.86), anxiety (TMD-CS STAI mean=53.27, SD=11.54; TMD-nCS STAI mean=49, SD=11.55), catastrophizing (TMD-CS PCS mean=46.27, SD=9.75; TMD-nCS PCS mean=26.69, SD=4.97), perceived stress (TMDCS PSS mean=30.35, SD=4.91; TMD-nCS PSS mean=26.12, SD=6.60) and sleep quality (TMD-CS PSQI mean=15.81, SD=3.65; TMD-nCS PSQI mean=12.77, SD=2.76) levels were measured in both groups. In TMD-CS and TMD-nCS, higher anxiety levels were moderately and significantly associated with greater pain intensity β=0.4467 (t=2.477, p=0.021) and β=0.5087 (t=2.672, p=0.014). Nevertheless, catastrophizing, perceived stress and sleep quality were not associated to pain intensity in neither of group. Conclusions: In both TMD-CS and TMD-nCS patients, elevated anxiety levels were moderately and significantly associated with increased pain intensity. However, heightened levels of pain catastrophizing, perceived stress, and poor sleep quality were not significantly associated with increased pain intensity in either of the two analyzed groups.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1525-1536
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• 2021

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of cine three-dimensional (3D) balanced steady-state free precession (b-SSFP) imaging combined with a non-local means (NLM) algorithm for image denoising in evaluating cardiac function in children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF). Materials and Methods: Thirty-five patients with rTOF (mean age, 12 years; range, 7-18 years) were enrolled to undergo cardiac cine image acquisition, including two-dimensional (2D) b-SSFP, 3D b-SSFP, and 3D b-SSFP combined with NLM. End-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF) of the two ventricles were measured and indexed by body surface index. Acquisition time and image quality were recorded and compared among the three imaging sequences. Results: 3D b-SSFP with denoising vs. 2D b-SSFP had high correlation coefficients for EDV, ESV, SV, and EF of the left (0.959-0.991; p < 0.001) as well as right (0.755-0.965; p < 0.001) ventricular metrics. The image acquisition time ± standard deviation (SD) was 25.1 ± 2.4 seconds for 3D b-SSFP compared with 277.6 ± 0.7 seconds for 2D b-SSFP, indicating a significantly shorter time with the 3D than the 2D sequence (p < 0.001). Image quality score was better with 3D b-SSFP combined with denoising than with 3D b-SSFP (mean ± SD, 3.8 ± 0.6 vs. 3.5 ± 0.6; p = 0.005). Signal-to-noise ratios for blood and myocardium as well as contrast between blood and myocardium were higher for 3D b-SSFP combined with denoising than for 3D b-SSFP (p < 0.05 for all but septal myocardium). Conclusion: The 3D b-SSFP sequence can significantly reduce acquisition time compared to the 2D b-SSFP sequence for cine imaging in the evaluation of ventricular function in children with rTOF, and its quality can be further improved by combining it with an NLM denoising method.

• 대한영상의학회지
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• 제83권2호
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• pp.360-371
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• 2022

목적 이 연구의 목적은 관상동맥 석회화 CT에서 측정한 대동맥 폭으로 정의한 대동맥 전개(aortic unfolding)에 영향을 미치는 요인을 평가하고 대동맥 전개의 정상 범위를 알아보는 것이다. 대상과 방법 이 후향적 연구에서 우리는 2015년 6월부터 2018년 6월까지 건강검진을 목적으로 관상동맥 석회화 CT를 시행 받은 924명의 무증상 성인에서 대동맥 전개를 측정했다. 다변량 회귀 분석을 사용하여 대동맥 전개에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 평가했다. 그 후 대동맥 전개와 관련된 위험 요소가 있는 성인을 제외되고 283명의 성인이 대동맥 전개의 정상값 분석에 포함되었다. 대동맥 전개의 평균, 표준 편차 및 상한값이 계산되었다. 결과 성별, 나이, 관상동맥 석회화 점수, 체질량지수, 체 표면적, 고혈압, 좌심실 비대, 혈장 크레아티닌, 흡연은 대동맥 전개와 유의한 관계가 있었다. 평균 대동맥 전개값은 남성의 경우 102.2 ± 12.8 mm, 여성의 경우 93.1 ± 10.7 mm였다. 대동맥 전개값은 연령이 증가할 수록(10년당 9.6 mm)으로 증가했다. 결론 관상동맥 석회화 CT에서 측정된 대동맥 전개는 심혈관 위험 인자들과 관련이 있었다. 또한 본 연구에서 저위험군에서 대동맥 전개의 정상 범위를 나이, 성별 및 체표표면적당으로 정의하였다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.43-54
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• 2024

Objective: To evaluate the added value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)-based quantitative parameters to distinguish uterine sarcomas from atypical leiomyomas on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: A total of 138 patients (age, 43.7 ± 10.3 years) with uterine sarcoma (n = 44) and atypical leiomyoma (n = 94) were retrospectively collected from four institutions. The cohort was randomly divided into training (84/138, 60.0%) and validation (54/138, 40.0%) sets. Two independent readers evaluated six qualitative MRI features and two DWI-based quantitative parameters for each index tumor. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the relevant qualitative MRI features. Diagnostic classifiers based on qualitative MRI features alone and in combination with DWI-based quantitative parameters were developed using a logistic regression algorithm. The diagnostic performance of the classifiers was evaluated using a cross-table analysis and calculation of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: Mean apparent diffusion coefficient value of uterine sarcoma was lower than that of atypical leiomyoma (mean ± standard deviation, 0.94 ± 0.30 10^-3 mm²/s vs. 1.23 ± 0.25 10^-3 mm²/s; P < 0.001), and the relative contrast ratio was higher in the uterine sarcoma (8.16 ± 2.94 vs. 4.19 ± 2.66; P < 0.001). Selected qualitative MRI features included ill-defined margin (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 17.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41-503, P = 0.040), intratumoral hemorrhage (aOR, 27.3; 95% CI, 3.74-596, P = 0.006), and absence of T2 dark area (aOR, 83.5; 95% CI, 12.4-1916, P < 0.001). The classifier that combined qualitative MRI features and DWI-based quantitative parameters showed significantly better performance than without DWI-based parameters in the validation set (AUC, 0.92 vs. 0.78; P < 0.001). Conclusion: The addition of DWI-based quantitative parameters to qualitative MRI features improved the diagnostic performance of the logistic regression classifier in differentiating uterine sarcomas from atypical leiomyomas on preoperative MRI.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.455-465
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• 2022

Objective: To compare the reproducibility and performance of quantitative metrics between ZOOMit and conventional intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of early- and mid-stage Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Materials and Methods: Twenty-two patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 52.0 ± 10.8 years; male:female, 2:20) with early- or mid-stage SS and 20 healthy controls (46.9 ± 14.6 years; male:female, 7:13) were prospectively enrolled in our study. ZOOMit IVIM and conventional IVIM MRI were performed simultaneously in all individuals using a 3T scanner. Quantitative IVIM parameters - including tissue diffusivity (D), pseudodiffusion coefficient (D^*), and perfusion fraction (f) - inter- and intra-observer reproducibility in measuring these parameters, and their ability to distinguish patients with SS from healthy individuals were assessed and compared between ZOOMit IVIM and conventional IVIM methods, appropriately. MR gland nodular grade (MRG) was also examined. Results: Inter- and intra-observer reproducibility was better with ZOOMit imaging than with conventional IVIM imaging (ZOOMit vs. conventional, intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.897-0.941 vs. 0.667-0.782 for inter-observer reproducibility and 0.891-0.968 vs. 0.814-0.853 for intra-observer reproducibility). Significant differences in ZOOMit f, ZOOMit D^*, D^*, conventional D^*, and MRG between patients with SS and healthy individuals (all p < 0.05) were observed. ZOOMit D^* outperformed conventional D^* in diagnosing early- and mid-stage SS (area under receiver operating curve, 0.867 and 0.658, respectively; p = 0.002). The combination of ZOOMit D^*, MRG, and ZOOMit f as a new diagnostic index for SS, increased diagnostic area under the curve to 0.961, which was higher than that of any single parameter (all p < 0.01). Conclusion: Considering its better reproducibility and performance, ZOOMit IVIM may be preferred over conventional IVIM MRI, and may subsequently improve the ability to diagnose early- and mid-stage SS.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1055-1066
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• 2022

Objective: The clinical relevance of myosteatosis has not been well evaluated in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), although sarcopenia has been extensively researched. Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic value of muscle quality, including myosteatosis, in patients with resectable PDAC treated surgically. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 347 patients with resectable PDAC who underwent curative surgery (mean age ± standard deviation, 63.6 ± 9.6 years; 202 male). Automatic muscle segmentation was performed on preoperative computed tomography (CT) images using an artificial intelligence program. A single axial image of the portal phase at the inferior endplate level of the L3 vertebra was used for analysis in each patient. Sarcopenia was evaluated using the skeletal muscle index, calculated as the skeletal muscle area (SMA) divided by the height squared. The mean SMA attenuation was used to evaluate myosteatosis. Diagnostic cutoff values for sarcopenia and myosteatosis were devised using the Contal and O'Quigley methods, and patients were classified according to normal (nMT), sarcopenic (sMT), myosteatotic (mMT), or combined (cMT) muscle quality types. Multivariable Cox regression analyses were conducted to assess the effects of muscle type on the overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) after surgery. Results: Eighty-four (24.2%), 73 (21.0%), 75 (21.6%), and 115 (33.1%) patients were classified as having nMT, sMT, mMT, and cMT, respectively. Compared to nMT, mMT and cMT were significantly associated with poorer OS, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.49 (95% confidence interval, 1.00-2.22) and 1.68 (1.16-2.43), respectively, while sMT was not (HR of 1.40 [0.94-2.10]). Only mMT was significantly associated with poorer RFS, with an HR of 1.59 (1.07-2.35), while sMT and cMT were not. Conclusion: Myosteatosis was associated with poor OS and RFS in patients with resectable PDAC who underwent curative surgery.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2003

Consoli가 설명한 것처럼 전과정평가의 개념 및 일반적인 정의에 따르면, 전과정평가는 농업생산에 관련된 환경영향을 평가하는데 부합하는 방법이라고 생각되며, 특별히 전과정평가방법인 Eco-indicator 95는 농업 체재에 대한 환경영향을 분석하는데 적절한 기법인 것으로 입정되었다. Eco-indicator 95 method를 이용하여 지구온난화 및 수계부영양화와 관련된 시비체계에 따른 벼 재배에 대해 비교할만한 분석체계를 이루었다. 그렇지만 본 연구에서 전과정평가 항목에 기록된 모든 관련 정보가 환경 영향에 고려되지 않았기 때문에 Eco-indicator 95 method를 농업생산 체계에 적용할 때 몇 가지 난제에 부닥친다. Eco-indicator 95 method에 토양 및 자원의 이용과 같은 몇 몇 중요한 환경적인 문제가 포함되지 않았으며, 이 방법의 다른 문제는 환경 평가를 위하여 현장 정밀연구가 수행되지 않았다는 것이다. 그렇지만 본 연구에서 얻어진 생태지표 지수를 이용하여 벼 재배에 따른 시비방법 간의 차이점을 나타내기에 충분하다고 여겨지며, 가장 높은 생태지표 지수를 나타낸 화학비료를 시용한 구에서 가장 큰 환경영향이 관측되었고, 이러한 차이점은 주로 화학비료 투입에 의한 토양중의 높은 인산 함량의 축적 때문인 것으로 여겨진다. 분석한 시비체재는 특별히 지구온난화 보다는 수계의 부영양화의 환경적인 문제에 기여되는 것으로 나타났으므로 질소 시용비율 및 시용기술 이외에 액비 시용에 따른 양분 용탈이 수계 환경에 명확히 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.147-176
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• 2003

This Paper Presents a new measurement technique to derive the level of BSRC (Basic Science and Research Capacity) index by use of the factor analysis which is extended with the assumption of the standard normal probability distribution of the selected explanatory variables. The new measurement method is used to forecast the gap of Korea's BSRC level compared with those of major OECD countries in terms of time lag and to make their international comparison during the time period of 1981∼1999, based on the assumption that the BSRC progress function of each country takes the form of the logistic curve. The US BSRC index is estimated to be 0.9878 in 1981, 0.9996 in 1990 and 0.99991 in 1999, taking the 1st place. The US BSRC level has been consistently the top among the 16 selected variables, followed by Japan, Germany, France and the United Kingdom, in order. Korea's BSRC is estimated to be 0.2293 in 1981, taking the lowest place among the 16 OECD countries. However, Korea's BSRC indices are estimated to have been increased to 0.3216 (in 1990) and 0.44652 (in 1999) respectively, taking 10th place. Meanwhile, Korea's BSRC level in 1999 (0.44652) is estimated to reach those of the US and Japan in 2233 and 2101, respectively. This means that Korea falls 234 years behind USA and 102 years behind Japan, respectively. Korea is also estimated to lag 34 years behind Germany, 16 years behind France and the UK, 15 years behind Sweden, 11 years behind Canada, 7 years behind Finland, and 5 years behind the Netherlands. For the period of 1981∼1999, the BSRC development speed of the US is estimated to be 0.29700. Its rank is the top among the selected OECD countries, followed by Japan (0.12800), Korea (0.04443), and Germany (0.04029). the US BSRC development speed (0.2970) is estimated to be 2.3 times higher than that of Japan (0.1280), and 6.7 times higher than that of Korea. German BSRC development speed (0.04029) is estimated to be fastest in Europe, but it is 7.4 times slower than that of the US. The estimated BSRC development speeds of Belgium, Finland, Italy, Denmark and the UK stand between 0.01 and 0.02, which are very slow. Particularly, the BSRC development speed of Spain is estimated to be minus 0.0065, staying at the almost same level of BSRC over time (1981 ∼ 1999). Since Korea shows BSRC development speed much slower than those of the US and Japan but relative]y faster than those of other countries, the gaps in BSRC level between Korea and the other countries may get considerably narrower or even Korea will surpass possibly several countries in BSRC level, as time goes by. Korea's BSRC level had taken 10th place till 1993. However, it is estimated to be 6th place in 2010 by catching up the UK, Sweden, Finland and Holland, and 4th place in 2020 by catching up France and Canada. The empirical results are consistent with OECD (2001a)'s computation that Korea had the highest R&D expenditures growth during 1991∼1999 among all OECD countries ; and the value-added of ICT industries in total business sectors value added is 12% in Korea, but only 8% in Japan. And OECD (2001b) observed that Korea, together with the US, Sweden, and Finland, are already the four most knowledge-based countries. Hence, the rank of the knowledge-based country was measured by investment in knowledge which is defined as public and private spending on higher education, expenditures on R&D and investment in software.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.188-201
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• 2005

본 논문은 동해항 방파제를 대상으로 신뢰성 설계법을 비교하는 한 쌍의 논문의 첫 번째 부분이다. 제1부인 본 논문의 내용은 피복 블록의 안정성에 국한되며, 제 2부에서는 케이슨의 활동을 다룬다. 1980년대 중반이후 방파제에 대한 신뢰성 설계법이 본격적으로 제안되기 시작하였다. 신뢰성 설계법은 사용되는 확률적 개념의 정도에 따라 세 가지로 분류된다. Level 1 방법은 허용파괴확률에 따라 미리 계산된 부분안전계수를 이용하여 방파제를 설계하며, Level 2 방법은 하중과 저항 변수들의 정규분포를 가정하고 이들의 평균 및 표준편차로부터 신뢰도지수와 파괴확률을 계산한다. Level 3 방법은 하중과 저항 변수들에 대한 정규분포의 가정 없이 방파제 수명 동안의 누져 파괴량(예로서 피복 블록의 누적 피해)을 계산한다. 각 방법들은 서로 다른 설계 변수들을 계산하지만 이들을 모두 파괴확률로 나타내어 방법들 간의 차이를 비교할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 결정론적 방법으로 설계, 시공된 후 1987년 피해를 입었던 동해항 방파제의 피복 블록 안정성에 대하여 피해 전과 보강 후의 단면에 대해서 각각 신뢰성 해석을 수행하였다. 그 결과 피해 전 단면의 파괴확률은 허용파괴확률을 크게 초과하는 반면 보강 후 단면의 파괴확률은 이보다 매우 작아서, 피해 전과 보강 후에 각각 과소 및 과대 설계되었음을 나타냈다. 한편, 서로 다른 세 가지 신뢰성 설계법의 결과가 대체로 잘 일치함을 보임으로써 각 방법 간에 큰 차이가 없음을 확인하였다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.897-903
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 적절하게 알레르기가 유발되는 운동강도인 50분간의 강도를 선정한 후 운동빈도를 서로 달리하여 통제 그룹(S) 저빈도 그룹(F2, 주2회), 중빈도 그룹(F3, 주 3회) 및 고빈도 그룹(F5, 주5회)으로 나누어 훈련을 부여하고 OVA알부민으로 감작한 후 OVA로 challenge를 하였을 때, 알레르기 아나플락시스의 변화 양상 차이를 살펴보고 동시에 기전변화를 함께 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 위해 그룹당 25마리씩 통제군(S; control sensitized, n=25), 저빈도 훈련군(F2, n=25), 중빈도 훈련군(F3, n=25) 및 고빈도 훈련군(F5, n=25)으로 구분하여 수영훈련 빈도에 따른 알레르기를 유도하였을 때, 알레르기 아나플락시스를 조사하고 아울러 비장지수, 림프구의 수, 복강 ROS, ASAS, 및 싸이토카인(INF-${\gamma}$, IL-4)의 변화를 함께 측정하였다. 이 때, 알러지 아나플락시스 테스트는 그룹당 10마리를 사용하였고, 나머지는 세포분석과 ROS 측정을 위하여 사용하였다. 본 연구결과 일반 감작군에 비하여 운동 감작군에서 알러지가 더 잘 유도됨을 알 수 있었고, 같은 운동강도 부여시 저빈도의 운동군에 비하여 고빈도 운동군에서 알러지 반응이 더 잘 일어남을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이는 고빈도 운동군에서 현저히 증가되는 IL-4 반응과 ASAS 반응으로 알 수 있었고, 특히 이러한 반응이 고빈도 운동그룹에서 현저히 증가하는 ROS 반응과 일치함을 확인하였다. 한편 저빈도 그룹에서는 오히려 INF-${\gamma}$의 증가와 ROS 반응이 감소하였고, ASAS 반응이 통제군보다 오히려 줄어들어 운동의 빈도가 알레르기반응과 밀접한 연관이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 추후 이러한 원인에 대한 면밀한 분석이 요구되며, 알레르기 반응의 cross training 및 detraining 효과도 함께 규명 되어야 할 것으로 여겨진다.